Benzyl Bromide

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315 (99.2%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (99.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 122 reports by companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Water spray, dry chemical, foam or carbon dioxide is effective. Water is effective not only for dispersing of leaked chemicals prior to its ignition, but also for cooling fire-exposed containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations (see section 13). Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Spillage Disposal: Wear eye protection, laboratory coat and nitrile rubber gloves. Depending on the size of the spill, breathing apparatus may be required. Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate. Clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand. When the benzyl bromide has been absorbed, scoop the mixture into a plastic container and package for disposal by burning /in incinerator equipped with air pollution control equipment/. Wash site of spillage with soap and water.

Waste Disposal: Package Lots. Place in a separate, labeled container for recycling or disposal by burning. Dissolve the compound in a flammable solvent and burn in a furnace /incinerator/ equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

In general, materials which are toxic as stored or which can decomposition into toxic components due to heat, moisture, acids, or acid fumes, should be stored in cool, well ventilated place, out of sun, away from area of high fire hazard and should be periodically inspected and monitored. Incompatible materials should be isolated.

... Store in dry, cool place preferably in segregated store.

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Light sensitive. Moisture sensitive.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

2.4 [mg/m3]

26 [mg/m3]

160 [mg/m3]

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

Lachrymation. The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract.

Self-contained breathing apparatus; goggles; rubber gloves; protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Face shield, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Personnel Protection: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Impervious clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Above 79 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Benzyl bromide appears as a colorless liquid with an agreeable odor. Toxic by inhalation and by skin absorption. It is slightly soluble in water and denser than water (density 1.44 g / cm3 (Aldrich)). A lachrymator. Corrosive to metals and tissue.

Light brown, clear, liquid with an unpleasant odor; Melting point = -3 to -1 deg C; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Clear, refractive liquid

Colorless to yellow liquid

Lacrimatory liquid

Very sharp; pungent; like tear gas

388 to 390 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

198-199 °C

201 °C @760 [mm Hg]

27 to 30 °F (NTP, 1992)

188 °F (NTP, 1992)

86 °C (187 °F) - closed cup

79 °C (closed cup)

79 °C c.c.

Reaction (NTP, 1992)

Miscible in ethanol and ether; soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Sol in benzene

Solubility in water: reaction

1.441 at 71.6 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.4380 at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.438

1.738 @25 °C

5.8 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.8 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.9

1 mmHg at 90 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.39 [mmHg]

VP: 100 Pa at 25.4 °C; 1 kPa at 66.8 °C; 10 kPa at 121.7 °C; 100 kPa at 198.3 °C

0.450 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 32.2 °C: 133

0.45 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.92

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

The substance decomposes slowly on contact with water producing hydrogen bromide.

When strongly heated, they emit highly toxic fumes of /hydrogen bromide/. /bromides/

On combustion, forms toxic fumes including hydrogen bromide.

Corrosive to metal ... .

Corrosive

120 Btu/lb = 66.4 cal/g = 2.78x10+5 J/kg

Sensitive to exposure to light and moisture. Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Aryl Halides

Polymerizable Compounds

Polymerizable

BENZYL BROMIDE reacts with water, alcohols, common metals (except nickel and lead), bases, amines and oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992). This material stored over activated 4A molecular sieve burst a bottle due to condensation-polymerization reaction with generation of HBr gas, [Chem. Eng. News, 1979, 57(12), 74].

Decomposes rapidly in presence of all common metals except nickel and lead, liberating heat and hydrogen bromide.

Reacts slowly /with water/ to generate hydrogen bromide (hydrobromic acid).

Redistilled /benzyl/ bromide was stored over 4A molecular sieve previously activated at 300 °C. After 8 days the closed bottle burst from internal pressure of hydrogen bromide. This was attributed to the sieve catalyzing a Freidel-Craft type intermolecular condensation-polymerization with liberation of hydrogen bromide.

Attacks many metals, especially in the presence of moisture.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzyl bromide is a colorless to yellow lacrimatory liquid with a very sharp pungent tear gas odor. It is miscible in ethanol and ether, and soluble in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and water. It is used as a chemical intermediate for foaming and frothing agents and other organic chemicals. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Liquid benzyl bromide can burn the eyes; skin contact causes irritation. Inhalation causes irritation of nose and throat; severe exposure may cause pulmonary edema. It is intensely corrosive to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Occupational exposure to this chemical may occur through inhalation, and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicated that the general population may have been exposed to benzyl bromide by inhalation of automobile exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline. ANIMAL STUDIES: Benzyl bromide was inactive as a carcinogen at doses in rats. Benzyl bromide was negative for mutagenic results in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100 . This chemical was used to study chemical reactivity with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine, and guanosine in vitro, in relation to mutagenic potency in Salmonella typhimurium and sister chromatid exchange induction in Chinese hamster cells. Benzyl bromide was found to be reactive, causing base-pair mutations in Salmonella typhimurium and also inducing sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells.

