Styrene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H361d: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (3 of 6114) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (50.6%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (> 99.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (99.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (98%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (52%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361 (35.1%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (73.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412 (49%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 6114 reports by companies from 92 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 6114 reports by companies.

There are 91 notifications provided by 6111 of 6114 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H413 (100%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Rest.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible); polymerization hazard]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use dry powder. Use foam. Use carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. /Styrene monomer, inhibited/

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for Styrene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Electrical ignition hazard: May be ignited by static discharge.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Liquid floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire. Hazardous polymerization may occur under fire conditions. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated. /Styrene monomer, inhibited/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal. /Styrene monomer, inhibited/

If styrene is spilled or leaked ... /in/ small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable liq.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Styrene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable liq.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Styrene (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Container explosion may occur under fire conditions. Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Styrene (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Keep in the dark. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

Must be inhibited during storage.

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Separate from oxidizing materials, peroxides, and metal salts. /Styrene monomer, inhibited/

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Styrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxylic acid in urine = 150 mg/g creatinine at end of shift; Styrene in urine = 20 ug/L at end of shift; [TLVs and BEIs]

980.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm] (styrene monomer)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = 9,000 ppm * = >10% LEL For values denoted as * safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. Level of Distinct Odor Awareness = 0.54 ppm

AEGLs Status: Interim

20 [ppm]

130 [ppm]

1100 [ppm]

50 ppm (215 mg/m³)

100 ppm (425 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (215 mg/m3) ST 100 ppm (425 mg/m3)

100.0 [ppm], Ceiling(OSHA) = 200 ppm(600 ppm is 5-min. peak in any 3 hrs.)

200 ppm; 600 ppm (Peak) for a single time period up to 5 min in any 3 hours

TWA 100 ppm C 200 ppm 600 ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 3 hours) See Appendix G

700 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

700.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Volunteers exposed to 376 ppm for up to 7 hours experienced unpleasant subjective symptoms and objective signs of neurologic impairment [Stewart et al. 1968]. Drowsiness, nausea, headache, fatigue, and dizziness have been reported in workers exposed to 200 to 700 ppm [AIHA 1959].

See: 100425

10.0 [ppm]

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 40 ppm. /Styrene, monomer/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Styrene, monomer/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxylic acid in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 400 mg/g creatinine; Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: styrene in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 40 ug/L.

10 ppm as TWA; 20 ppm as STEL; (OTO); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

10 ppm [2020]

20 ppm [2020]

Acute Inhalation: 2 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.2 ppm (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.1 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Styrene monomer, stabilized appears as a clear colorless to dark liquid with an aromatic odor. Vapors heavier than air and irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Subject to polymerization. If the polymerization takes place inside a closed container, the container may rupture violently. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Used to make plastics, paints, and synthetic rubber.

Liquid; Large Crystals; Liquid; Wet Solid; Gas Vapor; Wet Solid

Colorless to yellow, oily liquid with a sweet, floral odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW OILY LIQUID.

Colorless to yellow, oily liquid with a sweet, floral odor.

Colorless to yellowish, oily liquid

Viscous liquid

Characteristic, sweet, balsamic, almost floral odor that is extremely penetrating

Aromatic odor

Sweet, floral odor

If pure, sweet and pleasant, but usually contains aldehydes that have a typical penetrating smell, sharp, sweet, and unpleasant.

293 to 295 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

145.3 °C

145.00 to 146.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

145 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-24 to -23 °F (NTP, 1992)

-30.65 °C

Latent heat of fusion: 10.95 kJ/mole (at melting point); Latent heat of sublimation: 43.9 kJ/mole (25 °C); Heat of formation: 103.8 kJ/mole (25 °C); Ionization potential: 8.42 eV

-30.6 °C

88 °F (NTP, 1992)

The Guide from the Emergency Response Guidebook is for "Styrene monomer, stabilized." 34 °C

32.0 °C (89.6 °F) - closed cup

88 °F (31 °C) - closed cup

34.4 °C (Tag closed cup); 36.7 °C (Tag open cup).

