4-Nitrophenol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (77.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (22.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312+H332 (42.3%): Harmful in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H312 (99.6%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332 (99.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (99.2%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412 (42.3%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 246 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Nitrophenols/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Spill or leak procedures: Shovel into suitable dry container.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U170, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of hours. Also a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time for liquids and gases; seconds: solids; longer.

Nitrophenol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /SRP: Incineration must be controlled./ Care must be taken to maintain complete combustion at all times. Incineration of large quantities may require scrubbers to control the emission of NOx. /Nitrophenol cmpd/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Clean work clothes should be supplied daily; showers should be taken prior to changing to street clothes. ... Appropriate type respirators with organic vapor canisters should be provided in areas of concn of dust or vapors. /Nitrophenols/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

... KEEP ALL FLAMMABLES AWAY FROM AREA WHERE OXIDIZING AGENTS ARE STORED. ... AREA ... KEPT COOL & VENTILATED, & SHOULD BE FIREPROOFED.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from alkalies and oxidizing materials.

0.51 [mg/m3]

5.6 [mg/m3]

34 [mg/m3]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

Butyl rubber gloves; side-shield safety glasses; dust mask or self- contained breathing apparatus. (USCG, 1999)

BUTYL RUBBER GLOVES; SIDE-SHIELD SAFETY GLASSES; /NIOSH APPROVED RESPIRATOR/ OR SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

4-nitrophenol appears as a white to light yellow crystalline solid. Contact may severely irritate skin and eyes. Poisonous by ingestion and moderately toxic by skin contact.

Colorless to slightly yellow crystals; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS-TO-PALE-YELLOW CRYSTALS.

A white to light yellow crystalline solid.

Colorless to slightly yellow crystals

YELLOW TO BROWN SOLID

Odorless

Sweetish, then burning taste

TASTE /THRESHOLD/ CONCENTRATION 43.4 MG/L.

534 °F at 760 mmHg (Decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

279 °C (Decomposes)

235 to 239 °F (Sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

113-114 °C

113.8 °C

111-116 °C

235-239 °F (sublimes)

113.6 °C

377 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Solubility in water, 269,000 mg/L at 90 °C

Freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether; soluble in solution of fixed alkali hydroxides and carbonates

Very soluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone

In water, 32.8 g/L at 40 °C

In water, 10,000 mg/L at 15 °C; 16,000 ng/L at 25 °C

In water, 15,600 mg/L at 25 °C

11.6 mg/mL

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 1.24

1.48 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.479 g/cu cm at 20 °C

1.5 g/cm³

1.479 @ 20°C

1.244 at 149 °F (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.244 at 149 °F

1 mmHg at 68 °F ; 18.7 mmHg at 367 °F; 2.2 mmHg at 295 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.0000979 [mmHg]

9.79X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C; 5X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C /Extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 0.0032

log Kow = 1.91

Henry's Law constant = 1.28X10-8 atm-cu m/mol at 20 °C

DECOMPOSES VIOLENTLY @ 279 °C ...

Soluble in hot water and more dense than water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Phenols and Cresols

4-NITROPHENOL is a slightly yellow, crystalline material, moderately toxic. Mixtures with diethyl phosphite may explode when heated. Decomposes exothermally, emits toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 941]. Decomposes violently at 279 °C and will burn even in absence of air (USCG, 1999). Solid mixtures of the nitrophenol and potassium hydroxide (1:1.5 mol) readily deflagrate [Bretherick, 5th Ed., 1995].

Mixtures with diethyl phosphite may explode when heated.

Interaction in absence of solvent in a stirred flask heated by a regulated mantle led to a runaway reaction and explosion.

Solid mixtures of 4-nitrophenol with potassium hydroxide (1:1.5 mol) readily deflagrate, at the rapid rate of 30 cm/min.

