benzonitrile

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.9% (11 of 575) of reports.

H302 (98.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (98.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 575 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 575 reports by companies.

There are 5 notifications provided by 564 of 575 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Cool exposed containers with water. Wear goggles & self-contained breathing apparatus.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame, evacuate for a radius of 1500 feet. If material leaking (not on fire), downwind evacuation must be considered.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx)

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material adn deposit in sealed containers. it maybe nessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Mix with calcium hypochlorite and flush to sewer with water or incinerate.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for benzonitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

Waste treatment methods. Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Workers should wash: Immediately when skin becomes contaminated. /Cyanides/

Work clothing should be changed daily: If there is any possibility that the clothing may be contaminated. /Cyanides/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 152 [Substances - Toxic (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Hygroscopic: Handle and store under inert gas.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.56 [ppm]

6.2 [ppm]

19 [ppm]

14 ppm [From IDLH Table: Benzonitrile] (NIOSH, 2024)

14.0 [ppm]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cellular respiration. This may result in cyanosis. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Rubber gloves; splash-proof goggles; rubber boots or rubber overshoes; impervious clothing for splash protection; cartridge-type mask or other protection against vapor must be worn for working in poorly ventilated area or where poisoning by inhalation may be possible. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Personnel Protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

NO open flames. Above 75 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Benzonitrile appears as a clear colorless liquid with an almond-like odor. Flash point 161 °F. Denser (at 8.4 lb / gal) than water and slightly soluble in water. Used as a specialty solvent and to make other chemicals.

Colorless oil with almond odor; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless oil

Odor of volatile oil of almond

Sharp taste

375.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

190.7 °C at 760 mm Hg

BP: 123.5 °C at 100 mm Hg; 69.2 °C at 10 mm Hg; 28.2 °C at 1 mm Hg

190.7 °C

191 °C @760 [mm Hg]

9 °F (NTP, 1992)

-12.82 °C

-12.8 °C

161 °F (NTP, 1992)

70 °C (158 def F) (Closed cup)

75 °C c.c.

1 to 5 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2000 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with common organic solvents

Miscible with ethanol; very soluble in acetone, benzene; soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 22 °C: 0.1-0.5 (poor)

1.01 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0093 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.0

1.01 @ 15°C

3.6 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Vapor specific gravity: 3.6

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.6

1 mmHg at 82.8 °F ; 5 mmHg at 131.5 °F; 10 mmHg at 156.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.76 [mmHg]

0.768 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 102

0.768 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.56

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /cyanides and nitrogen oxides/.

1.054 centistokes at 100 °F

Will attack some plastics

865.5 kg cal/g mol wt at 20 °C (liquid)

Slightly soluble in water.

Nitriles

The cyano group can be readily hydrolyzed in the presence of mineral acids to produce stable, moderately toxic benzoic acid. When heated to decomposition, it emits highly toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and hydrogen cyanide [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 353].

Strong acids which can liberate hydrogen cyanide. Forms explosive mixture with air.

Incompatible materials: Strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, acids, chlorates, nitrates, plastics.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzonitrile is a colorless liquid. It is used as intermediate for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, specialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and for many anhydrous metallic salts. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Benzonitrile was tested at a concentration of 2% in petrolatum on 27 volunteers in a mixed panel, and was found to produce no sensitization reactions after 48 hr close patch test. Extensive reddening and blister formation resulted from accidental exposure of human skin to benzonitrile. Following an occupational accident in which a worker's head and clothing were drenched with benzonitrile, the worker suffered severe respiratory distress and tonic convulsions between periods of unconsciousness which lasted for 75 min. Thereafter he gradually recovered, but several years later he experienced episodes of unconsciousness which might have been related to the benzonitrile exposure. ANIMAL STUDIES: CNS depression signs and changes in blood cholinesterase activity were observed in rats and mice in an inhalation study with benzonitrile. Indication of cumulative effects of benzonitrile were reported. Toxic signs included sluggishness, unsteady gait, a comatose state, convulsions of limb muscles, and death. Benzonitrile produced mild eye irritation and no skin irriation in albino rabbits. Benzonitrile applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion was moderately irritating. When benzonitrile was administered orally to rats in a single lethal dose (2 g/kg), cytochrome oxidase activity of the liver, kidneys, and heart was increased by 2-4 times. The nitrile initially increased the hippuric acid and NH3 and decreased the glucuronides of the urine. Rhodanides in the blood remained unchanged. Certain responses of rats following exposure to benzonitrile vapor exhibited age-rated differences. Erythrocyte and leukocyte counts and hemoglobin , albumin and gamma-globulin levels decreased while alpha1-, alpha2- and beta-globulin levels increased earlier and were compensated far more rapidly in adult rats than in juvenile or older animals. Both, nitrobenzene and benzonitrile applied to V79 cells, induced mostly kinetochor (CREST)-positive micronuclei, thus characterising the chromosomal effects as aneugenic. Benzonitrile was tested for anticonvulsant effect in mice and gave protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions.

