4-Nitroaniline

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (36.1%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (99.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (99.1%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331 (95.4%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (99.1%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412 (100%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 108 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

This chemical is a combustible solid. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Poisonous gases including sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped in OSHA 1910.156.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use water foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Nitroanilines/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Nitroanilines/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container & burn in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) & atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Use HEPA vacuum or wet method to reduce dust during clean-up. Do not dry sweep. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

Effectiveness of purification of p-nitroaniline waste water contaminants was increased by using pseudomonas fluorescens 5/7 in aerating purifiers with the addition of nutrient salts in waste waters.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P077, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration (1800 °F, 2.0 seconds method) with scrubbing for NOx abatement. ...

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated & daily at the end of each work shift. Work clothing should be changed daily if ... contaminated. Remove non-impervious clothing immediately if wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Ample ventilation of work area or with piped air respirator. Extreme sanitary and clean work area and of the personnel is necessary.

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where liquid 4-nitroaniline is handled, processed, or stored.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong acids, strong oxidants, combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Dry.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from acids, oxidizing materials, & reducing agents.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

5.0 [mg/m3]

50 [mg/m3]

300 [mg/m3]

TWA 3 mg/m3 [skin]

6.0 [mg/m3]

1 ppm (6 mg/m³)

TWA 6 mg/m3 (1 ppm) [skin] See Appendix G

300 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

300.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH (300 mg/m3 or 50 ppm) is based on an analogy with aniline and the statement by AIHA [1955] that 50 to 100 ppm aniline can probably be tolerated for 1 hour. Although the IDLH chosen for aniline was 100 ppm, the IDLH of 50 ppm (300 mg/m3) chosen for p­nitroaniline is reasonable because Von Oettingen [1941] stated that p­nitroaniline is more toxic than aniline. . . . Human data: None relevant for use in determining the revised IDLH

300 mg/cu m

300 mg/m³

300 mg/m3

See: 100016

3.0 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 3 mg/cu m, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

3 mg/m³ [1992]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

The Soviet limit is 0.1 mg/cu m ... West Germany adopted the 6 mg/cu m value as its MAK.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C , on spraying or dispersing much faster.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Nitroaniline:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face-shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact with solid 4-nitroaniline or liquids containing 4-nitroaniline. Employees should be provided with and required to use dust and splash-proof safety goggles where there is any possibility of liquid 4-nitroaniline or solids containing 4-nitroaniline contacting the eyes.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readiliy available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.)

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

P-nitroaniline, [solid] is a yellow solid with a mild odor. Sinks in water. (USCG, 1999)

Dry Powder

Bright yellow, crystalline powder with a slight ammonia-like odor; [NIOSH]

YELLOW CRYSTALS OR POWDER.

Bright yellow, crystalline powder with a slight ammonia-like odor.

Pale yellow monoclinic crystals from water

Bright yellow powder

Bright yellow, crystalline powder.

Faint ammonia; slightly pungent

Odorless

Slight ammonia-like odor.

Burning sweet taste

637 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

332 °C (calculated)

332 °C @760 [mm Hg]

298 °F (NTP, 1992)

Heat of fusion at melting point = 21.2 kJ/mol

147.5 °C

390 °F (NTP, 1992)

329 °F (OPEN CUP) (MOLTEN SOLID)

199 °C (closed cup)

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Very soluble in methanol; soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, chloroform, toluene; slightly soluble in benzene, deuterated DMSO

1 g/45 mL boiling water; 1 g/25 mL alcohol; 1 g/30 mL ether

0.08 g/100 g water at 18.5 °C.