The nitrite in nitrophenols causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613)

p-Nitrophenol

Semi-Volatile Organic Compound (SVOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

TR-417: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of p-Nitrophenol (CASRN 100-02-7) in Swiss-Webster Mice (Dermal Studies) (1993 )

07/09/91

Chemical Not Tested in Species/Sex

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 18-month dermal studiesthere was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in male or female Swiss-Webster micereceiving 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg p-nitrophenol.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Nitrophenols may cause methemoglobinemia. This is a disorder in which there is an abnormally high level of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in a decrease in the amount of oxygen that can be carried to the tissues and organs. (L1661, L1613)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L1661) ; inhalation (L1661) ; dermal (L1661)

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Cough. Burning sensation. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Sore throat. Vomiting. See Inhalation.

Symptoms of methemoglobinemia include shortness of breath, cyanosis, mental status changes, headache, fatigue, exercise intolerance, dizziness and loss of consciousness. Severe methemoglobinemia may cause dysrhythmias, seizures, coma and death. (L1613)

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

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LD50: 380 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 75 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat (male) oral 191 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 131-303 mg/kg)

LD50 Rabbit (male) 3.69 g/kg (95% confidence limits 2.03-6.71 g/kg)

LD50 Rat (female) oral 170 mg/kg (95% confidence limits 129-225 mg/kg)

LD50 Mouse oral 380 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution at 1-2mg/kg administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by an IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination. flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Rapid body cooling may be necessary in case of hyperthermia. Salicylates are contraindicated. /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For dehydration and hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dinitrophenol and Related Compounds/

Liver and renal function and blood should be evaluated in placement or periodic examinations. /Nitrophenols/

Excretion of 4-nitrophenol, a metabolite of the organophosphorous pesticides, parathion, methylparathion, O-ethyl O-(p-nitrophenyl) phenyl phosphorothioic acid (EPN), and decapthion is a good indicator of human exposure to these pesticides.

/GENOTOXICITY/In study of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene-induced repair synthesis in hydroxyurea-treated human diploid fibroblasts (WI-38), a tumor promoter, phenol, inhibited DNA repair synthesis only @ high concn; the analog 4-nitrophenol did so @ much lower concn.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/Poisonings are assumed to resemble both phenol & aniline.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The oral LD50 of 4-nitrophenol is in the range of 220-620 mg/kg body weight in rats and 380-470 mg/kg body weight in mice. Clinical signs following oral exposure of rats were unspecific and included tachypnea and cramps, and the macroscopic examination performed in some studies revealed a greyish discoloration with dark red patches of the lungs.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The toxicities of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol in newborn and young rats was examined and the susceptibility of newborn rats was analyzed in terms of presumed unequivocally toxic and no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs). In the 18-day repeated dose newborn rat study, 4-nitrophenol was orally given from Day 4 to Day 21 after birth but did not induce any toxicity up to 160 mg/kg in the main study, although it induced death in one of six males at 160 mg/kg, and three of six males and one of six females at 230 mg/kg in a prior dose-finding study. In the 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity study starting at 6 weeks of age, 4-nitrophenol caused the death of most males and females at 1,000 mg/kg but was not toxic at 400 mg/kg except for male rat-specific renal toxicity. As unequivocally toxic levels were considered to be 230 mg/kg/day in newborn rats and 600 to 800 mg/kg/day in young rats, and NOAELs were 110 mg/kg/day in newborn rats and 400 mg/kg/day in young rats, the susceptibility of the newborn to 4-nitrophenol appears to be 2.5 to 4 times higher than that of young animals. In the newborn rat study of 2,4-dinitrophenol, animals died at 30 mg/kg in the dose-finding study and significant lowering of body and organ weights was observed at 20 mg/kg in the main study. In the 28-day young rat study, clear toxic signs followed by death occurred at 80 mg/kg but there was no definitive toxicity at 20 mg/kg. As unequivocally toxic levels and NOAELs were considered to be 30 and 10 mg/kg/day in newborn rats and 80 and 20 mg/kg/day in young rats, respectively, the toxicity of 2,4-dinitrophenol in newborns again seems to be 2 to 3 times stronger than in young rats. Abnormalities of external development and reflex ontogeny in the newborn were not observed with either chemical. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the toxic response in newborn rats is at most 4 times higher than that in young rats, at least in the cases of 4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ In a 28-day study... , Sprague-Dawley rats (10 per sex per dose group) received daily oral doses of 0, 70, 210, or 630 mg 4-nitrophenol/kg body weight via gavage. After dosing, locomotor inhibition, which lasted for about 2 hr, was seen in mid- and high-dose animals. In mid-dose animals, 1/10 males died; in high-dose males and females, the mortality rate was 4/10 and 6/10, respectively (specific signs of intoxication were not given). In the lowest dose group, the macroscopic examination revealed seven cases of pale liver, and the histopathological examination showed 14 cases of finely dispersed fatty degeneration. A focal fatty degeneration of the liver was also observed in 13/20 rats of the mid-dose group, but not in high-dose animals. However, it must be noted that finely dispersed fatty degeneration was also seen in 6/20 control animals. In 4/10 high-dose males but not females, a hydropic liver cell swelling was noted, and all high-dose rats that died before the end of the study showed vascular congestion of the liver. A slight increase in the leukocyte count was seen at 210 and 630 mg/kg body weight in males and females; the increase was significant in high-dose females. In high-dose males, the alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity was significantly increased. Other substance-related effects in high-dose animals included increased nephrosis (two males and five females), testicular atrophy and inhibition of spermatogenesis (one and two males, respectively), and follicular atresia in the ovaries (four females)