31 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 300 mg/L at 25 °C

Insoluble in water

Soluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone; miscible with benzene; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Soluble in carbon disulfide, alcohol, ether, methanol, acetone

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Styrene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.31 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.03

0.906 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9016 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Percent in saturated air at 760 mm Hg & 15 °C: 0.57; density of saturated vapor-air mixture at 760 mm Hg & 15 °C: 1.02 (Air = 1)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.91

0.9016 @25 °C

3.6 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.6

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Peroxidizable Compound

STYRENE MONOMER is a colorless, oily liquid, moderately toxic, flammable. A storage hazard above 32 °C, involved in several industrial explosions caused by violent, exothermic polymerization [Bond, J., Loss Prev. Bull., 1985, (065), p. 25]. Polymerization becomes self-sustaining above 95 °C [MCA SD-37, 1971]. Presence of an inhibitor lessens but does not eliminate the possibility of unwanted polymerization. Violent polymerization leading to explosion may be initiated by peroxides (e.g., di-tert-butyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide), butyllithium, azoisobutyronitrile. Reacts violently with strong acids (sulfuric acid, oleum, chlorosulfonic acid), strong oxidizing agents [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1185]. Reacts with oxygen above 40 °C to form explosive peroxide [Barnes, C. E. et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, p. 210]. Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously [Bretherick 1979 p.151-154, 164]. Mixing styrene in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, and sulfuric acid [NFPA 1991].

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, copper.

Avoid acids, oxidizing materials, peroxides, metal salta such as iron chloride or aluminum chloride, and polymer initiators. /Styrene monomer, inhibited/

Oxidizers, catalysts for vinyl polymers, peroxides, strong acids, aluminum chloride [Note: May polymerize if contaminated or subjected to heat. Usually contains an inhibitor such as tert-butylcatechol].

Reacts with oxygen above 40 °C to form a heat-sensitive explosive peroxide. Violent or explosive polymerization may be initiated by alkali-metal-graphite composites; butyllithium; dibenzoyl peroxide; other initiators (e.g., azoisobutyronitrile; di-tert-butyl peroxide). Reacts violently with chlorosulfonic acid; oleum; sulfuric acid; chlorine + iron(III)chloride (above 50 °C). May ignite when heated with air + polymerizing polystyrene. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Oxidizers, catalysts for vinyl polymers, peroxides, strong acids, aluminum chloride [Note: May polymerize if contaminated or subjected to heat. Usually contains an inhibitor such as tert-butylcatechol.]

C: Compounds that autopolymerize due to peroxide formation if inhibitors are depleated or not present

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Styrene is a colorless to yellowish, oily liquid. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, synthetic rubber, and resins, and as an insulator. It is also used as a flavoring agent for ice cream and candy. HUMAN STUDIES: Humans acutely exposed to styrene by inhalation to 800 ppm (3.4 mg/L) for 3 hr experience immediate eye and throat irritation, increased nasal mucous secretion, metallic taste, drowsiness, and vertigo. After test termination, slight muscular weakness, accompanied by inertia and depression were noted. Long-term contact with styrene results in blistering of the skin and development of dermatitis, which is thought to result from defatting of the skin. Effects on the liver (e.g., increased serum bile acid and enhanced activity of plasma enzymes) and reproductive system (e.g., decreased frequency of births and increased frequency of spontaneous abortions in female workers) have been reported. Epidemiologic studies found styrene workers had increased mortality or incidences of lymphohematopoietic cancers (leukaemia or lymphoma or all), with suggestive evidence for pancreatic and esophageal tumors. No adequate human studies are available for styrene-7,8-oxide although this is the primary and active epoxide metabolite of styrene. Both are genotoxic and form DNA adducts in humans. Products having high irritancy to the human eye are formed when styrene is photo-oxidized with ozone and nitrogen dioxide as in formation of smog. Also, a potent lacrimator has been formed when styrene wastes became mixed with bromine or chlorine wastes and reacted under the influence of sunlight. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute exposure of animals to styrene causes irritation of the skin and respiratory tract, and central nervous system effects. Liquid styrene is a skin irritant which, on direct contact, causes erythema. Styrene in the rabbit eye caused moderate conjunctival irritation and slight, transient corneal injury. Nystagmus was demonstrated in rabbits, and during styrene exposure the directions of the rotatory nystagmus reversed. Rats and guinea pigs that inhaled 10,000 ppm styrene became comatose within minutes and died after 30 to 60 minutes of exposure. Animals exposed at 2500 ppm showed weakness and stupor, followed by incoordination, tremor, and coma; death followed within 8 hours. A 50% reduction in respiratory rate occurred in mice that inhaled 160 ppm for 3 minutes; mice that inhaled 250 ppm for two 6-hr periods or 500 ppm for a single 6-hr period developed severe centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Mice inhaling 125 ppm styrene, 6 hrs/day for 4 days developed increased liver weight. When rats were given 0, 125, or 250 ppm commercial grade styrene in their drinking water for three generations, no treatment-related changes in reproduction could be detected. Long-term chemical carcinogenesis bioassays showed that styrene caused lung cancers in several strains of mice and mammary cancers in rats and styrene-7,8-oxide caused tumors of the forestomach in rats and mice and of the liver in mice. Styrene induced reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 and TA100 in presence of metabolic activation. It was not mutagenic to TA1537, TA1538 or TA98. Styrene was not mutagenic in spot test with various strains of Salmonella typhimurium without metabolic activation. It did not induce forward mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, even with metabolic activation. In host-mediated assay using male mice, 1000 mg/kg styrene increased gene conversion frequency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D4. The endocrine disruptor activity of styrene in humans and other vertebrates appears to be negligible. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Offspring numbers were reduced in Ceriodaphnia dubia bred in polystyrene cups. The swimming activity of the amphipod, Pontoporeia affinis, was stimulated by styrene at concentrations between 2.3 and 23 mg/L. Higher styrene levels (35 and 46 mg/L) caused amphipods to cease swimming for several days, then resume greater than normal activity.