In water, 390 ppm at 20 °C

For more Solubility (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 18.5 °C: 0.08

1.44 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.424 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.4 g/cm³

1.424 @ 20°C

4.77 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.77 (air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.8

0.0015 mmHg at 68 °F ; 0.007 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.0000032 [mmHg]

3.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.2

0.00002 mmHg

It may be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air and light. Insoluble in water. This chemical is sensitive to moisture.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Amines, Aromatic

P-NITROANILINE may react vigorously with sulfuric acid above 392 °F. It may also react with sodium hydroxide at 266 °F. Under pressure, it may produce an explosive compound. It is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong reducing agents. It is capable of explosive decomposition with strong initiators. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992)

An ammonical soln of 4-nitroaniline containing ammonium chloride was being treated with 50% sodium hydroxide soln to displace ammonia. In error, double the amt required to give usual 10% of free alkali was added, & during subsequent degassing operation (heating to 130 °C under pressure, followed by depressuring to vent ammonia), complete conversion to sodium 4-nitrophenoxide occurred. ... /When/ separated by centrifuging, it was then heated to dry ... when it decomposed violently & was ejected through the vessel opening. ... Some of the tautomeric aci-nitroquinonoid salt may have been produced during the drying operation.

Incompatible with reducers.

Incompatabilities: Strong oxidizers and moisture may result in spontaneous heating.

FORMS WATER SOL SALTS WITH MINERAL ACIDS.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, strong reducers [Note: May result in spontaneous heating of organic materials in the presence of moisture.]

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

p-Nitroaniline

TR-418: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of p-Nitroaniline (CASRN 100-01-6) in B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1993 )

11/21/91

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

Equivocal Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitroaniline in male B6C3F1 mice based on the increased incidences of hemangiosarcoma of the liver and hemangioma or hemangiosarcoma (combined) at all sites. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of p-nitroaniline in female B6C3F1mice receiving doses of 3, 30, or 100 mg/kg.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Headache. Dizziness. Nausea. Confusion. Convulsions. Laboured breathing. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Further see Inhalation.

irritation nose, throat; cyanosis, ataxia; tachycardia, tachypnea; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); irritability; vomiting, diarrhea; convulsions; resp arrest; anemia; methemoglobinemia; jaundice

respiratory system, blood, heart, liver

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

4-Nitroaniline

4 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

6 x 10^-3 mg/m^3

2 x 10^-2 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LD50 Mouse ip 250 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat dermal >2500 mg/kg bw

LD50 Guinea pig oral 450 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral 810 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

INHALATION: Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration if indicated. Refer for medical attention. SKIN: Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention. EYES: First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aniline and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Whole Blood (chemical/metabolite) Methemoglobin; Complete Blood Count; Liver Function Tests

Consider the points of attack (blood, heart, lungs and liver) in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.

Routine checking of lips, tongue and nail beds of exposed personnel for signs of cyanosis. /Protect/ from exposure those individuals with anemia, cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Para-nitroaniline is a potent methemoglobin-inducing agent and given sufficiently high or prolonged exposures, hemolysis can occur. Prolonged exposure may also result in liver damage.

EC50 Chlorella vulgaris (Algae) 350.14 mg/L/6 hr; biomass.

LC50 Leuciscus idus (/Orfe/) 35 mg/L/48 hr; static, freshwater.

LC50; Species: Danio rerio (Zebra danio, age 3 months, weight 200-350 mg); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 26.5 °C, pH 8.6, dissolved oxygen 85%; Concentration: 908 umol/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea age < or =24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7, hardness 16 dH; Concentration: 24 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The LC50 (96 hr) values and the bioconcentration factors (BCF) for nine anilines (aniline; 2-, 3-, 4-chloroaniline; 2-, 3-, 4-nitroaniline; 2,4- and 3,4-dichloroaniline) in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were determined. Biotransformation products of anilines in the zebrafish were analyzed by HPLC. The aim of the investigations was to find relationships between accumulation/elimination/metabolism and toxicity on the one hand and between chemical structure and biotransformation on the other. ... A good correlation of log BCF and of log Pow with log LC50 /was found/. This concurs with the assumption that the internal dose determines the toxicological effect. All anilines investigated, with the exception of 2- and 4-nitroaniline, were transformed into the corresponding acetanilides. The toxicity of the compounds was not altered by biotransformation. ...

