ethylbenzene

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P271, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P319, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (2 of 7017) of reports.

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (17.3%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H332 (99.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373 (17.2%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 7017 reports by companies from 72 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 7017 reports by companies.

There are 71 notifications provided by 7015 of 7017 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P331, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Liquid floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, soak up with non-combustible absorbent material, (e.g. sand, earth, diatomaceous earth, vermiculite) and transfer to a container for disposal according to local/national regulations.

1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as fume hood). ... Burn paper in suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected & atomized in suitable combustion chamber.

Land spills should be contained; skimming equipment and/or sorbent (polyurethane) foams can be used. Use of activated carbon is recommended.

Water spills should be contained; skimming equipment and/or sorbent (polyurethane) foams can be used to remove the slick. Universal gelling agent can be used to solidify a trapped mass. Use of activated carbon on dissolved portion is recommended.

Absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or similar material

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Hygroscopic. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials.

Temp: ambient; Venting: open (flame arrester) or pressure-vacuum

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Sum of Mandelic and Phenylglyoxylic acids in urine = 150 mg/g creatinine at end of shift; Ns (Nonspecific determinants--also present after exposure to styrene;) [TLVs and BEIs]

1430.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Interim

33 [ppm]

1100 [ppm]

1800 [ppm]

100 ppm (435 mg/m³)

125 ppm (545 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3) ST 125 ppm (545 mg/m3)

100.0 [ppm]

TWA 100 ppm (435 mg/m3) See Appendix G

800 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

800.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Dizziness was caused in one volunteer after a 5­minute exposure to 2,000 ppm [Yant et al. 1930].

800 ppm [IDLH based on 10% of the lower explosive limit for safety considerations even though the relevent toxicological data indicated that irreversible health effects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.]

800 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 100414

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 0.15 g/g creatinine. Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

20 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

20 ppm [2021]

442 mg/m

Acute Inhalation: 10 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.7 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.3 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.5 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

Ethylbenzene appears as a clear colorless liquid with an aromatic odor. Flash point 59 °F. Less dense than water (at 7.2 lb / gal) and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a solvent and to make other chemicals.

Liquid; Gas Vapor; Wet Solid; CBI

Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH AROMATIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with an aromatic odor.

Colorless liquid

Aromatic odor

Pungent odor

Sweet, gasoline-like odor

277.2 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

136.2 °C

136.2 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-139 °F (NTP, 1992)

-94.95 °C

-94.9 °C

59 °F (NTP, 1992)

15.0 °C (59.0 °F) - closed cup

64 °F (18 °C) - closed cup

70 °F (21 °C) - closed cup

18 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 170 mg/L at 25 °C (average of 16 literature ranging from 131-212 mg/L at 25 °C)

In water, 169 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 0.014 g/100 mL at 15 °C

Soluble in all proportions in ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether

For more Solubility (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.015

0.867 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8626 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Density of saturated vapor-air mixture at 760 mm Hg (air= 1): 1.03 (26 °C); specific dispersion: 174.6

Cricital density: 2.67 mmol/cu m; critical volume: 374.0 cu m/mol

Relative density (water = 1): 0.9

0.8669 @25 °C

3.66 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.66 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

10 mmHg at 85.1 °F ; 5 mmHg at 57.0 °F; 760 mmHg at 277.2 °F (NTP, 1992)

9.6 [mmHg]

9.6 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.9

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Highly Flammable

ETHYLBENZENE can react vigorously with strong oxidizing materials (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Strong oxidizers.