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Confusion. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Unconsciousness. Vomiting. Weakness.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Further see Inhalation.

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Other Poison - Uncoupler

LCLo (rat) = 950 ppm/8h

LD50: 971 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 740 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 180 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 1200 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T88)

LD50 Rat 1000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat oral 720 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rat 690 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral 971 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

Benzonitrile was tested for anticonvulsant effect in mice and gave protection against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions.

The extent of cyanide liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride pretreatment on the mortality of /mice/ differed among nitriles. Benzonitrile toxicity was clearly enhanced.

When sodium thiosulfate was given in multiple injections, it protected mice against death by propionitrile.

The toxic mechanism of nitriles and the effect of metabolic modifiers in mice were studied in relation to their physicochemical properties. All the test nitriles liberated cyanide both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile, although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles. From these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into 3 groups. In group 1, acute toxicity was greatly reduced by carbon tetrachloride pretreatment, in group 2, toxicity was not significantly changed or was somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was clearly enhanced. The amount of cyanide was higher at death in the brains of mice given group 1 compounds, the level being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide. The relation between log (1/LD50) and log p for the compounds in group 1 fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was linear. For most nitriles, the in vitro metabolism was inhibited when the incubation mixture contained either SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, or microsomes from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride. When mice were dosed with ethyl alcohol, metabolic enhancement of nitriles was seen compared with the control. However, ethyl alcohol, when added to the incubation mixture, inhibited the in vitro metabolism of nitriles. /Nitriles/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physicians order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Benzonitrile was tested at a concentration of 2% in petrolatum on 27 volunteers in a mixed panel, and was found to produce no sensitization reactions after 48 hr close patch test.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Extensive reddening and blister formation resulted from accidental exposure of human skin to benzonitrile.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Following an occupational accident in which a worker's head and clothng were drenched with benzonitrile, the worker suffered severe respiratory distress and tonic convulsions between periods of unconsciousness which lasted for 75 min. Thereafter he gradually recovered, but several years later he experienced episodes of unconsciousness which might have been related to the benzonitrile exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute toxicity and metabolism of 21 nitriles in mice were studied in relation to their chemical structures. All the test nitriles liberated cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile , although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles. From these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into three groups. In group 1 (13 compounds), acute toxicity was greatly reduced by CCl4 pretreatment, in group 2 (seven compounds), toxicity was not significantly changed or was somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was clearly enhanced. The amount of cyanide was higher (0.68-0.80 microgram CN/g brain) at death in the brains of mice given group-1 compounds, the level being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide. After oral doses of each nitrile, the time course for cyanide levels in the liver varied among the compounds. The difference between group-1 and -2 compounds lay in the dose-cyanide liberation relationship in liver, and in the kinetics for cyanide liberation in the hepatic microsomal enzyme system. Double-reciprocal plots of enzyme activity showed a linear relationship for nitriles of group 1 and a non-linear one for group 2. The relationship between log (1/LD50) and log P for the compounds in group 1 fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was linear.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /CNS depressive/ signs and changes in blood cholinesterase activity were observed /in rats and mice in an inhalation study with benzonitrile/. Indication of cumulative effects of benzonitrile were reported. Toxic signs included sluggishness, unsteady gait, a comatose state, convulsions of limb muscles, and death.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Benzonitrile produced mild eye irritation and no skin irriation in albino rabbits. ... Benzonitrile applied full strength to intact or abraded rabbit skin for 24 hr under occlusion was moderately irritating.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Exposure to 700 ppm benzonitrile (approximately 2-9 mg/L) for 4 hr was lethal within 0-2 days to all of a group of mice, while exposure to 890 ppm (3-8 mg/L) for 2 hr was lethal to one of seven mice within 2 days. ... However, in rats, benzonitrile vapor inhalation at 900 ppm (3.8 mg/L) for 4 hr was not lethal, although exposure to approximately 950 ppm benzonitrile (4.1 mg/L) for 8 hr was lethal, 8.0 mg/L for 4 hr was lethal to three of ten animals, and 0.8 mg/L for 4 hr was without effect. Both rats and mice showed irritation of the extremities during the first hour of exposure and this was followed by labored breathing poor coordination and prostration. Surviving rats showed a subnormal weight gain. At autopsy, no abnormal lesions were observed, but microscopic examination revealed multifocal areas of lymphoid hyperplasia with foamy macrophage accumulations in the lungs of the rats. Congestion and edema were noted in the mouse lungs. Hepatic congestion and sinusoidal dilation were also seen in mice.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 22, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=100-47-0]

