benzylamine

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (1 of 518) of reports.

H302 (99.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (99.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (99.8%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (28.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 518 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 518 reports by companies.

There are 10 notifications provided by 517 of 518 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1 of 1 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: remove victim from exposure; if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen; if breathing has stopped, begin artificial respiration.

EYES or SKIN: wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Alcohol foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Cautiously neutralize remainder. Then wash away with plenty of water.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously neutralize remainder. Then wash away with plenty of water. Extra personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzylamine: concentration process: biological treatment.

This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Ventilation, local exhaust, or breathing protection.

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids, food and feedstuffs.

2.0 [mg/m3]

22 [mg/m3]

130 [mg/m3]

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Self-contained breathing apparatus; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)

Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Face shield.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 60 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Benzylamine is a colorless to light yellow liquid with a strong odor of ammonia. Floats and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless to light-yellow liquid with a strong ammonia odor; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID.

Colorless liquid

Light amber liquid

Ammonia-like odor

Weak amine-like odor

364.1 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

185.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

185 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-51 °F (USCG, 1999)

168 °F (USCG, 1999)

65 °C (149 °F) - closed cup

Miscible in ethanol and diethyl ether. Very soluble in acetone. Soluble in benzene. Slightly soluble in chloroform.

In water, 1.00X10+6 mg/L at 20 °C (miscible)

1000 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water: miscible

0.98 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.983 at 19 °C/4 °C

Density: 0.9813 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Density = 0.9272 at 86.6 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.98

0.983 @ 19°C

0.66 [mmHg]

VP: approx 60 Pa at 20 °C, approx 130 Pa at 30 °C, approx 520 Pa at 50 °C

0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 87

0.653 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.09

405 °C (761 °F)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes.

1.78 mPa-s at 21.2 °C, 0.295 mPa-s at 178.2 °C

Strongly alkaline ... skin irritant

4058.7 kJ/mol at 101.3 kPa and 20 °C

49 kJ/mol

pH = 11.6 in water at a concentration of 100 g/L

38.82X10-5 N/cm at 21.1 °C, 31.70X10-5 N/cm at 88 °C

Positive

Agilent XCT

Electrospray ionization

Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

In presence of moisture, BENZYLAMINE may weakly corrode some metals. Liquid will attack some plastics (USCG, 1999). Neutralize acids to form salts plus water in exothermic reactions. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Violent or explosive reaction with N-chlorosuccinimide

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Skin burns. Blisters.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LD50 Mouse ip 600 mg/kg

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is highly expressed in adipose cells, and substrates of SSAO, such as benzylamine, in combination with low concentrations of vanadate strongly stimulate glucose transport and GLUT4 recruitment in 3T3-L1 and rat adipocytes. ... Acute intravenous administration of these drugs enhanced glucose tolerance in nondiabetic rats and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. This occurred in the absence of changes in plasma insulin concentrations. However, the administration of benzylamine or vanadate alone did not improve glucose tolerance. The improvement caused by benzylamine plus vanadate was abolished when rats were pretreated with the SSAO-inhibitor semicarbazide. Chronic administration of benzylamine and vanadate exerted potent antidiabetic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Although daily administration of vanadate alone (50 and 25 umol/kg/day i.p.) for 2 weeks had little or no effect on glycemia, vanadate plus benzylamine reduced hyperglycemia in diabetic rats, enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and upregulated GLUT4 expression in isolated adipocytes...

Benzylamine, a substrate of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), stimulates glucose transport in rat adipocytes and improves glucose disposal in diabetic rats only in the presence of vanadate. These effects have been described to result from a synergism between the hydrogen peroxide formed during amine oxidation and vanadate, via the generation of pervanadate, a powerful insulin mimicker. However, it has also been reported that benzylamine alone can stimulate glucose uptake and inhibit lipolysis in human fat cells. ...This work ... investigated whether benzylamine on its own was able to induce both in vivo and in vitro insulin-like responses in animal models other than rat. In rabbits, the i.v. infusion of 7 umol/kg benzylamine before a glucose tolerance test resulted in a net reduction of the hyperglycemic response without a change in insulin secretion. Benzylamine also improved glucose tolerance and reduced lipid mobilization in hyperglycemic/obese mice. In vitro, 0.1 mM benzylamine stimulated glucose transport and inhibited lipolysis in mouse and rabbit adipocytes. These effects were blocked by previous treatments with semicarbazide, a SSAO inhibitor. Levels of benzylamine oxidation were more elevated in mouse than in rabbit adipose tissues, whereas the reverse was observed for skeletal muscles. Finally, benzylamine was unable to stimulate insulin secretion by isolated pancreatic islets from both species and SSAO activity was hardly detectable in pancreas. Together, /these/ results bring evidence that benzylamine on its own can improve glucose tolerance in rabbit and mouse, likely by stimulating glucose uptake via amine oxidase activation in insulin-sensitive tissues.