Bromine is a powerful oxidizing agent and is able to release oxygen free radicals from the water in mucous membranes. These free radicals are also potent oxidizers and produce tissue damage. In additon, the formation of hydrobromic and bromic acids will result in secondary irritation. The bromide ion is also known to affect the central nervous system, causing bromism. This is believed to be a result of bromide ions substituting for chloride ions in the in actions of neurotransmitters and transport systems, thus affecting numerous synaptic processes. (L626, L627, A543)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Elemental bromine also burns the skin. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant and chronic exposure produces neuronal effects. This is called bromism and can result in central reactions reaching from somnolence to coma, cachexia, exicosis, loss of reflexes or pathologic reflexes, clonic seizures, tremor, ataxia, loss of neural sensitivity, paresis, papillar edema of the eyes, abnormal speech, cerebral edema, delirium, aggressiveness, and psychoses. (L625, L626, L627)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Watering of the eyes.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Bromine vapour causes irritation and direct damage to the mucous membranes. Symptoms include lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, eye irritation with mucous secretions from the oropharyngeal and upper airways, coughing, dyspnoea, choking, wheezing, epistaxis, and headache. The bromide ion is a central nervous system depressant producing ataxia, slurred speech, tremor, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, dizziness, visual disturbances, unsteadiness, headaches, impaired memory and concentration, disorientation and hallucinations. This is called bromism. (L626, L627)

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... Liquid can burn eyes; skin contact causes irritation.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation causes irritation of nose and throat; severe exposure may cause pulmonary edema.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Redness, pain, Cough, sore throat, lacrimation, burning sensation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Skin contact can cause severe, irritation, redness, swelling and sores. High level can cause dizziness because it attacks the nervous system.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Benzyl bromide was used in a comparative study of chemical reactivity (using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine as standard nucleophile), and carcinogenic activity (using single injections by the subcutaneous route in 6 wk old female CB-hooded rats). Benzyl bromide was inactive as a carcinogen at doses of 0.83, 12.5, 8.3, and 0.25 mmol/kg.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Alpha-bromotoluene tested positive for mutagenicity in Salmonella assays.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Benzyl bromide was used to study chemical reactivity with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine, and guanosine in vitro, in relation to mutagenic potency in Salmonella typhimurium and sister chromatid exchange induction in Chinese hamster cells. Benzyl bromide was found to be reactive, causing only base-pair mutations in Salmonella typhimurium & also inducing sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster cells.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Studies were performed to determine the direct mutagenicity of ... some bromides ... in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 ... Benzyl bromide ... /was/ inactive.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of February 18, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=100-39-0]

Benzyl bromide's production and use in the manufacture of foaming and frothing agents, and in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use in leaded gasoline resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzyl bromide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. Benzyl bromide at low concentration (59.4 mg/L) does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm but does at high concentration (297 mg/L); therefore, it is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 340. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, due to a chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide, adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in moist soil. Benzyl bromide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, benzyl bromide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hrs and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 49 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. However, due to a chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide, adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in water. Occupational exposure to benzyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicated that the general population may have been exposed to benzyl bromide via inhalation of automobile exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline. (SRC)

Benzyl bromide's production and use in the manufacture of foaming and frothing agents, and in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in leaded gasoline(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, due to a calculated half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide(5), adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in moist soil(SRC). Benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2014).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(67), an estimated BCF of 39(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). However, due to a calculated half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide(7), adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in water(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2014).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzyl bromide, which has a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Benzyl bromide in methanol at low concentration (59.4 mg/L) does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm but does at high concentration (297 mg/L)(4); therefore, benzyl bromide is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzyl bromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for chemical hydrolysis of benzyl bromide at 25 °C was estimated to be 1.45X10-4 sec-1 based on an experimentally derived rate constant of 2.75X10-4 sec-1 at 30 °C(2,3). Using these data, the half-life for chemical hydrolysis of benzyl bromide at 25 °C has been estimated to be 79 minutes(2). At a relatively low concentration (59.4 mg/L) benzyl bromide in methanol exhibits almost no absorption of UV light at wavelengths >290 nm; at a relatively high concentration (297 mg/L), benzyl bromide in methanol exhibits fairly strong absorption of UV light wavelengths >290 nm(4). Therefore, benzyl bromide is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 39 was calculated in fish for benzyl bromide(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). However, bioconcentration is expected to be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC), with a calucalted chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes(4).

