1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H373 (98.4%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 61 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires involving this compound can be controlled with a carbon dioxide, dry chemical or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Water may cause foaming or frothing. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. /chloronitrobenzens/

CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL

This chemical is a combustible solid. It does not really ignite. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol or polymer foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Chloronitrobenzenes, para, solid/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Evacuate persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until clean-up is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Dampen spilled material with alcohol to avoid dust, then transfer material to a suitable container. Use HEPA vacuum or wet method to reduce dist during clean-up. Do not dry sweep. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container and burn in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed; However, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as alc) and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriated effluent gas cleaning device.

Environmental considerations-land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Chloronitrobenzenes, para, solid/

Environmental considerations-water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Chloronitrobenzenes, para, solid/

Environmental considerations-air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Chloronitrobenzenes, para, solid/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1. By making packages of p-nitrochlorobenzene in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving p-nitrochlorobenzene in a flammable solvent and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protectionequipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimizepersonnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Totally enclosed systems are preferred. Where appropriate, air analysis can be helpful ... a high std of personal hygiene ... /such as/ warm shower with plenty of soap and water vigorously applied at end of shift, will minimize chronic exposure. /nitro-cmpd, aromatic/

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If a spill of this chemical occurs, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with acetone and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from alkalies and oxidizing materials. /Chloronitrobenzenes/

Store in a refrigerator and protect from light, oxidizers, reducing agents, alkalis, and sodium methoxide. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment and fittings. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHA standard 1910.1045.

... materials which are toxic as stored or which can decomp into toxic components ... should be stored in cool, well-ventilated place, out of ... direct rays of ... sun, away from ... high fire hazard ... should be periodically inspected ... incompatible materials should be isolated.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

1.9 [mg/m3]

170 [mg/m3]

1000 [mg/m3]

Ca See Appendix A [skin]

1.0 [mg/m3]

TWA 1 mg/m3 [skin]

100 mg/m3 ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Workers exposed intermittently for 0.5 to 1 hour over many months to concentrations ranging from 7 to 400 mg/m3 (average of 90 mg/m3) had only vague complaints of tiredness, loss of appetite, headache, and afternoon fatigue [Watrous and Schultz 1950]. Because of the strong and disagreeable odor, these workers voluntarily wore respiratory protection when exposed to the higher concentrations [Watrous and Schultz 1950].

NIOSH considers p-nitrochlorobenzene to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

100 mg/m³

Ca [100 mg/m3]

See: 100005

0.64 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

0.64 mg/m

0.1 ppm [1985]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood and liver. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin, anaemia and liver impairment. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Nitrochlorobenzene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

SRP: When working with strong solutions of acids or bases or other caustic or corrosive materials, always wear a full face mask. When working with caustic or corrosive gases or vapors, a full face mask will not protect the eyes or prevent inhaling the material. A full face respirator is required.

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /chloronitrobenzenes/

Protective measures in ascending order of effectiveness are respiratory protection, job rotation, limitation of exposure time ... protective clothing and whole-body protection. ... Use of butyl rubber protective clothing ... can reduce exposure to within tolerable limits. No other commercially available elastomer approaches butyl rubber for resistance to ... aromatic nitro compd. Complete body protection for severe exposure conditions can be provided by either an unventilated chem hazard suit ("acid suit") or an air-conditioned "chem-proof air suit"... /nitro-compd, aromatic/

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

P-nitrochlorobenzene is a light yellow crystalline solid. Density 1.520 g / cm3. Melting point 83 °C. Sweet odor. Very toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption.

Light yellow crystalline solid with a sweet odor; [CAMEO]

YELLOWISH CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Yellow, crystalline solid with a sweet odor.

Monoclinic prisms

Yellow crystals

Yellow, crystalline solid

Sweet odor

468 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

242 °C at 760 mm Hg

242 °C @760 [mm Hg]

182.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

82-84 °C

The liquid molar volume is 0.121 cu m/kmol. The IG heat of formation is 3.72X10+7 J/kmol. The heat fusion at the melting point is 1.41X10+7 J/kmol.

230 °F (NTP, 1992)

261 °F (closed cup)

261 °F (127 °C) (closed cup)

127 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

Sparingly sol in cold alc and freely in boiling alcohol, ether, carbon disulfide.

Soluble in organic solvents

In water, 225 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water: none

1.52 at 64 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

Relative density (water = 1): 1.3

1.2979 @ 90°C

5.44 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.44 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.44

0.09 mmHg at 77 °F ; 0.23 mmHg at 99.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.02 [mmHg]

2.19X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 30 °C: 20

0.2 mmHg at 86 °F

(86 °F): 0.2 mmHg

log Kow = 2.39

Henry's Law constant = 4.89X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

...WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION IT EMITS VERYY TOXIC FUMES OF /NITROGEN OXIDES AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE./

1.07X10-3 Pa-s at 356.65 deg K

6.21X10+7 J/Kmol at 356.65 deg K

Insoluble in water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Aryl Halides

P-NITROCHLOROBENZENE reacts with oxidizing agents. Reacts violently and finally explosively when added to a solution of sodium methoxide in methanol. (NTP, 1992). Unstable when heated.