In mice deprived of food for 12 h, the i.c.v. or i.p. administration of benzylamine, a substrate common to both monoamine oxidase B and semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidases, dose-dependently inhibited feeding. This effect was significantly potentiated by selective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibition, suggesting that central monoamines, known to be substrates of these enzymes may be released. The i.p. administration of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase inhibitors, B24 (3,5-ethoxy-4-aminomethylpyridine) and MDL 72274 ((E)-2-phenyl-3-chloroallylamine) strongly potentiated the effect of i.p. but not i.c.v.-administered benzylamine. The hypophagic effect of benzylamine was evaluated following i.c.v. administration, in comparison with the effect of the sympathomimetic compound amphetamine or the K(+) channel blocker tetraethylammonium, as reference compounds. Our results make it possible to define benzylamine as a centrally acting hypophagic compound devoid of amphetamine-like motor stimulatory effects and point to a role of B24 and MDL 72274 as specific peripheral enhancers of the pharmacological effects of benzylamine.

Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were treated with benzylamine (BZA) +/- vanadate (V) or insulin. In contrast to insulin, BZA + V treatment did not reduce HbA(1C) levels. However, it reduced the elevated serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO) activity, decreased the accumulation of advanced-glycation end products and increased the bioavailability of nitric oxide in diabetic animals, similarly to insulin. BZA alone did not affect any of these parameters.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Benzylamine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Inhalation of vapor may cause lung edema ... The symptoms of lung edema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed, and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation is therefore essential. Immediate administration of an appropriate spray, by a doctor or a person authorized by him/her, should be considered.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Labored breathing. Symptoms may be delayed. Skin: Pain. Redness. Skin burns. Blisters. Eyes: Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns. Ingestion: Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly irritating to skin, mucous membranes.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Benzylamine is an irritating, corrosive liquid. The vapor irritates the eyes and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The solution irritates and corrodes the skin. Long-term exposure can cause eczema.

/CASE REPORTS/ The case of a 48 year old chemist who developed a work related dermatitis after handling epichlorohydrin, benzylamine, and benzyl-1-amino-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane was described. The patient presented with a dermatitis of the hands and face which subsided after a few days away from work. He used the compounds as chemical intermediates in the potential synthesis of agricultural chemicals, and his dermatitis developed shortly after he had contact with the materials. The clinical history included hay fever, and positive inhalation responses to house dust, grass pollen, and animal dander were obtained. A weak reaction to formaldehyde was found in patch tests with the ICDRG standard series. Patch tests to epichlorohydrin were negative. Patch tests to benzylamine and benzyl-1-amino-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane were positive. These compounds were tested at 0.1 and 1% in 70% ethanol. Ten comparisons had negative patch tests to these compounds. It was concluded that the positive reactions in the patient are allergic reactions which probably demonstrate cross sensitivity.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... Seven week old male Wistar rats were treated for seven weeks with benzylamine 2.9 g/L in drinking water ... . A slight decrease in water consumption was observed in benzylamine-treated animals while there was no change in body and adipose tissue weights at the end of treatment. Blood glucose and plasma insulin, triacylglycerol or cholesterol levels were not modified. However, benzylamine treatment resulted in a decrease in plasma free fatty acids in both fed and fasted conditions. Benzylamine treatment improved glucose tolerance as shown by the reduction of hyperglycemic response to intra-peritoneal glucose load. Oral benzylamine treatment did not alter the response of adipocytes to insulin nor to insulin-like actions of benzylamine plus vanadate, via in vitro activation of glucose transport or inhibition of lipolysis...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is known to increase during in vitro adipogenesis and to be one of the most highly expressed membrane proteins of white adipocytes. Although less well documented, mitochondrial monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are also present in adipocytes and share with SSAO the capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide. This work therefore aimed to compare several biologic effects of MAO and SSAO substrates in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. In differentiated cells, tyramine oxidation was predominantly MAO dependent, whereas benzylamine oxidation was SSAO dependent. Both amines partially mimicked insulin actions, including stimulation of Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake. In addition, tyramine and benzylamine impaired tumor necrosis factor alpha-dependent nitric oxide formation in a pargyline- and semicarbazide-sensitive manner, respectively...