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ No mortality was observed in male albino Crl:CDR rats (10 per group) after exposure to 0, 340, or 2470 mg 4-nitrophenol dust/cu m (application as sodium salt; head only exposure; mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) 4.6-7.5 um) for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, over a period of 2 weeks. Both exposure concentrations resulted in signs of irritation (not further specified). After exposure to 340 and 2470 mg/cu m, darker urine, proteinuria, elevated aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) values, and a dose-dependent increase in methemoglobin values were observed. These effects were still evident after a 14-day recovery period; however, the methemoglobin value was then still elevated in only 2/5 high-dose animals. The methemoglobin values were 0.2, 0.87, and 1.53% after 10 exposures and 0.2, 0.13, and 0.7% after 14 days' recovery. The erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values decreased during exposure but were elevated after the 14-day recovery period. In treated rats, the urine volume decreased in a dose-dependent manner during exposure and during the 14-day recovery period. In high-dose animals, the absolute spleen weight was significantly lower than that of controls after 10 exposures, and the absolute/relative spleen and lung weights were significantly lower in comparison with controls at the end of the recovery period. According to the authors, the biological significance of the changes in organ weights is unknown owing to the absence of corroborating pathological effects.

Toxicity threshold (pollutant concn causing the onset of cell multiplication inhibition) Scenedesmus quardricauda (alga) 7,400 ug/L/8 days

Toxicity threshold (pollutant concn causing the onset of cell multiplication inhibition) Microcystis aeruginosa (alga) 6,000 ug/L/8 days