A strong oxidizer. Reacts violently with oxidizers, combustibles, alkalis, sodium methoxide, and reducing materials.

Reacts with alkalies, oxidizing materials. /chloronitrobenzenes/

Strong oxidizers, alkalis.

A steam-heated still used to top the crude material exploded after heating on total reflux for an hour.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, alkalis

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is rapidly absorbed via skin, gastrointestinal tract or respiratory tract and distributed in the tissue predominantly in fat, blood cells, skeletal muscles, liver and kidney. Most of the substance was excreted with the urine followed by excretion with feces. 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene undergoes three major types of transformation in vivo in mammals: nitro-group reduction, displacement of the chloride in glutathione conjugation, and ring hydroxylation. From accidental exposure of workers to 1-chloro-4-nitrophenol, large amounts of 2-chloro-5- nitrophenol, N-acetyl-S-(4-nitrophenyl)-L-cysteine, 4-chloroaniline and 4-chloroformanilide were identified. The oral LD50 for 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in male rats is 294 or 694 mg/kg bw and in female rats 565 or 664 mg/kg bw. Cyanotic appearance was the predominant symptom. The ... LC50 level could not be reached up to 16100 mg/cu m during a 4-hrs exposure against vapor and microcrystalline particles. The LD50 (dermal) for male rats is 750 mg/kg bw and for female rats 1722 mg/kg bw; the LD50 for male rabbits is 3550 mg/kg bw and for female rabbits 2510 mg/kg bw after acute dermal application. Cyanotic appearance was the predominant symptom. For the evaluation of acute toxicity it has to be taken into account that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is a methemoglobin forming chemical. Experience with human exposure: all available reports relate to mixed exposure, frequently in combination with 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene and/or nitrobenzene. A critical aspect in this context is that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is rapidly absorbed via skin and the respiratory tract. The signs of acute intoxication include methaemoglobinaemia, vomiting, headache and in severe cases collapse. The available study-reports on skin irritation have deficiencies with regard to the description of the results, nevertheless, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is judged to be slightly irritating to the skin (intact or scarificed) of rabbits ... Due to the limited and poor quality information available regarding skin sensitization it cannot be concluded whether or not the chemical has a sensitizing activity. The repeated dose toxicity via inhalation has been examined in rats for a period of 4 weeks and 13 weeks. In both studies, NOAECs were not achieved, the LOAECs were 5 mg/cu m (4 week-study) and 1.5 ppm (9.81 mg/vu m, 13 week-study), respectively, based on methemoglobinemia (3 % and 4 %, respectively) as the most sensitive effect. ... The repeated dose toxicity via inhalation for a period of 13 weeks in mice revealed a NOAEC for histopathologic injury of 6 ppm (39.24 mg/cu m). As target organs liver, kidney (rat only), spleen and blood were identified in both species. Similarly, repeated dose toxicity by oral administration in rats ... revealed changes predominantly consistent with methemoglobinemia. ... 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene induced reverse mutations in bacteria. It was not mutagenic in mammalian cells in vitro (HPRT test) and in insects in vivo. A mouse lymphoma assay was positive. In vitro it induced chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges at high doses; no UDS in rat hepatocytes was reported. The chemical induced micronuclei in mouse bone marrow in vivo at a toxic dose. In rat bone marrow it did not induce chromosomal aberrations in vivo. An in vivo SCE test was weakly positive in bone marrow cells of Chinese hamsters. DNA strand breaks were observed in liver, kidney and brain of mice. 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is consequently capable of expressing mutagenic activity in vivo with low potency. A combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study ... with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in rats produced an increased incidence in interstitial cell tumours of the testes which were within the range of the historical control data and evaluated as not compound related. ... In another rat study ... reported in brief, no tumors were found. In the available study with mice ... reported in brief, vascular tumors (localization not specified) were found. ... Overall, taking into consideration the results of the genotoxicity tests and the limitations in the available long term studies, a carcinogenic potential cannot be ruled out. Toxicity to reproduction of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene has been examined in rats and mice by oral administration. In a two generation study with rats ... no impairment of fertility was observed up to 5 mg/kg bw (high dose group), nevertheless, at this dose histopathological effects in testes were observed. But the evaluation of the effect on the male reproductive tract is limited because the testes in the low and mid dose group were not examined histopathologically. Therefore a NOAEL (male reproductive organ toxicity) was not established. ... In mice a study was performed using the NTP continuous breeding protocol. The NOAEL (fertility) is 125 mg/kg bw/day, the LOAEL (offspring general toxicity) is 62.5 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL (adult general toxicity) is 125 mg/kg bw/day, but full evaluation is not possible because evaluation of the animals of the two lower groups were very limited. Two subchronic inhalation studies with rats and mice with histopathologic evaluations on reproductive organs are available. There was evidence of decreased spermatogenesis (24 ppm) and decrease in average estrous cycle length in rats exposed to 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene (6 ppm and above). In female mice an increase in estrous cycle length was noted at the highest exposure group (24 ppm). Developmental toxicity of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene has been examined in rats and rabbits by oral administration ... a NOAEL for maternal toxicity was not achieved, the LOAEL(maternal toxicity) is 5 mg/kg bw/day; the NOAEL (developmental toxicity) is 15 mg/kg bw/day. The study with rabbits suffered from methodology deficiencies. Due to high mortality rate at the highest dose level, only two doses could be evaluated: the LOAEL (maternal toxicity) is 5 mg/kg bw/day and the LOAEL (developmental toxicity) is 5 mg/kg bw/day. Thus, in both species developmental toxicity occurred in the presence of maternal toxicity. There are indications of immunotoxic potency following single and repeated applications of 1-chloro-4- nitrobenzene. Concerning the toxicity of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene towards aquatic species reliable experimental results of tests with fish, daphnia, and algae are available. The acute toxicity determined for fish (Brachydanio rerio) was of 14.36 mg/L (96 hr LC50) and 2 mg/L (48 hr) for Leuciscus idus and for daphnia (Daphnia magna) of 2.7 mg/L (48 hr-EC50). In the growth rate tests with algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus) the values 4.9 mg/L (48 hr-ErC10) and 16 mg/L (48 hr- ErC50) were achieved while for Chlorella pyrenoidosa an effect value of 4.9 mg/L (96 hr-EC50) was found. The prolonged toxicity to fish (Brachydanio rerio) for the endpoint sub-lethal effects (feeding, malposition) was evaluated through a 14 days test and a NOEC value of 1.53 mg/l was determined. Two chronic tests with Daphnia (Daphnia magna) are available that were performed with analytical monitoring of the test substance concentration. In one test a 21 d-EC10 of 0.103 mg/L (effective concentration) was observed for the endpoint reproduction rate. The second test resulted in a 21d-NOEC of 0.19 mg/L (effective concentration) for the same endpoint. Calculating the geometric mean of these two values gives a NOEC of 0.14 mg/Ll. A PNECaqua = 2.8 g/L is derived from this value, using an assessment factor of 50.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chloronitrobenzenes. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chloronitrobenzenes. Overall evaluation: Chloronitrobenzenes are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3). /Chloronitrobenzenes/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