Styrene 7,8-oxide, a metabolite of styrene, can form DNA adducts by binding to deoxyguanosine. It is also mutagenic and causes increased frequency of sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleated cells, and DNA strand breaks. (L1831)

Hematologic

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Styrene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals, and supporting data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis.

Evaluation: There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of styrene. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of styrene. Styrene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Styrene, monomer/

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 60: (1994) Some Industrial Chemicals

Volume 82: (2002) Some Traditional Herbal Medicines, Some Mycotoxins, Naphthalene and Styrene

Volume 121: (2019) Styrene, Styrene-7,8-oxide, and Quinoline

TR-185: Bioassay of Styrene for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 100-42-5) (1979 )

10/25/78

No Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

The findings of an increased incidence of a combination of adenomas and carcinomas of the lung provided suggestive evidence for the carcinogenicity of styrene in male B6C3F1 mice. However, it is concluded that, under the conditions of this bioassay, no convincing evidence for the carcinogenicity of the compound was obtained in Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice of either sex.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Styrene causes nervous system depression and may be carcinogenic. Animals studies have also shown that hearing loss and liver damage may occur. (L1831, L1832)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1832) ; Inhalation (L1832) ; Dermal (L1832)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, nose, respiratory system; headache, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, confusion, malaise (vague feeling of discomfort), drowsiness, unsteady gait; narcosis; defatting dermatitis; possible liver injury; reproductive effects

Breathing high levels of styrene may cause nervous system effects such as changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. Chest burning, wheezing, and dyspnea may also occur. Styrene is irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. (L1831, L1832)

Cancer, Neurological (Nervous System)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, reproductive system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

An ADI of 0.133 mg/kg/day was calculated on the basis of the available chronic toxicity data /for rats/.

LC50: Species: Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) nauplii; Conditions: saltwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: 68000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

LC50: Species: Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) nauplii; Conditions: saltwater, static, 24 °C; Concentration: 52000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulation/