42% Mortality Carassius auratus (goldfish) 8000 ug/L/8 hr

Lethal threshold (pollutant concn causing the onset of cell multiplication inhibition) Mya arenaria (clam, soft shell) 29,400 ug/L/96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (49 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 4-Nitrophenol concentrations > or = 10 mg/L were chronically toxic to Daphnia magna under both static renewal and flow-through conditions. Although growth and reproduction of the daphnids were both substantially better in the flow-through test, the 4-nitrophenol concentration that caused significant impacts on the populations were the same in both systems.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Flow-through, acute (96 hr) and early life stage (28 days after hatch) toxicity tests /SRP: on C variegatus (sheepshead minnows)/ revealed that max acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for 4-nitrophenol was >10 but <16 mg/L, with an application factor of 0.31-0.50.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The process of wet oxidation breaks down organic substances in aqueous solution at elevated temperature and pressures. Experimental wet oxidations were carried out on pure solutions of phenol, 2-chlorophenol and 4-nitrophenol. After 1 hr wet oxidation, final concentrations of these compounds averaged 3% of their concentrations in the starting solutions. The toxicities of the starting compounds and the residual toxicity of the end product solutions were measured with 48 hr acute toxicity tests using Daphnia magna. The solutions of end products were all less toxic than the starting solutions by factors of 10-120. The end product solutions were more toxic than would have been predicted from the known concentration of initial compound remaining in the solution of end products.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The relative toxic response to 27 selected phenols in 96 hr acute flow-through Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) and 48-60 hr chronic static Tetrahymena pyriformis (ciliate protozoan) test systems were evaluated. Log Kow dependent linear regression analyses revealed that the data from each test system consisted of 2 linear equations. The less toxic chemicals form a relation which models polar CNS depression; these chemicals are slightly more active than the baseline toxicity of nonionic chemicals. The more toxic chemicals form a relation which models upcoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Regression analysis of fathead minnow toxicity (log median lethal concn (mol/L)) vs Tetrahymena pyriformis toxicity (log of the 48-60 hr 50% inhibitory concn (BR), mmol/L) showed good correlation between the 2 systems. An exception is 4-nitrophenol which is more active in the Tetrahymena system than in the fathead minnow /system/.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

4-Nitrophenol's production and use in the manufacture of methyl and ethyl parathion, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetominophen), dyestuffs as well as a leather treatment agent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 4-Nitrophenol is a photooxidation product of nitrobenzene in air and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and phenanthrene with nitric oxide in air. 4-Nitrophenol can be formed in the ambient atmosphere by the nighttime reaction of nitrate radicals with phenol. It is emitted in vehicular exhaust from both gasoline and diesel engines. 4-Nitrophenol is also a degradation product of parathion and an impurity in the parathion formulation Thiophos and, therefore, will be released during the application of the insecticide. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.79X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates 4-nitrophenol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. An urban monitoring study in Rome, Italy found the concentration to be higher in the particulate-phase compared to the vapor-phase. Vapor-phase 4-nitrophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.7 days. Particulate-phase 4-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition. Vapor-phase 4-nitrophenol is also removed from the ambient atmosphere through dissolution into cloud water with subsequent precipitation. 4-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm and the compound is susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight. 4-Nitrophenol was 39% mineralized when exposed to light greater than 290 nm over a 17 hour period, suggesting that photodegradation may be an important fate process in air, soil and water exposed to sunilght. If released to soil, 4-nitrophenol can have very high to low mobility based upon an observed Koc range of 16 to over 500. A reported median Koc of 234 suggests moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-nitropehnol is 7.15, indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. The available experimental data suggests 4-nitrophenol may be more mobile in anionic form. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.28X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C. 4-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. The biodegradation half-life of 4-nitrophenol in an acidic soil was reported as 2.5 days and the biodegradation half-life in a basic soil was reported as 10.2 days. However, a large number of biodegradation studies have shown that 4-nitrophenol can degrade over a wide range from very slow to fast; in general, 4-nitrophenol degrades much faster in acclimated soil and water. If released into water, 4-nitrophenol may undergo some adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the Koc value. The biodegradation half-life of 4-nitrophenol was reported as 18 hours and 6.8 days in aerobic and anaerobic waters, respectively. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Photolysis in surface waters is expected to occur based on photolysis half-lives of 5.7, 6.7, and 13.7 days at pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively. BCF values of 2.5-79 measured in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Occupational exposure to 4-nitrophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-nitrophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 4-nitrophenol via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of contaminated water. (SRC)