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 200000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 20-22 °C, pH 7.6-7.7; Concentration: 200000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulation/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 27000 ug/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Japanese Medaka) length 2 cm, weight 0.2 g; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 15000 ug/L for 48 hr

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Benzonitrile's production and use in chemical synthesis, in industrial processes, as an additive, and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.768 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzonitrile will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzonitrile will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days. Benzonitrile absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzonitrile is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 151. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.21X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Benzonitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Benzonitrile achieved 88% degradation after 8, 10, and 12.5 hours in char-amended soil, soil, and washed-char-amended soil slurries, respectively, indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil. If released into water, benzonitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 63% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 20 hours and 9 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 5 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Benzonitrile is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to benzonitrile may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzonitrile is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzonitrile via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

Benzonitrile's production and use in the synthesis of benzoquanamine; as an additive in nickel-plating baths; for separating naphthalene and alkylphthalates from non-aromatics by azetropic distillation; as jet-fuel additive; in cotton bleaching baths; as a drying additive for acrylic fibers; in the removal of titanium tetrachloride and vanadium oxytrichloride from silicon tetrachloride(1); as an intermediate of rubber chemicals; and as a solvent for nitrile rubber, speciality lacquers, and many resins, polymers and anhydrous metallic salts(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.56(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzonitrile is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzonitrile from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.21X10-5 atm-cu m/mole (SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.768 mm Hg(4), and water solubility of 2000 mg/L(5). Benzonitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Benzonitrile achieved 88% degradation after 8, 10, and 12.5 hours in char-amended soil, soil and washed-char-amended soil slurries, respectively(6), indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 150(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.56(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzonitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.21X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.768 mm Hg(5), and water solubility of 2000 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 20 and 9 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 63% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks(8) indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzonitrile, which has a measured vapor pressure of 0.768 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase benzonitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 31 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.30X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Benzonitrile absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Benzonitrile , present at 100 mg/L, reached 63.4% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). Other screening studies give similar results (63.4-80.8%) and benzonitrile is confirmed to be biodegradable according to the standard test of the Japanese Ministry of Industry and Trade (MITI) that employs a mixed inoculum obtained from freshwater, soil, and sludge(2-4). The theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) for benzonitrile in Ohio River Water from Cincinnati and/or aged sewage sludge were 0, 60, 90% and/or 0, 40, 80% after 2, 5, and 12 days, respectively(5). The BOD for benzonitrile in a bench-scale activated sludge unit was measured to be 93-98%(6). The BOD for benzonitrile in river water, present at 50 ppm, was 7%(7). Benzonitrile achieved 100% degradation after 280 minutes in a phosphate buffer solution in the soil and after 500 minutes in a soil slurry(8). Benzonitrile also achieved 20% and 44% in ash and ash-amended soil slurries at 2000 minutes, respectively(8). Benzonitrile achieved 88% degradation after 8, 10, and 12.5 hours in char-amended soil, soil and washed-char-amended soil slurries(9).