Strong oxidizers

Ethylbenzene

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

2 samples had 6-8 ppm, age &gt;1 yr

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ethylbenzene is a colorless liquid with aromatic odor. It is used as an intermediate for the manufacture of the styrene monomer and as a resin solvent. It is also used as a component of automotive and aviation fuels. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Human exposure to ethylbenzene occurs mainly by inhalation. Ethylbenzene has low acute and chronic toxicity for humans. It is toxic to the central nervous system and is an irritant of mucous membranes and the eyes. Ethylbenzene vapor has a transient irritant effect on human eyes at 200 ppm in air. At 1000 ppm on the first exposure it is very irritating and causes tearing, but tolerance rapidly develops. At 2000 ppm eye irritation and lacrimation are immediate and severe; 5000 ppm causes intolerable irritation of the eyes and nose. Volunteers reported irritation and chest constriction after acute-duration exposures to 2,000 ppm ethylbenzene. These symptoms worsened as the concentration was increased to 5,000 ppm. Human exposures in the range of 2,000-5,000 ppm ethylbenzene were associated with dizziness and vertigo. Complete recovery occurs if exposure is not prolonged. Ethylbenzene exposure might be associated with hearing loss, neurobehavioral function impairment, and imbalance of neurotransmitters. Ethylbenzene is an inducer of liver microsomal enzymes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Drop application to rabbit eyes caused slight irritation and no corneal injury demonstrable by fluorescein staining. Standard testing on rabbit eyes gave an injury grade of 2 on a scale of 10. Eye irritation and lacrimation have been observed after acute-duration exposures in rats, mice, and guinea pigs exposed to >/= 1,000 ppm ethylbenzene. Lacrimation was observed in rats exposed to 382 ppm for 4 weeks. In contrast, no ocular effects were seen in rats or mice after a 13-week exposure to 975 ppm ethylbenzene. Mild irritation, reddening, exfoliation, and blistering have been reported in rabbits when ethylbenzene was applied directly on the skin. Slight irritation of the eye and corneal injuries were observed in rabbits when ethylbenzene was instilled onto the eyes. A 50% respiratory depression was observed in mice exposed to >/= 1,432 ppm for 5-30 minutes. Results of 4- and 13-week studies indicate that intermediate-duration oral exposure to ethylbenzene produces effects to the liver. Acute-duration and intermediate-duration studies in animals suggest that the auditory system is a sensitive target of ethylbenzene toxicity. Significant losses of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti have been observed in rats after acute-duration exposure >/= 400 ppm and intermediate-duration inhalation exposure to >/= 200 ppm ethylbenzene. Guinea pigs exposed to sublethal concentrations of ethylbenzene (</= 10,000 ppm for <100 minutes) showed "moderate" pulmonary edema and congestion. These findings had disappeared in animals after a 4-8-day recovery period, suggesting that these pathological effects in the lung are reversible. Rats inhaling 600, 1200, or 2400 mg ethylbenzene/cu m for 24 hr/day from days 7-15 of pregnancy showed mild toxicity. The highest dose retarded skeletal development and weight gain in the fetuses and increased the incidence of extra ribs. Sacral displacement with abnormal development was observed in 2 instances. Thus, ethylbenzene, has some embryotoxic and teratogenic activity. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The acute toxicity of ethylbenzene to algae, aquatic invertebrates and fish is moderate. No information is available regarding chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to ethylbenzene.

Changes in the integrity of the cell membrane after partitioning of ethylbenzene into the lipid bilayer may subsequently affect the function of membrane, particularly as a barrier and in energy transduction, and in the formation of a matrix for proteins and enzymes. Ethybenzene inhibits the activity of the astrocytic membrane ATPases, which helps regulate adequate intercellular levels of ions, nutrients, metabolic intermediates and precursors in the central nervous system. Thus, this may disturb the ability of the cells to maintain homeostasis. (L311, A186)

Ethylbenzene

Developmental

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: nonclassifiable due to lack of animal bioassays and human studies. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. NTP has plans to initiate bioassay. Metabolism and excretion studies at 3.5, 35 and 350 mg/kg are to be conducted as well.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 77: (2000) Some Industrial Chemicals

TR-466: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Ethylbenzene (CASRN 100-41-4) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1999 )

12/11/96

Clear Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of ethylbenzene in male F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule neoplasms. The incidences of testicular adenoma were also increased. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of ethylbenzene in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of renal tubule adenomas. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of ethylbenzene in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of ethylbenzene in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms.

Exposure of male and female rats to ethylbenzene resulted in increased incidences of renal tubule hyperplasia and increased severities of nephropathy. Exposure of male mice to ethylbenzene resulted in increased incidences of alveolar epithelial metaplasia, syncytial alteration of hepatocytes, hepatocellular hypertrophy, hepatocyte necrosis, and thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia. In female mice, ethylbenzene exposure resulted in increased incidences of eosinophilic foci of the liver, pituitary gland pars distalis hyperplasia, and thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to etylbenzene can lead to an increase in the mean number of lymphocytes and a decrease in hemoglobin levels. Acute duration and intermediate duration studies suggest that the auditory system is a sensitive target of ethylbenzene toxicity. Exposure ethylbenzene can lead to functional and organic disturbances (nervous system disturbances, toxic hepatitis and upper respiratory tract complaints). Metabolites of ethylbenzene have been shown to produce oxidative damage to DNA. (L311, T52)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L311); inhalation (L311) ; dermal (L311).