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (goldfish) length 3.8-6.4 cm, weight 1-2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 18 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 64740 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 57170-75480 ug/L) /formulation/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) age 6 month, length 1.9-2.5 cm, weight 0.1-0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 18 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 74830 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 58750-95320 ug/L) /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Styrene (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Oil and chemical spills in the marine environment, although sporadic, are highly dangerous to biota inhabiting coastal and estuarine areas. Effects of spilled compounds in exposed organisms occur at different biological organization levels: from molecular, cellular or tissue levels to the physiological one. The present study aims to determine the specific hepatic gene transcription profiles observed in turbot juveniles under exposure to fuel oil no 6 and styrene vs controls using an immune enriched turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) oligo-microarray containing 2716 specific gene probes. After 3 days of exposure, fuel oil specifically induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediated transcriptional response through up-regulation of genes, such as ahrr and cyp1a1. More gene transcripts were regulated after 14 days of exposure involved in ribosomal biosynthesis, immune modulation, and oxidative response among the most significantly regulated functional pathways. On the contrary, gene transcription alterations caused by styrene did not highlight any significantly regulated molecular or metabolic pathway. This was also previously reported at cell and tissue level where no apparent responses were distinguishable. For the fuel oil experiment, obtained specific gene profiles could be related to changes in cell-tissue organization in the same individuals, such as increased hepatocyte vacuolization, decrease in melano-macrophage centers and the regulation of leukocyte numbers. In conclusion, the mode of action reflected by gene transcription profiles analyzed hereby in turbot livers could be linked with the responses previously reported at higher biological organization levels. Molecular alterations described hereby could be preceding observed alterations at cell and tissue levels.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Biomarkers have the potential to be used to assess the impact of anthropogenic discharges in marine waters. We have used a suite of biomarkers spanning from enzymatic to histopathological alterations and general stress responses to assess the short- and long-term impact on mussels Mytilus edulis of heavy fuel oil no. 6 and styrene. Mussels were exposed for 5 months, with a refilling of the exposure system, to a water soluble fraction of heavy fuel and, then, kept for a month in clean water for recovery. In a second experiment, mussels were exposed to styrene for 19 days and maintained in clean water for up to 4 months. Chemical body tissue levels reflected the weathering processes of these compounds. Acyl-CoA oxidase activity was induced in oil-exposed mussels after refilling, whereas styrene inhibited it after 19 days of exposure and after 2 weeks in clean water. Gamete development and alkali-labile phosphate levels suggest that neither oil nor styrene behaved as endocrine disruptors. Neutral red retention time was lower in treated groups than in controls. Lysosomal membrane stability was significantly reduced in exposed groups and recovered after withdrawal of oil but not after removal of styrene. Neither oil nor styrene exposure affected the condition index except for the reduction seen in mussels exposed to oil for 1 month. Biomarker response index discriminated exposed mussels, which showed higher values, and returned to control levels after recovery. Results obtained from these pilot experiments can help to identify relevant monitoring tools to assess the impact of oil and chemicals in marine spill scenarios.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The endocrine disruptor activity of styrene in humans and other vertebrates appears to be negligible. However, offspring numbers were reduced in Ceriodaphnia dubia bred in polystyrene cups. Styrene dimers and trimers were found to be eluted from the polystyrene cups by hexane and methanol with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Styrene dimers and trimers at concentrations of 0.04-1.7 ug/L affected C. dubia fertility (25% reduction after seven days), suggesting that styrenes have the potential to impair crustacean populations in the aquatic environment. /Styrenes/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two strains of bluegreen algae, bacteria, and protozoa /were utilized/ in the cell multiplication inhibition test. In this test, the onset of the inhibition of cell multiplication (toxicity threshold) under the influence of styrene is determined. The test cultures are kept under standardized laboratory conditions for a period of 8 days. The toxicity thresholds for styrene to the bluegreen algae Microcystis aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda were 67 mg/L and greater than 200 mg/L, respectively.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The swimming activity of the amphipod, Pontoporeia affinis, was stimulated by styrene at concentrations between 2.3 and 23 mg/L. Higher styrene levels (35 and 46 mg/L) caused amphipods to cease swimming for several days, then resume greater than normal activity.

6.00e+03

3.50e+04

1.00e+03

4.40e+03

1.20e+03

1.00e+02

1.30e+00

1.10e-01

2.00e-01

1.00e+00

Volatile

8.67e+02

1.80e+04

1.00e+05

3.10e+03

1.30e+04

3.60e+03

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Styrene's production and use in plastic and resin manufacture may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Styrene has been identified as a natural constituent in the sap of some trees, cinnamon, coffee beans, and peanuts and as a constituent of various plant parts of a variety of plant species. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates styrene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase styrene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.6 hours. Vapor-phase styrene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are 24 and 3.7 hours, respectively. Styrene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, styrene is expected to have low mobility based upon an experimental Koc of 912. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.75X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Styrene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 100% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil and water. If released into water, styrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces may be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively. An experimental BCF range of 12-140 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to styrene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where styrene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to styrene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing styrene. (SRC)

Styrene occurs naturally in the sap of the family Styracaceae(1). Styrene has been identified in trace amounts in the gummy exudate (storax balsam) from the damaged trunks of certain trees, probably from the natural degradation of the cinnamic acid derivatives that occur in large quantities in the exudates(2). Microorganisms may form styrene from p-hydroxycinnamic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and caffeic acids(3). Styrene is a constituent of various plant parts of a variety of plant species(4). Styrene has been detected in cinnamon, coffee beans, and peanuts(5).

Styrene's production and use in plastic and resin manufacture, as a dental filling component, as a chemical intermediate, component in agricultural products, and as a stabilizing agent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Styrene is one of the world's major organic chemicals(1). It has been found in exhausts from spark-ignition engines(2), oxyacetylene flames, and gases emitted by pyrolysis of brake linings(3). Stack emissions from waste incineration have been found to contain styrene(4). Styrene has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco smoke substitute(5).

