1,4-dinitrobenzene

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300+H310+H330 (68.6%): Fatal if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H300 (100%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (100%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (68.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (99.3%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 153 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P264, P270, P273, P308+P316, P319, P321, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Dinitrobenzene:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water, CO2, dry chemical or carbon tetrachloride (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

For rescue purposes wear full protective clothing. Fight fire from an explosion-resistant location. In advanced or massive fires, area should be evacuated. If fire occurs in vicinity of this material water should be used to keep containers cool. /1,2-Dinitrobenzene/

Fire Fighting Respirator: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

If /dinitrobenzene, solid/ is on fire, or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog, and cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible, and use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical. If fire is massive, back off, protect surroundings, and let burn. /Dinitrobenzene, solid/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Consult an expert! Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material and burn in suitable combustion chamber which allows burning in unconfined condition and is equipped with appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in fuel oil and atomize in suitable combustion chamber equipped with cleaning an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. BY MAKING PACKAGES OF DINITROBENZENE IN PAPER OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIAL & BURNING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER WHICH ALLOWS BURNING IN AN UNCONFINED CONDITION & IS EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. 2. BY DISSOLVING DINITROBENZENE IN FUEL OIL & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Dissolve in combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for dinitrobenzene: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis. /Dinitrobenzene/

Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areas where dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene are handled, processed, or stored. Employees who handle dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene should wash their hands thoroughly with soap or mild detergent and water before eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.

If employees' clothing becomes contaminated with solid dinitrobenzene, employees should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. ... If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the dinitrobenzene, the person performing the operation should be informed of dinitrobenzene's hazardous properties.

Where exposure of an employee's body to liquids containing dinitrobenzene may occur, facilities for quick drenching of the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering control be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. However, there are some exceptions where respirators may be used to control exposure. Respirators may be used when engineering and work practice controls are not technically feasible, when such controls are in the process of being installed, or when they fail and need to be supplemented. Respirators may also be used for operations which require entry into tanks or closed vessels, and in emergency situations. If the use of respirators is necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been approved by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration) or by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,4-DINITROBENZENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

TWA 1 mg/m3 [skin]

1.0 [mg/m3]

50 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

50.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The probable lethal oral dose has been reported to be 2 grams [Deichmann and Gerarde 1969]. [Note: An oral dose of 2 grams is equivalent to a worker being exposed to about 1,300 mg/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]

50 mg/cu m

50 mg/m3

See: IDLH INDEX

1.0 [mg/m3], inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.15 ppm, skin. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

0.15 ppm as TWA; (skin); BEI issued.

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Czechoslovakia, East & West Germany, Sweden & USSR: 0.15 ppm (no date)

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia. The substance may have effects on the liver. This may result in liver impairment.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Dinitrobenzene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide: QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent skin contact with dinitrobenzene or liquids containing dinitrobenzene.

Respiratory protection for dinitrobenzene (all isomers): Minimum respiratory protection required above 1 mg/cu m: Particulate concentration: 5 mg/cu m or less: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use. 10 mg/cu m or less: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use or quarter-mask respirator, or any fume respirator or high efficiency particulate filter respirator, or any supplied-air respirator, or any self-contained breathing apparatus; 50 mg/cu m or less: A high efficiency particulate filter respirator with a full facepiece, or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece, helmet, or hood, or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece; 200 mg/cu m or less: A powered air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency particulate filter, or a type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand, or other positive-pressure or continuous-flow mode; Greater than 200 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode, or a combination respirator which includes a type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. Escape: Any dust and mist respirator, except single-use, or any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1,4-DINITROBENZENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 5) Any quarter-mask respirator.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

Up to 10 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

Up to 25 mg/m3 :

(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode

P-dinitrobenzene is a colorless to yellow solid. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

Pale-white or yellow, crystalline solid; [NIOSH]

WHITE-TO-PALE-YELLOW CRYSTALS.

Pale-white or yellow solid.

White crystals

Colorless to yellow monoclinic needles

Pale white or yellow, crystalline or solid.