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ Benzamines are the major aromatic amines used in industry and can also be released from azo dyes, which are widely used in the textile, paper-making, and food industries. The toxicity of 10 benzamines was tested by the well diffusion assay technique against 18 common bacterial species including the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii. p-Phenylenediamine was found to be inhibitory to the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. o-Phenylenediamine was inhibitory to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Salmonella enteritidis, and Shigella sonnei. 2,5-Diaminotoluene was inhibitory to the growth of P. fluorescens and Streptococcus mitis. The growth of A. vinelandii was inhibited by p-phenylenediamine and 2,5-diaminotoluene in the well diffusion assay. p-Nitroaniline was also found to be inhibitory to the growth of A. vinelandii in Burk's nitrogen-free medium. The nitrogenase activity of A. vinelandii was inhibited by p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminotoluene, p-nitroaniline, 2-nitro-p-phenylenediamine, 3-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, and 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine. Because many of these organisms are common soil and aquatic bacteria, the accumulation of these benzamine compounds in the environment may have an adverse impact on soil biochemical activities.

2.70e+01

1.10e+02

6.30e+00

2.60e+01

3.80e+00

1.00e+03

1.60e-03

2.00e-02

4.00e-03

6.00e-03

Volatile

7.60e+02

9.80e+03

1.90e+01

7.90e+01

2.30e+02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

4-Nitroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-nitroaniline will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-nitroaniline will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 29 hours. Particulate-phase 4-nitroaniline will be removed from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. 4-Nitroaniline does absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-nitroaniline is expected to have high mobility based upon Koc values of 54-87. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group, suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.26X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Various screening tests suggest that 4-nitroaniline is generally resistant to biodegradation. If released into water, 4-nitroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. In the water column, 4-nitroaniline may be susceptible to significant degradation in sunlight via reaction with photochemically produced oxidants such as hydroxyl and alkoxy radicals. BCFs of <10 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-nitroaniline may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-nitroaniline is produced or used. (SRC)

4-Nitroaniline's production and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

... P-NITROANILINE /FOUND/ IN SOME SAMPLES OF WAX CRAYONS ... .

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 54-87(2-6), indicate that 4-nitroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(7,8), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).Volatilization of 4-nitroaniline from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.26X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(9). 4-Nitroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.2X10-6 mm Hg(10). A 0% theoretical biodegradation using the Japanese MITI test(11) indicates that biodegradtion is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 54-87(2-6), indicate that 4-nitroaniline is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(7) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.26X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(8). 4-Nitroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(9). Aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in natural water with photochemically produced oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals and alkoxy radicals(9); half-lives of aniline are on the order of 30 hr of sunlight for hydroxyl radicals and 19 hr of sunlight for peroxy radicals(9); reactions with 4-nitroaniline are likely to be somewhat slower due to the presence of the nitro function(SRC). According to a classification scheme(9), BCF values of <10(10,11) suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A biodegradation rate of 0.025/h in river water giving a half-life of 31 hours(12) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-nitroaniline, which has a vapor pressure of 3.2X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-nitroaniline is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 29 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 4-nitroaniline may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). 4-Nitroaniline does absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

P-NITROANILINE AT CONCN 250-1000 MG/L WAS DEGRADED BY A MIXT OF PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS & BACILLUS VALINOVORUS.