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; headache; dermatitis; narcosis, coma

Cough, sore throat, dizziness, drowsiness, and headache follow inhalation or ingestion exposure to ethylbenzene. Ingestion exposure can also lead to burning sensation in the throat and chest. Skin or eyes contact to ethylbenzene can lead to redness and pain of the exposed surface. (L316)

Developmental (effects during periods when organs are developing) , Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Chemical: ETHYLBENZENE

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Acceptable daily intake: 1.6 mg/day

LC50; Species: Chironomus plumosus (Midge) 2nd instar larva; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C, pH 7.0, dissolved oxygen 6.4 mg/L; Concentration: 98300 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 67700-253200 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Chironomus plumosus (Midge) 2nd instar larva; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 23 °C, pH 7.0, dissolved oxygen 6.4 mg/L; Concentration: 37800 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 31100-46500 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus /bluegill/; Concentration: 32 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus /goldfish/; Concentration: 94.44 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicity of ethylbenzene to algae, aquatic invertebrates and fish is moderate. ... No information is available regarding chronic exposure of aquatic organisms to ethylbenzene.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Concentration of <0.25 mg/L can cause tainting of fish flesh.

5.80e+00

2.50e+01

1.10e+00

4.90e+00

1.50e+00

7.00e+02

1.70e-03

7.80e-01

1.10e-02

5.00e-02

1.00e+00

Volatile

4.80e+02

5.80e+02

2.50e+03

1.10e+02

4.90e+02

1.50e+02

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Ethylbenzene's production and use as an intermediate for the manufacture of styrene and other chemicals, use as a resin solvent and use as a component of automotive and aviation fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Ethylbenzene is emitted to air in exhaust from internal combustion engines and in tobacco smoke. It is a product of biomass combustion and a component of crude oil. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 9.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ethylbenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylbenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air is estimated to be 2.3 and 56 days, respectively. Ethylbenzene has been detected in rainwater and snow and, therefore, it may be removed from the air by wet deposition. Ethylbenzene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, ethylbenzene is expected to have moderate mobility based upon measured Koc values of 224-257. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.88X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Ethylbenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Based on results of biodegradation screening studies, ethylbenzene is considered to be inherently biodegradable in soil and water under aerobic conditions, and not rapidly biodegradable in anaerobic conditions. The kinetics of biodegradation appear to be site specific and depend upon a variety of factors. If released into water, ethylbenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc and sediment adsorption tests. Ethylbenzene was degraded in 8 days in groundwater and 10 days in seawater as a component of gas oil. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 4.1 days, respectively. Measured BCF values of 15 and 1 suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Phootooxidation may have some environmental importance in surface waters exposed to sunlight. Occupational exposure to ethylbenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethylbenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to ethylbenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing ethylbenzene. (SRC)

Ethylbenzene is a product of biomass combustion and a component of crude oil(1).

Ethylbenzene's production and use as an intermediate for the manufacture of styrene and other chemicals, use as a resin solvent(1,2) and use as a component of automotive and aviation fuels(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Ethylbenzene occurs in catalytic reformate, pyrolysis gasoline, and coke-oven light oil(4). Ethylbenzene is emitted to the air in exhaust from internal combustion engines and in tobacco smoke(5).

Ethylbenzene is present at 0.02 wt% in coke-oven tars.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 224 to 257(2-4), indicate that ethylbenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethylbenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.88X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Ethylbenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Based on results of biodegradation screening studies, ethylbenzene is considered to be inherently biodegradable in soil under aerobic conditions, and not rapidly biodegradable in anaerobic conditions(7). As an example, ethylbenzene, present at 50 mg/L, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days during a 28-day BOD test indicating it may be readily biodegradable under the right conditions(7). The kinetics of biodegradation appear to be site specific, and depend upon factors such as the type and population of microbes present, the environmental temperature, the concentration of ethylbenzene, the presence of other compounds that may act as a substrate, and the amount of oxygen and electron acceptors present(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of 224 to 257(2-4, indicate that ethylbenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). One sediment study concluded that the marine sediment compartment is not an important sink for ethylbenzene(5). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(6) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.88X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(7). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.1 hours and 4.1 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(8), experimental BCF values of 15(9) and 1(10) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Based on results of biodegradation screening studies, ethylbenzene is considered to be inherently biodegradable in water under aerobic conditions, and not rapidly biodegradable in anaerobic conditions(11). The kinetics of biodegradation appear to be site specific, and depend upon factors such as the type and population of microbes present, the environmental temperature, the concentration of ethylbenzene, the presence of other compounds that may act as a substrate, and the amount of oxygen and electron acceptors present(3). In a mesocosm experiment using simulated Narragansett Bay conditions, complete biodegradation occurred in approximately 2 days after a 2 week lag in spring and a 2 day lag in summer(12). As a component of gas oil, ethylbenzene completely degraded in groundwater in 8 days(13) and in seawater in 10 days(14). Phootooxidation of ethylbenzene may have some environmental importance in surface waters exposed to sunlight(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylbenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 9.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylbenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.3 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase ethylbenzene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with night-time nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.71X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Ethylbenzene has been detected in rainwater and snow(5,6), and therefore, it may be removed from the air by wet deposition(SRC). Ethylbenzene does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