4-Nitrophenol's production and use in the manufacture of parathion, N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (acetominophen), dyestuffs as well as a leather treatment agent(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 4-Nitrophenol is a photooxidation product of nitrobenzene in air(3) and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and phenanthrene with nitric oxide in air(4). 4-Nitrophenol can be formed in the ambient atmosphere by the nighttime reaction of nitrate radicals with phenol(7). It is emitted in vehicular exhaust from both gasoline and diesel engines(4). 4-Nitrophenol is also a degradation product of parathion(5) and an impurity in the parathion formulation Thiophos and, therefore, will be released during the application of the insecticide(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a median literature Koc value of 234 (log Koc = 2.37) reported for 4-nitrophenol(2) indicates that 4-nitrophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). However, measured Koc values range from 16(3) to over 500(4) suggesting a range of very high mobility to low mobility(SRC). The pKa of 4-nitrophenol is 7.15(5), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). The available experimental data suggests 4-nitrophenol may be more mobile in anionic form(SRC). Volatilization of 4-nitrophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.28X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(7). 4-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.79X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(8). The biodegradation half-life of 4-nitrophenol in an acidic soil was reported as 2.5 days and the biodegradation half-life in a basic soil was reported as 10.2 days(9). However, a large number of biodegradation studies have shown that 4-nitrophenol can degrade over a wide range from very slow to fast; in general, 4-nitrophenol degrades much faster in acclimated media(10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a median literature Koc value of 234(2) indicates that 4-nitrophenol may undergo some adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Measured Koc values range from 16(3) to over 500(4) suggesting a range of adsorption potential with sediment(SRC). The pKa of 4-nitropehnol is 7.15(5), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(7) based upon the Henry's Law constant of 1.28X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(8). According to a classification scheme(9), BCF values in the range of 2.5(10) to 79(11) in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will be low to moderate. 4-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(7). When 4-nitrophenol in water was exposed to sunlight, the half-life was 5.7, 6.7, and 13.7 days at pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively(12). The biodegradation half-life of 4-nitrophenol was reported as 18 hours and 6.8 days in aerobic and anaerobic waters, respectively(13). However, a large number of biodegradation studies have shown that 4-nitrophenol can degrade over a wide range from very slow to fast; in general, 4-nitrophenol degrades much faster in acclimated media(14).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-nitrophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 9.79X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. An urban monitoring study in Rome Italy found the concentration to be higher in the particulate-phase compared to the vapor-phase(3). Vapor-phase 4-nitrophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(4). Particulate-phase 4-nitrophenol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Vapor-phase 4-nitrophenol is also removed from the ambient atmosphere through dissolution into cloud water with subsequent precipitation(5). 4-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(6) suggesting the compound is susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight(SRC). 4-Nitrophenol adsorbed to silica gel was 39% mineralized when exposed to light greater than 290 nm over a 17 hour period(7).

PURE CULTURE: Pseudomonas strains capable of mineralizing 2,4-dichlorophenol and p-nitrophenol (PNP) in culture media were isolated from soil. A Pseudomonas able to mineralize 5.0 ug p-nitrophenol/mL in culture did not mineralize the compound in sterile or nonsterile lake water. The bacterium destroyed p-nitrophenol in sterile sewage and enhanced p-nitrophenol mineralization in nonsterile sewage. When added to the surface of sterile soil, the bacterium mineralized little of the p-nitrophenol present at 5.0 ug/g, but it was active if mixed well with the sterile soil.

AEROBIC: During the years 1978-1981 both the European Economic community and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development organized various interlaboratory comparison programs on standardized screening methods to study the biodegradability of chemicals in water. While the ring test results were generally rather heterogenous, one of the compounds studied, 4-nitrophenol, turned out to be particularly problematic as the compound was found either easily biodegradable or not biodegradable by various laboratories in various tests. This paper describes some more detailed studies on 4-nitrophenol degradation in two different tests, the modified Organization for Economic Cooperation screening test (MOST test) and the Zahn-Wellens test, respectively. The test variable investigated include inoculum characteristics and pretreatment, test duration, and 4-nitrophenol concentration. The results are discussed in relation to toxicity and degradation pathways of 4-nitrophenol.