The Koc of benzyl bromide is estimated as 340(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, adsorption on moist soil is expected to be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC), with a calucalted chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes(4).

The Henry's Law constant for benzyl bromide is estimated as 6.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). However, volatilization may be pre-empted by hydrolysis(3,4). Benzyl bromide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg(5).

Benzyl bromide was identified in automotive emissions from cars burning leaded gasoline containing ethylene dibromide as a lead scavenger; the concentration detected was 1.4 ug/cu m(1).

Occupational exposure to benzyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicated that the general population may have been exposed to benzyl bromide via inhalation of automobile exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline. (SRC)

Benzyl bromide's production and use in the manufacture of foaming and frothing agents, and in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its former use in leaded gasoline resulted in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzyl bromide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. Benzyl bromide at low concentration (59.4 mg/L) does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm but does at high concentration (297 mg/L); therefore, it is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 340. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. However, due to a chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide, adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in moist soil. Benzyl bromide may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, benzyl bromide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hrs and 6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 49 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. However, due to a chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide, adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in water. Occupational exposure to benzyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicated that the general population may have been exposed to benzyl bromide via inhalation of automobile exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline. (SRC)

Benzyl bromide's production and use in the manufacture of foaming and frothing agents, and in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in leaded gasoline(2) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). However, due to a calculated half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide(5), adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in moist soil(SRC). Benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2014).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 340(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.92(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.9X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(67), an estimated BCF of 39(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). However, due to a calculated half-life of 79 minutes for benzyl bromide(7), adsorption, volatilization, bioconcentration, and biodegradation are not expected to be important environmental fate processes in water(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2014).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzyl bromide, which has a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Benzyl bromide in methanol at low concentration (59.4 mg/L) does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm but does at high concentration (297 mg/L)(4); therefore, benzyl bromide is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzyl bromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for chemical hydrolysis of benzyl bromide at 25 °C was estimated to be 1.45X10-4 sec-1 based on an experimentally derived rate constant of 2.75X10-4 sec-1 at 30 °C(2,3). Using these data, the half-life for chemical hydrolysis of benzyl bromide at 25 °C has been estimated to be 79 minutes(2). At a relatively low concentration (59.4 mg/L) benzyl bromide in methanol exhibits almost no absorption of UV light at wavelengths >290 nm; at a relatively high concentration (297 mg/L), benzyl bromide in methanol exhibits fairly strong absorption of UV light wavelengths >290 nm(4). Therefore, benzyl bromide is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 39 was calculated in fish for benzyl bromide(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). However, bioconcentration is expected to be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC), with a calucalted chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes(4).

The Koc of benzyl bromide is estimated as 340(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.92(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. However, adsorption on moist soil is expected to be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC), with a calucalted chemical hydrolysis half-life of 79 minutes(4).

The Henry's Law constant for benzyl bromide is estimated as 6.9X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days(SRC). However, volatilization may be pre-empted by hydrolysis(3,4). Benzyl bromide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Benzyl bromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.45 mm Hg(5).

Benzyl bromide was identified in automotive emissions from cars burning leaded gasoline containing ethylene dibromide as a lead scavenger; the concentration detected was 1.4 ug/cu m(1).

Occupational exposure to benzyl bromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzyl bromide is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicated that the general population may have been exposed to benzyl bromide via inhalation of automobile exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline. (SRC)

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Spillage Disposal: Wear eye protection, laboratory coat and nitrile rubber gloves. Depending on the size of the spill, breathing apparatus may be required. Cover the spill with a 1:1:1 mixture by weight of sodium carbonate or calcium carbonate. Clay cat litter (bentonite) and sand. When the benzyl bromide has been absorbed, scoop the mixture into a plastic container and package for disposal by burning /in incinerator equipped with air pollution control equipment/. Wash site of spillage with soap and water.

Waste Disposal: Package Lots. Place in a separate, labeled container for recycling or disposal by burning. Dissolve the compound in a flammable solvent and burn in a furnace /incinerator/ equipped with an afterburner and scrubber.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BENZYL BROMIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1737; Benzyl bromide

IMO 6.1; Benzyl bromide

49 360 10; Benzyl bromide (bromotoluene, alpha)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xi; R: 36/37/38; S: (2)-39

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 8; UN Pack Group: II