AEROBIC: The mono-nitroanilines were found to be markedly more resistant to biological degradation, as compared to aniline, using Warburg respirometer procedures(1). In a 2-week closed bottle biodegradation study, using 100 mg/L 4-nitroaniline and 30 mg/L sludge, 4-nitroaniline had a theoretical BOD of 0%(2). No biodegradation of 4-nitroaniline was observed at concn of 25-30 ppm upon incubation with adapted activated sludge for 20 days(3). Degradation of 4-nitroaniline in a mineral salts solution, with a soil inoculum, was in excess of 64 days(4). No biodegradation occurred over a 240 hr period in an electrolytic respirometer study(5). Only limited biooxidation of 4-nitroaniline was observed in respirometric tests utilizing phenol-adapted bacteria(6) Using a concentration of 50 mg/L, 4-nitroaniline was biodegraded in an aerobic sewage seed samples after a lag period of about 20 days(7). 4-Nitroaniline had a biodegradation rate of 0.025/h in river water giving a half-life of 31 hours, which was classified as poor degradation(8). 4-Nitroaniline was not degraded after 50 days using an activated sludge digested at 25 °C(9). A 5 day BOD at 20 °C in Songhua river water was -10% for 4-nitroaniline(10).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-nitroaniline with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 29 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Nitroaniline is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in natural water with photochemically produced oxidants such as hydroxyl radicals and alkoxy radicals(3); half-lives of aniline are on the order of 30 hr of sunlight for hydroxyl radicals and 19 hr of sunlight for alkoxy radicals(3); reactions with 4-nitroaniline are likely to be somewhat slower due to the presence of the nitro function(SRC). 4-Nitroaniline does absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In a 6-week bioconcentration test, the BCF of 4-nitroaniline was 2.9-3.6 at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L and <10 at a concentration of 0.05 mg/L(1). In a bioconcentration study using zebrafish and a 4-nitroaniline concentration of 0.21 umol/L, the BCF was measured to be 4.4(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these experimental BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low (SRC).

4-Nitroaniline has measured log Koc values of 1.78(1) and 1.88(2) and log Kom values of 1.49(3) and 1.64(4). These values correspond to Koc values of 60, 76, 54 and 75, respectively. 4-Nitroaniline has also been observed to have a Koc of 87(5). According to a classification scheme(6), these Koc values suggest that 4-nitroaniline is expected to have high mobility in soil. 4-Nitroaniline was found to have a Kd value of 13.5 L/kg in homoionic K+ Montmorillonite type soil(7). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(8,9), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). 4-Nitroaniline had small and scattered amounts of irreversible binding over a 20 hour experiment(10).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-nitroaniline is 1.26X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-nitroaniline is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 4-Nitroaniline is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.6X10-6 mm Hg(3).

SURFACE WATER: 4-Nitroaniline was detected at a concn of 1 ppb in water from the Rhine River in the Netherlands, but was not detected in associated tapwater(1). A concentration of 1 ppb 4-nitroaniline was identified in water taken from the Rhine River near Lobith, Netherlands(2). 4-Nitroaniline was detected at several locations in Rhine River water at concentrations of 0.018 to 0.261 ug/L(3).

Raw wastewater collected from a US dye manufacturing plant on the Black River, South Carolina in July 1976 contained 270 ppb nitroaniline (isomers unspecified); the final treated effluent contained no detectable levels of nitroaniline(1). 4-Nitroaniline was qualitatively detected in a stack effluent from a hazardous waste incinerator(2). 4-Nitroaniline has been detected in waste landfill leachates from various locations throughout the United States, however, concentrations were not given(3). 4-Nitroaniline was tested in tire leachate water form tires used as artificial reefs in canals but not detected at a detection limit of 1.0 ug/L(4).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 4-Nitroaniline was detected in the city of Lanzhou, China in March of 2003 at a concn of 1.92 ng/cu m, from 3 sets of duplicate samples collected over a 24 hour period on the top of Lanyuan Hotel(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1448 workers (262 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 4-nitroaniline in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-nitroaniline may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-nitroaniline is produced or used(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P077, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration (1800 °F, 2.0 seconds method) with scrubbing for NOx abatement. ...

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Nitroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Nitroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Nitroanilines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Nitroanilines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-NITROANILINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1661; Nitroanilines (o-, m-, p-)

IMO 6.1; Nitroanilines (o-, m-, p-)

49 215 30; Nitroaniline

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 23/24/25-33-52/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II