570.2 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

343.4 °F (USCG, 1999)

173-174 °C

302 °F (USCG, 1999)

0.01 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Sol in acetone, benzene

1 g dissolves in 12,500 ml cold water, 555 ml boiling water, 300 ml alcohol; sparingly soluble in chloroform, and ethyl acetate.

In water, 69 mg/l @ 25 °C.

Solubility in water: none

1.625 at 64.4 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.625 @ 18 °C/4 °C

1.6 g/cm³

5.8 (air= 1 at boiling point of dinitrobenzene) /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.8

0.0000261 [mmHg]

< 1 mm Hg at 20 °C /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C:

log Kow= 1.46

1.46/1.49

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

Liquid dinitrobenzene will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. /Dinitrobenzene, all isomers/

10.50 eV

Sublimable

Heat of fusion: 39.99 cal/g

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Formula unit

Fusion temperature

Slowly mixes with water.

Nitro, Nitroso, Nitrate, and Nitrite Compounds, Organic

Explosive

Strong Oxidizing Agent

All three isomers have similar properties and may react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Their reaction with nitric acid (nitration) will lead to a mixture of trinitrobenzenes possessing high-explosive properties [Urbanski, 1967, vol. 3, p. 290]. If heat and reaction conditions of the nitration are not controlled, detonation comparable to TNT may occur [Anon., J. R. Inst. Chem., 1960, 84, p. 451]. Mixture of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with tetranitromethane was found highly explosive [Urbanski, 1964, vol. 1, 592]. 1,2-dinitrobenzene is a severe explosion hazard when shocked or exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition all dinitrobenzens emit toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 1374].

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires & explosions. Contact with caustics & metals such as tin & zinc may cause evolution of heat & incr in pressure.

Strong oxidizers, caustics, metals such as tin & zinc [Note: Prolonged exposure to fire and heat may result in an explosion due to spontaneous decomposition.]

Mixture with nitric acid is a high explosive.

Strong oxidizers, caustics, metals such as tin & zinc [Note: Prolonged exposure to fire and heat may result in an explosion due to SPONTANEOUS decomposition.]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Anoxia, cyanosis; visual disturbance, central scotomas; bad taste, burning mouth, dry throat, thirst; yellowing hair, eyes, skin; anemia; liver damage

Eyes, skin, blood, liver, cardiovascular system, central nervous system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as primary toxic effect.

1,4-Dinitrobenzene

1 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

IN SUBACUTE POISONING, SYMPTOMS MAY BE PRECIPITATED BY SUNLIGHT OR BY INGESTION OF ALCOHOL. /DINITROBENZENE/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

A complete history and physical examination /should be performed/ to detect existing conditions that might place the exposed employee at increased risk, and to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Examination of the blood, liver, cardiovascular system, and eyes should be stressed.

A complete blood count: Dinitrobenzene has been shown to cause methemoglobinemia. ... A complete blood count should be performed, including a red cell count, a white cell count, a differential count of a stained smear, as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit. Observe for Heinz bodies. ... Liver function tests: Since liver damage has been observed in humans exposed to dinitrobenzene, a profile of liver function should be performed by using a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests.

IN CASES OF CHRONIC POISONING, IMPAIRMENT OF VISION APPEARS TO HAVE BEEN COMMON. ... VISUAL FIELDS ... SLIGHTLY CONTRACTED, & VISUAL ACUITY ... REDUCED, WITH CENTRAL SCOTOMAS, PARTICULARLY FOR RED & GREEN. USUALLY THERE HAS BEEN NO ABNORMALITY IN APPEARANCE OF THE OPTIC NERVEHEAD OTHER THAN SLIGHT PALLOR ... PARTIAL OPTIC ATROPHY ... VISION HAS GRADUALLY RECOVERED. /DINITROBENZENE/

SURFACE CONTACT MAY CAUSE YELLOWING OF SKIN, & PURPORTEDLY OF CONJUNCTIVA & CORNEA ... SKIN, CONJUNCTIVA, & OCULAR FUNDUS MAY SHOW BLUISH DISCOLORATION ... /DINITROBENZENE/