AEROBIC: A study was conducted of possible reasons for acclimation of microbial communities to the mineralization of organic compounds in lake water and sewage. The acclimation period for the mineralization of 2 ng of p-nitrophenol (PNP) per mL of sewage was eliminated when the sewage was incubated for 9 days, with no added substrate. The acclimation period for the mineralization of 2 ng but not 200 ng or 2 ug of p-nitrophenol/ml was eliminated when the compound was added to lake water that had been first incubated in the laboratory. Mineralization of p-nitrophenol by Flavobacterium sp was detected within 7 hr at concentrations of 20 ng/mL to 2 micrograms/mL but only after 25 hr at 2 ng/mL. p-Nitrophenol utilizing organisms began to multiply logarithmically after 1 day in lake water amended with 2 ug of p-nitrophenol/ml, but substrate disappearance was only detected at 8 days, at which time the numbers were approaching 10(5) cells per mL. The addition of inorganic nutrients reduced the length of the acclimation period from 6 to 3 days in sewage and from 6 days to 1 day in lake water. The prior degradation of natural organic materials in the sewage and lake water had no effect on the acclimation priod for the mineralization of p-nitrophenol, and naturally occurring inhibitors that might delay the mineralization were not present. The length of the acclimation phase for the mineralization of 2 ng of p-nitrophenol/mL was shortened when the protozoa in sewage were suppressed by eucaryotic inhibitors added to lake water.

AEROBIC 4-Nitrophenol is a benchmark chemical for biodegradability test and therefore there are numerous results on its behavior in screening tests. The results of the biodegradability screening studies are conflicting, ranging from no degradation to rapid degradation using soil, sewage, activated sludge, sediment, and freshwater inocula. The results are roughly divided between 4-nitrophenol biodegrading moderately slowly and rapidly; acclimation is generally important(1-12,14) while some of the conflicting results may be due to differences in concentrations of the test chemical, inocula, toxicity at higher concentrations(3), or insufficient acclimation. Many results were obtained in interlaboratory comparisons in which different laboratories report 0 and 100% degradation for the same test(1). The importance of acclimation is illustrated in results of 100% degradation in 15 and 3 days without and with acclimation, respectively; the latter also at much higher concentration levels(2). At very low concentration levels (parts per trillion range), mineralization is achieved without a lag period(12). 4-Nitrophenol biodegrades rapidly in simulated biological treatment plants, but only after adequate acclimation(2,4,5,13).

For more Environmental Biodegradation (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Has been detected as a photo-alteration product of parathion following application to cotton plants.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-nitrophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the aqueous-phase reaction of 4-nitrophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is reported as 3.8X10+9 L/mol-sec(2); this corresponds to a half-life of about 70 days(SRC) at a hydroxyl radical concentration of 3X10-17 moles/L in eutrophic water(3). The rate constant for the reaction between singlet oxygen and 4-nitrophenol in surface waters was measured as 2.6X10+6 L/mol-sec at 27 °C(4); this corresponds to a half-life of about 77 days at a singlet oxygen concentration of 4X10-14 mol/L(4). 4-Nitrophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5). 4-Nitrophenol absorbs UV light strongly above 290 nm(6); the log epilson at 320 nm is 3.8 and 2.4 at 400 nm(6) which suggests that 4-nitrophenol is susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). 4-Nitrophenol adsorbed to silica gel was 39% mineralized when exposed to light greater than 290 nm over a 17 hour period(7). When 4-nitrophenol in water was exposed to sunlight, the half-lives were 5.7, 6.7, and 13.7 days at pH 5, 7, and 9, respectively(8). The presence of substances like nitrite and nitrate ions in the water results in the formation of hydroxyl radicals under illumination which can react with 4-nitrophenol(9) to form 1,4-hydroquinone and 1,4-benzoquinone(8). In laboratory experiments, the half-life, which was 16 hr for direct photolysis, was reduced to 1.2 and 3.5 hrs in the presence of nitrite and nitrate ions(10).

BCF values of 2.5 to 7.8 were measured for carp (Carprinus carpio) exposed to 0.02 ppm and 0.2 ppm 4-nitrophenol over a 6-8 week incubation period(1). The BCF value of 4-nitrophenol was reported as 79 in fathead minnows(2) and 58 in golden orfe(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate.