The addn of 1 mmol metal complexing reagents such as ethyleneddiaminetetraacetic acid, alpha,alpha'-dipyridyl, 1,10-phenanthroline or tiron to the incubation system containing benzylamine inhibited the microsomal deamination of benzylamine.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Substrates of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSAO) stimulate glucose transport in adipocytes. To definitively demonstrate the involvement of SSAO in this insulin-like effect, glucose transport has been studied in fat cells from mice with a targeted deletion of AOC3, a gene encoding a SSAO called vascular adhesion protein-1. SSAO activity was present in white adipose tissues of wild type (WT) but was absent in AOC3KO mice. The SSAO-substrates benzylamine and methylamine were unable to stimulate hexose transport in adipocytes isolated from AOC3KO mice while they were active in WT adipocytes, especially in combination with vanadate. Impairment of amine-dependent glucose uptake was also observed with tyramine while there was no change in insulin responsiveness. These observations prove that the effects of exogenous or biogenic amines on glucose transport are not receptor-mediated but are oxidation-dependent. They also confirm that the major SSAO form expressed in mouse adipocytes is encoded by the AOC3 gene.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Benzylamine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 102 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 97.9-106 mg/L)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 98 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 94.5-102 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 30 days, 0.087 g, 18.2 mm); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L; Concentration: 102000 ug/L (97900-106000 ug/L) for 96 hr /99% pure/

Benzylamine's production and use in organic synthesis, chemical intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers, as a raw material for the production biotin (Vitamin H) and certain photographic materials, in synthetic textiles, in paints, as a corrosion inhibitor, and an intermediate in the production of compounds for plant and material protection may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Benzylamine has been detected in a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruits. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzylamine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours. Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 270. The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Multiple biodegradation screening studies reported that benzylamine degraded 53-101% after 4-30 days. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for benzylamine in terrestrial environments. If released into water, benzylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Benzylamine degraded 96.1-98.9% after 6 days in lake water, indicating benzylamine will biodegrade in aquatic environments. Biodegradation may be attentuated by adsorption to suspended sediments. A pKa of 9.33 indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 2.4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to benzylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzylamine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing benzylamine. (SRC)

Benzylamine has been detected in a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruits such as spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, beets, carrots, radishes, celery, maize, apples and rhubarb(1).

Benzylamine's production and use in organic synthesis(1), chemical intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers(2), as a raw material for the production biotin (Vitamin H) and certain photographic materials(3), in synthetic textiles, in paints, as a corrosion inhibitor, and an intermediate in the production of compounds for plant and material protection(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33(4), indicating that this compound will entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of benzylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given the predominance of the cationic state at pH values of 5 to 9(7). Benzylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). Multiple biodegradation screening studies reported that benzylamine degraded 53-101% after 4-30 days(9,10)suggesting that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in terrestrial environments(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 9.33(6) indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 2.4(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Benzylamine degraded 96.1-98.9% after 6 days in lake water(10), indicating benzylamine will biodegrade in aquatic environments(SRC). However, biodegradation may be attenuated by adsorption to suspended sediments(11,12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Benzylamine, present at 100 mg/L, reached an average 63.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). The results of different screening tests indicate that benzylamine is readily biodegradable(2); the test and results are as follows(3): Coupled Units test: 101% DOC removal; Zahn-Wellens test: 96% DOC removal after 4 days; Sturm test: 90% CO2 evolution; OECD Screening test: 96% DOC removal; Closed Bottle test: 30-day theoretical BOD of 53% using modified procedures(1). Using the Zahn-Wellens test, a degradation in excess of 90% was observed over a six-day incubation period(3). Biomineralization of benzylamine was measured (via 14-CO2 evolution) in sediment taken beneath a laundromat waste-water pond and a pristine control pond(4); benzylamine was rapidly degraded in both sediments without a lag period(4); depending upon depth of sediment, the mineralization rate constant ranged from 0.096 to 0.313 per day(3); the mean half-life was 3.3 days(3). Concentrations of 500 mg/L benzylamine were toxic to microorganisms in Warburg respirometer studies using activated sludge inocula(5,6).

AEROBIC: Biomineralization of benzylamine was measured (via 14-CO2 evolution) in lake water at concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 1.0 ug/mL(1); over a 6-day incubation period, 96.1-98.9% of initial benzylamine mineralized(1). Addition of clay to lake water has been observed to retard the biodegradation rate of benzylamine due to sorption to clay surfaces which decreases the bioavailablity to microbes; however, the benzylamine still biodegraded readily(2,3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1) using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Benzylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 2.4 was calculated for benzylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 102 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 97.9-106 mg/L)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 98 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 94.5-102 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, age 30 days, 0.087 g, 18.2 mm); Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 23.9 °C, pH 7.9, hardness 44.7 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 6.9 mg/L; Concentration: 102000 ug/L (97900-106000 ug/L) for 96 hr /99% pure/

Benzylamine's production and use in organic synthesis, chemical intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers, as a raw material for the production biotin (Vitamin H) and certain photographic materials, in synthetic textiles, in paints, as a corrosion inhibitor, and an intermediate in the production of compounds for plant and material protection may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Benzylamine has been detected in a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruits. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzylamine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzylamine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours. Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 270. The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the base exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Multiple biodegradation screening studies reported that benzylamine degraded 53-101% after 4-30 days. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process for benzylamine in terrestrial environments. If released into water, benzylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Benzylamine degraded 96.1-98.9% after 6 days in lake water, indicating benzylamine will biodegrade in aquatic environments. Biodegradation may be attentuated by adsorption to suspended sediments. A pKa of 9.33 indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 2.4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to benzylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzylamine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing benzylamine. (SRC)

Benzylamine has been detected in a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruits such as spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, beets, carrots, radishes, celery, maize, apples and rhubarb(1).