CHRONIC POISONING ... FOLLOWING EXPOSURE FOR 9 TO 18 MO TO DUST & VAPOR IN MUNITIONS PLANTS. SYMPTOMS ... START WITH HEADACHE, & BURNING PAIN & PARESTHESIA IN FEET, ANKLES, HANDS, & FOREARMS. ... APATHY & TIREDNESS, SHORTNESS OF BREATH & PALPITATION OF HEART. PERIPHERAL NERVE DISTURBANCES HAVE ALL BEEN SENSORY ... VISION HAS BEEN AFFECTED ... . /DINITROBENZENE/

NITRO CMPD OF DINITROBENZENE ... TYPE HAVE HISTORY OF PROMINENT HEPATOTOXIC EFFECTS ... HEPATIC INJURY IS MANIFESTED BY JAUNDICE ... DEMONSTRABLE IN CONJUNCTIVAE ... POTENT METHEMOGLOBIN PRODUCER ... CYANOSIS PROVIDES WARNING OF EXPOSURE ... /DINITROBENZENE/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,4-DINITROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Rats were injected ip with 0.015 umol of p-dinitrobenzene/kg, 0.15 umol of m-dinitrobenzene/kg and 0.45 umol of o-dinitrobenzene/kg body wt. The dinitrobenzenes induced methemoglobin concentrations of 86%, 60% and 49%, respectively, and increases of urinary catecholamine excretion and blood sugar concentration. Due to hyperglycemia the glycolysis may be stimulated as mechanism for energy production in methemoglogin-induced oxygen deficiency, and as a mechanism for reduction of methemoglobin. ...

p-Dinitrobenzene was tested using the Ames Salmonella test with strains TA98, TA1538, TA1537, TA100, and TA1535. It was mutagenic in all strains without activation. The dose range was 0.8 ug/plate to 409.6 ug/plate. The highest dose was toxic.

Methemoglobin-forming capacity in cat. Molecular ratio (molecular ratio of methemoglobin formed to dose of test cmpd): 55-198.

The acute toxicities of dinitrobenzene and dinitrobenzene isomers were evaluated in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). For the nitroaromatic chemicals, toxicity appeared to be related to the number and orientation of the nitro groups; cmpd with nitro groups positioned ortho or para to each other were appreciably more toxic than isomers having the nitro groups in the meta orientation.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,4-DINITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Those with blood disorders may be at increased risk.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.687 (0.642-0.734) mg/l 24 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.641 (0.605-0.678) mg/l 48 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.609 (0.584-0.636) mg/l 72 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.603 (0.581-0.627) mg/l 96 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

6.30e+00

8.20e+01

2.00e+00

5.00e+00

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.687 (0.642-0.734) mg/l 24 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.641 (0.605-0.678) mg/l 48 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.609 (0.584-0.636) mg/l 72 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.603 (0.581-0.627) mg/l 96 hr, wt 164 mg, flow-through bioassay, dissolved oxygen 7.4 (4.6-8.8) mg/l, water hardness 44.9 (42.4-46.6) mg/l as CaCO3, pH 6.9-7.7, alkalinity 42.9 (39.6-61.4) mg/l CaCO3, temp: 26.4 +/- 1.4 °C, Purity 98%

6.30e+00

8.20e+01

2.00e+00

5.00e+00

1.80e-03

1.00e-04

Volatile

1.90e+01

2.50e+02

5.90e+00

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

1,4-Dinitrobenzene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as an organic synthesis reagent and as a camphor substitute in cellulose nitrate may result in its release to the environment. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is also an impurity in the production of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 6.5X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,4-dinitrobenzene will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dinitrobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 753 days. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene absorbs light at wavelengths greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis, but the kinetics of this reaction are unknown. Particulate-phase 1,4-dinitrobenzene will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. If released to soil, 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 150. However, 1,4-dinitrobenzene adsorbs strongly to clay surfaces and the mobility of 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to be low in soils rich in clay content. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 1,4-dinitrobenzene in an aqueous biodegradation screening test using a silt loam inoculum at 25 °C, which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in soil and water. If released into water, 1,4-dinitrobenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for 1,4-dinitrobenzene in water or moist soil since this compound lacks functional groups that undergo hydrolysis under environmental conditions. BCF values of 2-38 measured in fish suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Occupational exposure to 1,4-dinitrobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dinitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