The sorption of benzoic acid, nitrobenzene, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and naphthalene was determined for 10 Danish soils in laboratory studies(1); measured equilibrium isotherms were of nonlinear Freundlich type for nearly all combinations of soil test compounds(1); adsorption was significantly correlated with the organic carbon content of the soils tested(1); Koc values in the 10 soils ranged from 56 to 530 with an average Koc 210(1); no significant correlations with pH and cation exchange capacity were observed(1). The Koc of 4-nitrophenol was reported as 55 in Brookston clay loam(2) and a log Koc of 1.7 was reported in a second study(3). The increasing content of copper in two Chinese soils was shown to limit 4-nitrophenol adsorption(4). In sorption studies using peat, 4-nitrophenol had measured Koc values of 96 (when 4-nitrophenol was in the neutral state) and 16 (when 4-nitrophenol existed as anionic species)(5). Using a reference soil from Germany, 4-nitrophenol had Koc value of 148 in a soil column leaching test(6). A Koc of 26 was measured in one sediment sample from China(7). A median literature Koc value of 234 (log Koc = 2.37) has been reported for 4-nitrophenol which can be used to develop QSAR estimations(8). According to a classification scheme(9), a median Koc value of 234 suggests that 4-nitrophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, the experimental Koc range extends from 16 to over 500 suggesting a range of very high mobility to low mobility(SRC). The pKa of 4-nitropehnol is 7.15(10), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(11).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-nitrophenol is 1.28X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). The pKa of 4-nitrophenol is 7.15(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the ionized form in water and moist soils and the anion will not volatilize(SRC). 4-Nitrophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.79X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: 4-Nitrophenol was detected in groundwater of Ville Mercier, Quebec, Canada at 0.3-6.5 ug/L(1). 4-Nitrophenol was detected at concns of 5.8-84 ug/L in groundwater at a former munitions plant in Saxony, Germany(2). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in groundwater of a waste treatment plant (0.002-0.014 ug/L) and a landfill (0.002-0.003 ug/L) in Cape Cod, MA(3). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the Biscayne Aquifer, FL at 200 ug/L(4).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in drinking water of Taiwan(1) and the US(2).

SURFACE WATER: 4-Nitrophenol was not detected (0% positive of 807 samples) in the USEPA's STORET data base, which documents ambient water chemical concentrations in the US from 1980-82(1). The compound was not detected in the Lake Erie or Lake Michigan basin during 1982 sampling(2). Surfaces water samples collected from 12 sites on the Huaihe River in China in 2002 contained 4-nitrophenol concentrations of 4.29-10.27 ug/L(3). 4-Nitrophenol concentrations of 0.1-5.2 ug/L were detected at six samples sites on the Yanghe River in China(4). 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in natural waters of Taiwan(5). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the Potomac River, Virginia at a concn of less than 10 ug/L(6).

RAIN/SNOW: 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in rainwater in Yokohama, Japan(1). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the rain and snow of Hannover, Germany at concentrations of 0.49-17.1 ug/L(2). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the rain and clouds of the Vosges mountains, France at concentrations of 1.11-16.27 ug/L (mean, 2.95 ug/L)(3). Snow samples from the Antarctic contained 0.008-0.013 ug/L 4-nitrophenol and rainwater from several German locations contained levels of 2-16 ug/L(4). Cloudwater samples collected from three European sites contained 4-nitrophenol concentrations of 2.2-21 ug/L(4).