Benzylamine's production and use in organic synthesis(1), chemical intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers(2), as a raw material for the production biotin (Vitamin H) and certain photographic materials(3), in synthetic textiles, in paints, as a corrosion inhibitor, and an intermediate in the production of compounds for plant and material protection(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33(4), indicating that this compound will entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of benzylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given the predominance of the cationic state at pH values of 5 to 9(7). Benzylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). Multiple biodegradation screening studies reported that benzylamine degraded 53-101% after 4-30 days(9,10)suggesting that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in terrestrial environments(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 9.33(6) indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 2.4(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Benzylamine degraded 96.1-98.9% after 6 days in lake water(10), indicating benzylamine will biodegrade in aquatic environments(SRC). However, biodegradation may be attenuated by adsorption to suspended sediments(11,12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Benzylamine, present at 100 mg/L, reached an average 63.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). The results of different screening tests indicate that benzylamine is readily biodegradable(2); the test and results are as follows(3): Coupled Units test: 101% DOC removal; Zahn-Wellens test: 96% DOC removal after 4 days; Sturm test: 90% CO2 evolution; OECD Screening test: 96% DOC removal; Closed Bottle test: 30-day theoretical BOD of 53% using modified procedures(1). Using the Zahn-Wellens test, a degradation in excess of 90% was observed over a six-day incubation period(3). Biomineralization of benzylamine was measured (via 14-CO2 evolution) in sediment taken beneath a laundromat waste-water pond and a pristine control pond(4); benzylamine was rapidly degraded in both sediments without a lag period(4); depending upon depth of sediment, the mineralization rate constant ranged from 0.096 to 0.313 per day(3); the mean half-life was 3.3 days(3). Concentrations of 500 mg/L benzylamine were toxic to microorganisms in Warburg respirometer studies using activated sludge inocula(5,6).

AEROBIC: Biomineralization of benzylamine was measured (via 14-CO2 evolution) in lake water at concentrations ranging from 0.1 ng/mL to 1.0 ug/mL(1); over a 6-day incubation period, 96.1-98.9% of initial benzylamine mineralized(1). Addition of clay to lake water has been observed to retard the biodegradation rate of benzylamine due to sorption to clay surfaces which decreases the bioavailablity to microbes; however, the benzylamine still biodegraded readily(2,3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1) using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Benzylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 2.4 was calculated for benzylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of benzylamine is estimated as 270(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33(4), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 9.33(1) indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(2). Benzylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg(3).

SURFACE WATER: A benzylamine concn of 1 ug/kg was detected in the River Alster in Germany (sampling date not reported)(1). A benzylamine concn of 0.3 ug/kg was detected in the River Au near Hetlingen in Germany (sampling date not reported)(1).

The following concentrations of benzylamine (in mg/kg) were detected in samples of fresh vegetables: spinach, 6.1; red cabbage, 3.3; cabbage, 2.8; cauliflower, 1.4; kale, 3.8; white beet, 5.3; carrots, 2.8; red beet, 0.1; large radish, 1.8; red radish, 4.8; celery, 3.4. Benzylamine concentrations (in mg/kg) were detected in the following foods: maize, grains, 3.4; green salad, 11.5; rhubard, 2.9; apple flesh, 0.3; apple peel, 0.6(1).

Plants containing benzylamine(1). [Table#4170]

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of benzylamine is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,721 workers (300 of these were female) were potentially exposed to benzylamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to benzylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzylamine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing benzylamine(SRC).

A total of 224 expired air samples were collected from 28 healthy, non-smoking volunteers in Chicago(1); approximately 18% of the samples contained benzylamine at a geometric mean concentration of about 0.1 ng/L(1). In another study, a total of 387 expired air samples were collected from 54 healthy volunteers in Chicago(1); approximately 12% of the samples contained benzylamine at a geometric mean concentration of about 0.007 ng/L(2).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzylamine: concentration process: biological treatment.

This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

UN-2735; Amines, liquid, corrosive, n.o.s. (Benzylamine)[Sigma-Aldrich Corp; Safety Data Sheet for Benzylamine (Product Number: B16305) Version 3.0 (August 21, 2009). Available from, as of June 15, 2010: http://www.sigmaaldrich.com]

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: C; R: 21/22-34; S: (1/2)-26-36/37/39-45

UN Hazard Class: 8