1,4-Dinitrobenzene's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as an organic synthesis reagent and as a camphor substitute in cellulose nitrate(1) may result in its release to the environment(SRC). 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is also an impurity in the production of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT)(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.46(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). It has been shown that nitrophenols and nitrobenzenes adsorb strongly to clay surfaces and the mobility of 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to be low in soils rich in clay content(4,5). Volatilization of 1,4-dinitrobenzene from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(6). 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.5X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 1,4-dinitrobenzene in an aqueous biodegradation screening test using a silt loam inoculum at 25 °C(8), which suggests biodegradation will occur slowly in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 1.46(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,4-dinitrobenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 2-38 measured in fish(6,7), suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). More than 64 days were required to biodegrade 1,4-dinitrobenzene in an aqueous biodegradation screening test using a silt loam inoculum at 25 °C(8), which suggests biodegradation will also occur slowly in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,4-dinitrobenzene, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.5X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dinitrobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 753 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3). 1,4-Dinitrobenzene absorbs light greater than 290 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis(4), but the kinetics of this reaction are unknown(SRC). Particulate-phase 1,4-dinitrobenzene may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

More than 64 days were required to achieve a total loss of 1,4-dinitrobenzene when incubated with Niagara silt loam inoculum at 25 °C(1). No additional data were available concerning 1,4-dinitrobenzene, but 1,2-dinitrobenzene and 1,3-dinitrobenzene are degraded to aromatic amines and ring opened species upon anaerobic and aerobic incubation, respectively, with sewage effluent(2). Dinitrobenzene (isomer not specified), present at 100 mg/l, reached 0 percent of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/l and the Japanese MITI test(3), suggesting biodegradation occurs slowly(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dinitrobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.1X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 753 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Nitrobenzenes absorb light greater than 290 nm(2), which suggests that 1,4-dinitrobenzene may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process for 1,4-dinitrobenzene since this compound lacks functional groups that undergo hydrolysis under environmental conditions(2).

A BCF value of 5 was measured for 1,4-dinitrobenzene in fish(1). BCF values of 2-38 were measured in carp exposed to dinitrobenzene (isomer not specified) over a 6 week incubation period(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

The Koc of 1,4-dinitrobenzene is estimated as 150(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.46(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to have high mobility in soil. It has been shown that nitrophenols and nitrobenzenes adsorb strongly to clay through an interaction between the nitro group and the water molecules or metallic cations in the clay(4), and 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to similarly bind to clays(SRC). The adsorption of 1,4-dinitrobenzene was studied in monmorillonite, kaolinite and illite clays(5). Adsorption coefficients (Kd) of 188, 1,460 and 3,100 L/kg were measured in kaolinite, illite and monmorillonite, respectively(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-dinitrobenzene is estimated as 8.4X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,4-dinitrobenzene is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water(2). 1,4-Dinitrobenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 1,4-Dinitrobenzene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.5X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Occupational exposure to 1,4-dinitrobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dinitrobenzene is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. BY MAKING PACKAGES OF DINITROBENZENE IN PAPER OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIAL & BURNING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER WHICH ALLOWS BURNING IN AN UNCONFINED CONDITION & IS EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. 2. BY DISSOLVING DINITROBENZENE IN FUEL OIL & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Dissolve in combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Spray the solution into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for dinitrobenzene: Concentration process: Reverse osmosis. /Dinitrobenzene/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Dinitrobenzenes; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid; Dinitrobenzenes, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,4-DINITROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1597; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid or solid

IMO 6.1; Dinitrobenzenes, liquid or solid

49 214 22; Dinitrobenzene, solution

49 214 21; Dinitrobenzene, solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 26/27/28-33-50/53; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II