-Nitrophenol was reported in effluent concentrations according to the USEPA's STORET database; from 1980-1982 the compound wasidentified, not quantified in 42 out of 1,318 samples(1). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the treated effluents of the following industries: electrical/electronic components (< 22 ppb mean, 35 ppb max), organic chemicals manufacturing/plastics (190 ppb max), petroleum refining (< 1 ppb max), and textile mills (< 10 ppb max)(2). Additionally the raw wastewater of the following industries not listed above contained 4-nitrophenol (industry (concn)): auto and other laundries (14 ppb mean), aluminum forming (18 ppb max), metal finishing (10 ppb max), and photographic equipment/supplies (57 ppb max)(2). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in Long Island, NY, Washington, DC, Little Rock, AK, and Eugene, OR in the range 1-19 ppb, with a 9% frequency of detection according to the National Urban Runoff Program in which 19 cities and metropolitan councils across the USA (51 catchments) were sampled(3). 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, from a hazardous waste incinerator in Germany(4). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the effluent of 17 refineries in the US at concns of less than 50 ug/L(5). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the exhaust of vehicles without catalytic converters at concns of 0.1-1.0 ug/L of exhaust(6). Exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines contained trace amounts and 2.5 ppb of 4-nitrophenol, respectively(7). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in untreated septage (0.16 ug/L), untreated wastewater (0.091-0.22 ug/L) and treated septage/wastewater (0.034-0.12 ug/L) in Cape Cod, MA(8).

4-Nitrophenol was detected in soil of Ville Mercier, Quebec, Canada at 2.6-70,400 ug/kg(1). 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in 6 of 302 soil samples reported in the USEPA's STORET data base, 1980-82(2) and in soil/sediment samples from Love Canal, NY(3). A sediment sample collected from Taihu Lake in China contained a 4-nitrophenol concentration of 0.22 mg/kg(4).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 4-Nitrophenol was detected in Yokahama, Japan at concentrations of 5.1-42 ppm. 4-Nitrophenol was detected in the atmosphere of Boise, ID at concentrations of less than 0.04 ng/cu m to 2.7 ng/cu m(2). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in Great Dun Fell, UK at concentrations of less than 0.05 ng/cu m to 20.4 ng/cu m(3). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in Portland, OR at concentrations of 11-34 ng/cu m (mean, 24 ng/cu m) in 1984(4). The concentration of 4-nitrophenol in the urban air of Southern CA during Sept 8-9, 1993 monitoring ranged from 0.0-409.04 ng/cu m (average of 102.12 ng/cu m)(5). Ambient air samples collected in the downtown area of Rome, Italy between Feb and April 2003 contained mean 4-nitrophenol levels of 3.9 ng/cu m in gas-phase samples and 17.8 ng/cu m in particulate-phase samples(6). Atmospheric particulate samples collected from an urban site in England contained 4-nitrophenols concentrations of 0.13-0.38 ng/cu m(7).

Lettuce sprayed with parathion (0.5 lb/acre) contained 0.061 ppm 4-nitrophenol at harvest on the trimmed head(1).

4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in fish from Lake Michigan tributaries and embayments(1).

POSSIBLE SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURE TO 4-NITROPHENOL CAN ... RESULT FROM MICROBIAL OR PHOTODEGRADATION OF THE PARATHIONS OR FROM IN VIVO METABOLISM FOLLOWING INGESTION OF PARATHION OR OTHER SIMILAR ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,155 (1,533 of these are female) workers are potentially exposed to 4-nitrophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-nitrophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-nitrophenol is produced or used or where the pesticide parathion is used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 4-nitrophenol via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of contaminated water(SRC).

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II: 4-Nitrophenol was identified, not quantified, in the urine of 168 of 6,990 persons that had been exposed to methyl and ethyl parathion(1). Parathion sprayers had detectable levels of 4-nitrophenol of 1.587-8.571 ug/mL in urine(2). 4-Nitrophenol was detected in 57% of 15,904 urine samples collected from residents in seven states in the US at a mean and median concentration of 75 and 31 ug/L, respectively(3); 4-nitrophenol is used as a biomarker of methyl parathion exposure(3).

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U170, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.[

Potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration, with a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of hours. Also a potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration, with a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and a residence time for liquids and gases; seconds: solids; longer.

Nitrophenol is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /SRP: Incineration must be controlled./ Care must be taken to maintain complete combustion at all times. Incineration of large quantities may require scrubbers to control the emission of NOx. /Nitrophenol cmpd/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Nitrophenols/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Nitrophenols/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-NITROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1663; Nitrophenols

IMO 6.1; Nitrophenols

49 633 94; Nitrophenol

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn; R: 20/21/22-33; S: (2)-28

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III