4-Chloronitrobenzene

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 65: (1996) Printing Processes and Printing Inks, Carbon Black and Some Nitro Compounds

Volume 123: (2020) Some Nitrobenzenes and Other Industrial Chemicals

2020 online

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Redness.

See Inhalation.

Anoxia; unpleasant taste; anemia; methemoglobinemia; In Animals: hematuria (blood in the urine); spleen, kidney, bone marrow changes; reproductive effects; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Blood, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system, spleen, bone marrow, reproductive system

[in animals: vascular & liver tumors]

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

p-Chloronitrobenzene

7 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

6 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Likely to be carcinogenic to humans

PPRTV Current

LCLo (rat) = 16,100 mg/m3/4H

LD50 Rat oral 530 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 420 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral 294 mg/kg, Wistar male

LD50 Rat oral 565 mg/kg, Wistar female

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Ingestion of ethyl alcohol ...aggravates the intoxication. /Nitrochlorobenzene/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

LC50 Leuciscus idus /(Ide)/ 2.0 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50 Leuciscus idus melanotus /golden ide/ 16 mg/L for 96 hr/ Static bioassay

LC50 Oryzias latipes /(Japanese medaka)/ 14 mg/L for 48 hr /Semistatic bioassay

LC50 Cyrinus carpio (carp) 35 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-one-day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.08 to 20 mg/L 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concn level. The no observed effect concn (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 15 mg/l for 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene, the EC0 was 3.3 mg/L. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concn was 0.32 mg/L, with the most sensitive parameter being the reproductive rate.