After a period of inocula adaptation, ethylbenzene is biodegraded fairly rapidly by sewage or activated sludge inoculua(1-3). As a component of gas oil, it is completely degraded in groundwater in 8 days(4) and seawater in 10 days(5). In a mesocosm experiment using simulated Narragansett Bay conditions, complete biodegradation occurred in approximately 2 days after a 2 week lag in spring and a 2 day lag in summer(6). Part of the attenuation in concentration from a leaky gasoline storage tank in the chalk aquifer in England has been attributed to biodegradation(7). No degradation was observed in an anaerobic reactor even after 110 days acclimation(8) or at low concentrations in a batch reactor in 11 weeks under denitrifying conditions(9). Percent removal in an anaerobic, continuous-flow, laboratory biofilm column was 7% after a 2 day detention time(10); 99% removal was observed in a similar aerobic column following a 20 min detention time(10).

AEROBIC: A study was conducted using underground storage tanks containing gasoline and diesel fuel that contaminated a shallow coastal plain aquifer in rural Sampson County in North Carolina(1); ethylbenzene was degraded in aerobic conditions within 10-16 days and in conditions of low initial oxygen, it was rapidly degraded in 21 days until the available oxygen was depleted(1). A combined culture experiment of Mycobacterium vaccae and Rhodococcus sp. strain R-22 showed M. vaccae alone and M. vaccae and R-22 together can oxidize ethylbenzene to 4-ethylphenol which is then degraded to 50 ppm within 72 hr(2). Ethylbenzene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0 to 81-126% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in two Japanese MITI tests(3,4); one test classified the compound as readily biodegradable and the other as not readily biodegradable(3). Ethylbenzene, present at 50 mg/L, reached 81% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days during a 28-day BOD test (OECD 302C)(5,6). Using a method equivalent to OECD 310 (CO2 Headspace) and activated sludge, ethylbenzene reached up to 79% biodegradation in 28 days based mineralization(7). Using OECD 301E (Ready Biodegradability: Modified OECD Screening Test), ethylbenzene was 100% removed after 6 days, however, volatilization was accounted for relative to biodegradation(5,7). Overall, ethylbenzene is considered to be inherently biodegradable in water and in soil under aerobic conditions, and not rapidly biodegradable in anaerobic conditions (based on 7 anaerobic studies)(5).

ANAEROBIC: Anaerobic ethylbenzene transformation in Seal Beach Naval Weapons Station sediments in Southern California appeared to be strictly associated with nitrate-reducing processes(1). Ethylbenzene was completely degraded in microcosms inoculated with the sediment material from a refinery pond or activated sludge from the refinery treatment facility under nitrate-reducing conditions(2). At Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan, ethylbenzene was degraded at slow rates via anaerobic degradation under ambient subsurface conditions using ferric iron, sulfate and/or carbon dioxide as the terminal electron acceptors(3). Ethylbenzene showed complete anaerobic oxidation in sediment-free iron-reducing enrichment cultures(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethylbenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 7.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethylbenzene with night-time nitrate radicals is 5.71X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 56 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). Ethylbenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). Ethylbenzene, at 40 mg/L in water, does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Ethylbenzene photolysis occurs via photooxidation hydrogen abstraction from the alkyl group by photo-oxidatively formed hydroxyl radical which results in the formation of acetophenone, and eventually benzaldehyde with 2-butanedial, 4-oxo-2-hexenal, and 2-ethyl-2-butenedial being suggested as further end products(7).

A BCF of 15 (log BCF of 1.19) was measured for ethylbenzene in goldfish(1). Ethylbenzene did not bioaccumulate in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), BCF approximated as 1, in tests using 0.005 mg/L ethylbenzene(2). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. In a shellfish study, the ethylbenzene concentration in clam tissue was 5 times higher than that measured in water after an 8-day continuous-flow exposure to the water-soluble fraction of Cook Inlet crude oil(4).

Measured ethylbenzene Koc values of 224(1), 240(2) and 257(3) have been reported. According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that ethylbenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. Sorption and desorption experiments demonstrated that the sorption process of ethylbenzene on marine sediments is reversible and that the sorption is even lower than expected from the log Kow data and the organic carbon content of the sediment(5); it was concluded that the marine sediment compartment is not an important sink for ethylbenzene(5). A soil leaching column study estimated an ethylbenzene Koc of 240 using a chromatographic methodology(6).

The Henry's Law constant for ethylbenzene is 7.88X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethylbenzene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.1 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.1 days(SRC). Ethylbenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Ethylbenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.6 mm Hg(3).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ETHYLBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1175; Ethylbenzene

IMO 3; Ethylbenzene

49 091 63; Ethylbenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Ethylbenzene is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Ethylbenzene is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F, Xn; R: 11-20; S: (2)-16-24/25-29

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II