... Styrene may be released to the environment via emissions from vents on process equipment, storage tank losses, miscellaneous leaks and spills, process wastewaters, and solid process wastes. Also, since a small percentage of styrene monomer is present in the final polymer product, the compound could diffuse out of the polymer. Another potential source of environmental entry of styrene is by the combustion of a styrene polymer product. Thermal degradation of 100 mg of polystyrene resulted in the release of 5.22 + or - 0.83 mg styrene at 350 °C and 5.84 + or - 1.94 mg styrene at 500 °C.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 912(2), indicates that styrene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of styrene from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.75X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3). Styrene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). In an experimental study using loamy soil, 26% of applied styrene (2 mg/kg) volatilized after 31 days(5); volatilization of styrene from soil surfaces is expected to be slower than in water(6). A 100% of theoretical BOD after 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 912(2), indicates that styrene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.75X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), measured BCF ranges from 12-140 in carp(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to low(SRC). A 100% of theoretical BOD after 2 weeks using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), styrene, which has a vapor pressure of 6.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase styrene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase styrene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are 24 and 3.7 hours, respectively(4). Styrene does not strongly absorb light at wavelengths above 270 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).

AEROBIC: Styrene reached 97% degradation in landfill soil and 87% in sandy loam soil after 16 weeks; degradation was not detected in sterile soil(1). Styrene reached 62% biodegradation at 20 ug/kg in soil; biodegradation decreased with an increase in styrene concentration to 16% at 1000 mg/kg(2). The rate of microbial transformation varied with different soils and was notably slower in an acidic silt loam (pH 4.87)(2). Styrene reached 2.3 to 4.3% degradation per week and 3.8-12.0% per week in subsurface soil samples taken directly above and below aquifers from Pickett, OK and Fort Polk, LA, respectively; degradation in sterile samples was not observed(3).

AEROBIC: Styrene, present at 30 mg/L, reached 100% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 100 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). In lake water, 10 to 20% mineralization was observed after 3 weeks with samples containing 2.5 ug to 1.0 mg/L styrene; transformation required several days for acclimation of the indigenous microorganisms(2). Degradation of styrene is rapid in sewage when oxygen is available(3). Styrene, reached 6-23% CO2 production after 17 days and 10-12% CO2 production after 36 days using a sewage seed inoculum(4). Styrene reached 42-80% degradation using the Zahns-Wellen screening test(5).

AEROBIC: In 11 weeks, biofilms, when provided with a mixture of organic compounds, destroyed 99% or more of the styrene in solution at initial concentrations of 81 and 280 ug/L, but the oxidation was less extensive when the water was supplemented with 8 or 21 ug/L styrene(1). Removal of >99% in an aerobic biofilm column with 20 minute detention time and 8% removal in a methanogenic biofilm column with a 2 day retention time was reported(2). Styrene was degraded in mixed propane-utilizing bacteria isolated from soil and lakes, styrene oxide was formed as a product(3).

ANAEROBIC: Methanogentic consortia derived from anaerobic sludge were shown to degrade styrene(1). The initial transformation of styrene involves the addition of water across the double bond in the unsaturated side chain, resulting in the formation of phenylethanol(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of styrene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been calculated as 5.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Atmospheric oxidation products of styrene include formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, peroxybenzoyl nitrate, 2-nitrophenol, and formic acid(2-3). Vapor-phase styrene is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are 24 and 3.7 hours, respectively(4). Styrene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Styrene does not strongly absorb light at wavelengths above 270 nm(5-7) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight since sunlight consists of wavelengths above 290 nm(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber. Combustion may be improved by mixing with a more flammable liq.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Styrene (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 128P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. . For hybrid vehicles, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to GUIDE 169. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

/GUIDE 128P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

/GUIDE 128P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

/GUIDE 128P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Immiscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Styrene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2055 128P

2055 128P(inhibited)

UN 2055; Styrene monomer, stabilized

IMO 3; Styrene monomer, stabilized

49 072 65; Styrene monomer, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Styrene monomer, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Styrene monomer, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Styrene monomer, stabilized/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped and will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle and the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies and airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary and secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen and is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container and the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest and most secure form of transport and notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

Airtight. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn; R: 10-20-36/38; S: (2)-23; Note: D

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III