9.00e+00

3.80e+01

2.10e+00

8.80e+00

1.20e+00

8.0E+01(G)

1.10e-03

6.00e-02

7.00e-04

2.00e-03

Volatile

1.30e+02

1.70e+03

6.30e+00

2.60e+01

8.0E+01 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in preparing dyes, agricultural and rubber chemicals, may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.022 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 94 days. Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene indicates potential for photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil based on an estimated Koc value of 310. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces may occur given a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Screening tests using activated sludge, suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene proceeds slowly in water and soil. If released into water, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 152 hours and 73 days, respectively. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. BCF values of 5.8-20.9 measured in fish, suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene's production and use as an intermediate in preparing dyes, agricultural and rubber chemicals(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 310(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.022 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Screening tests using activated sludge(5), suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene proceeds slowly in soil.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 310(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 152 hours and 73 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 5.8-20.9 measured in fish(6), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Screening tests using activated sludge(6), suggest biodegradation of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene proceeds slowly in water. Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in methanol indicates potential for photolysis of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in sunlit surface water(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene , which has a vapor pressure of 0.022 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 94 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in methanol indicates potential for photolysis by sunlight of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in air(4).

AEROBIC: 10 ug/mL 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene inoculated with a mixed culture of microorganisms in soil was observed to be resistant to biodegradation (significant ring cleavage, as measured by UV absorbance, was not detected after 64 days)(1). 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene , present at 100 mg/L, reached 0 percent of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(2).

PURE CULTURE: 61-70% reduction of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene after 8 - 13 days was observed when a mixture of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene under continuous flow conditions involving feeding, aeration, settling and reflux was inoculated with a species of Arthrobacter simplex isolated from industrial waste. When two aeration columns were used, one with A. simplex and the other with A. simplex, Streptomyces coelicolor, Fusarium sp. and Trichoderma viridis isolated from soil, a 90% reduction of the nitro compounds was observed after 10 days. The reduction of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene produced p-chloroaniline and some undefined products(1). The yeast Rhodosporidiam sp. reduced 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene under aerobic conditions to give 4-chloroacetanilide and 4-chloro-2-hydroxyacetanilide as final major metabolites(2). Whether these reductions in pure culture would occur in waste water treatment plants is unknown(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 94 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Weak absorption of UV light greater than 290 nm by 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in methanol indicates potential for photolysis by sunlight of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in water and air(3). The irradiation of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene from 1 to 5 hours using a xenon arc lamp in air free from nitrogen oxides resulted in the formation of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol and 4-chlorophenol(4).

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene was reduced abiotically in bog water from Hyde County NC(1). The 2nd order, carbon normalized rate constants for solutions containing 80 uM 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene were recorded as 3.6X10-5 L/hr-mg C at pH 5.5, 3.6X10-4 L/hr-mg C at pH 7.2 and 1.1X10-3 L/hr-mg C at pH 8.6(1). The results from this study demonstrate that natural organic matter mediates the reduction of substituted nitroaromatic compounds in reducing environments. It is suggested that quinone-type species play a predominant role in natural organic matter mediated reductions of chloronitrobenzene(1). Quinoid-type compounds and iron porphyrins were shown to be effective mediators for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds, including chloronitrobenzenes(2). Reaction conditions are homogeneous aqueous solutions (pH 6.8-7.0, 5 mM H2S) containing reduced sulfur species as bulk electron donors(2). Therefore, the reduction of chloronitrobenzenes in the environment may occur under reducing conditions in the presence of electron transfer mediators(SRC).

Carp exposed to solutions containing 0.15 ppm 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene for 8 weeks had BCF values ranging from 5.8-20.9, and carp exposed to solutions containing 0.015 ppm 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene had BCF values ranging from 7.5-18.1(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene can be estimated to be 310(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is 4.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 152 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 73 days(SRC). 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.022 mm Hg(3) at 25 °C(3).

SURFACE WATER: From 1977 to 1982, 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene was detected in the Rhine River at levels ranging from less than 0.1 ug/L to 0.11 ug/L. 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene was detected in the Rhine River at a concentration of 1 ug/L, but was not detected in related tapwater(2). 0.3 ug/L 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene was detected in Rhine River water before bank infiltration and <0.01 ug/L was detected after bank infiltration (infiltration time = 1-12 months) and after dune infiltration (infiltration time = 2-3 months)(3).

DRINKING WATER: 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene was identified, not quantified, in drinking water from New Orleans, LA(1).

o-, m- and p-Chloronitrobenzene were identified in m-chloronitrobenzene waste water at a concentration of 1.5-1.8 g/L(1).

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene was found in the edible portion of various species of fish taken from the Mississippi River 0, 60 and 150 miles south of St. Louis, MO at concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 0.63 ppm(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2948 workers (401 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in the US(1). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1. By making packages of p-nitrochlorobenzene in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2. By dissolving p-nitrochlorobenzene in a flammable solvent and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloronitrobenzenes; Chloronitrobenzenes, liquid; Chloronitrobenzenes, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-CHLORO-4-NITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1578; Nitrochlorobenzene, solid or liquid

IMO 6.1; Nitrochlorobenzene, solid or liquid

49 214 59; Nitrochlorobenzene, para, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

This compound requires a shipping label of: "Poison." It falls in DOT Hazard Class 6.1 and packing group II.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II