ANAEROBIC: Benzonitrile, present at a concentration of 3 mg-C/L, was biodegraded at 51% after 28 days under anaerobic conditions using a synthetic sewage inoculum at 37 °C(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzonitrile with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 3.30X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 31 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Benzonitrile is expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Benzonitrile is hydrolyzed to benzoic acid in water, anaerobic river and sediment, and sediment extract at elevated temperatures(3). The first order hydrolysis rate of benzonitrile in a phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) was 0.045 1/day with a half-life of 15.4 days at 85 degrees C(4). Benzonitrile absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for benzonitrile(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 1.56(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of benzonitrile is estimated as 150(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.56(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzonitrile is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for benzonitrile is estimated as 5.21X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.768 mm Hg(1), and water solubility of 2000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benzonitrile is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 20 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 9 days(SRC). Benzonitrile's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Benzonitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

DRINKING WATER: Benzonitrile was qualitatively detected in drinking water samples collected from treatment facilities in Cincinnati, OH on Oct 17, 1978 and Philadelphia, PA on Feb 10, 1976(1).

SURFACE WATER: Benzonitrile was detected at concentrations of 1300, 12, and 2.6 ug/L in surface water samples collected 0.67, 1.1, and 9 km downstream, respectively, from the site of the large tire fire in Winchester, VA in 1983(1).

Benzonitrile was detected, not quantified, in water samples collected from an advanced waste treatment facility in Pomona, CA on June 25, 1975(1). Benzonitrile was detected in leachate samples at a concentration of 2.5 mg/L collected from a sanitary landfill near Waterloo, Ontario in 1982(2). Benzonitrile was also detected, not quantified, in leachate obtained from a simulated landfill lysimeter(3). Benzonitrile was detected at an estimated concentration of 0.7 mg/L in wastewater from the gasification of Indian Head lignite coal in North Dakota(4). Wastewater samples collected from two coal gasification and one shale oil processing facilities in Wyoming contained benzonitrile at concentrations ranging from 24-235 ppb(5). Benzonitrile was detected in condensate retort water from an oil shale processing facility in Colorado at a concentration of 2.7 mg/L(6). Benzonitrile was also detected in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant in Germany at a concentration of 0.30 ug/cu m(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Benzonitrile was detected in 4 urban air data points at concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 0.038 ppbv, average 0.022 ppbv; sampling was conducted for the National Ambient Volatile Organic Compounds Data Base of US air monitoring, 1970-1987 (1).

INDOOR: Indoor air samples collected at the shale oil facility in Colorado contained benzonitrile at a concentration of 1.0 ug/cu m(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Benzonitrile was detected, not quantified, in air samples collected from forest air of the Southern Black Forest in Kalbelescheuer, Germany, in January 1985. It was not detected in sampling carried out in November 1984(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Benzonitrile was detected, not quantified, in exhaust gas from engines burning hydrocarbon fuels(1). Benzonitrile was detected in the combustion of scrap tires in a horizontal laboratory scale reactor at 650, 750, 850, 950 degrees C at yields of 240, 580, 420, 120 mg/kg scrap tire; benzonitrile was not detected at 1050 degrees C(2). Benzonitrile was also detected in the emissions from a simulated automobile fire at 0.23 mg/kg(3).

Benzonitrile was qualitatively detected in the volatile components of baked potatoes(1), roasted filbert nuts(2), chickpeas(3), and meat(4).

Benzonitrile is found in milk products, roasted filberts and peanuts, and cooked trassi.

Benzonitrile was detected, not quantified, in fish sauce from Southeast Asia(1).

Benzonitrile was qualitatively detected in 3 of 12 samples of human milk collected from volunteers in Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Bridgeville, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA(1).

Benzonitrile is found in milk products.

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of benzonitrile is 1-99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Inhalation, ingestion, skin absorption.

Occupational exposure to nitriles, such as benzonitrile, may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzonitrile is produced or used(1). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzonitrile via inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of food containing benzonitrile(SRC).

Benzonitrile was qualitatively detected in 3 of 12 samples of human milk collected from volunteers in Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Bridgeville, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA(1). Benzonitrile was detected in 24.6% of 387 of expired air samples collected from healthy, urban human adults; the mean concentration in expired air was 0.105 ng/L(2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Mix with calcium hypochlorite and flush to sewer with water or incinerate.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for benzonitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

Waste treatment methods. Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.

/GUIDE 152: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BENZONITRILE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2224; Benzonitrile

IMO 6.1; Benzonitrile

49 131 34; Benzonitrile

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: Xn; R: 21/22; S: (2)-23

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II