benzaldehyde

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (22.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (23.4%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336 (14.9%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P330, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 3000 reports by companies from 52 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P317, P304+P340, P317, P330, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

P210, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Rest.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

To fight fire, use water (may be used as a blanket), alcohol, foam, dry chemical.

If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Under fire conditions, material may decompose to form flammable and/or explosive mixtures in air. Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent dust cloud.

· For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small Spill

· Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Cool. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Keep in the dark.

Store under nitrogen. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Air, light, and moisture sensitive.

Store in cool, dry, dark, well ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, reducing agents, alkalies.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. Store under nitrogen in an area away from steam or water ... . Keep away from strong acids and oxidizers.

Keep tightly closed and protected form light.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

17 [ppm]

43 [ppm]

260 [ppm]

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam.

· Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 2 ppm; Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) 4 ppm, 15 min, DSEN. Last Revised: 1998.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes.

Chemical goggles and protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames. Above 63 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or face shield.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Benzaldehyde appears as a clear colorless to yellow liquid with a bitter almond odor. Flash point near 145 °F. More denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. The primary hazard is to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit spread to the environment. Easily penetrates the soil to contaminate groundwater and nearby waterways. Used in flavoring and perfume making.

CBI; Liquid

Colorless to yellowish liquid with an odor of almond oil; [AIHA] In air, readily oxidizes to benzoic acid; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless to yellow liquid with a sweet, strong almond odour

Strongly refractive liquid, becoming yellowish on keeping

Colorless or yellowish, strongly refractive volatile oil

Characteristic odor or volatile oil of almond

Odor resembling oil of bitter almond

Burning aromatic taste

Similar to bitter almond

354 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

178.7 °C

62.00 to 63.00 °C. @ 10.00 mm Hg

179 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-15 °F (NTP, 1992)

-57.12 °C

-57.1 °C

148 °F (NTP, 1992)

145 °F, 63 °C (Closed cup)

73.9 °C (Open cup)

63 °C c.c.

less than 0.1 mg/mL at 67.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 6950 mg/L at 25 °C

Approximately 0.6% wt. at 20 °C

Miscible with alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils

Soluble in liquid ammonia

Solubility of water in benzaldehyde at 20 °C, wt%: 1.5

6.95 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water at 25 °C: poor

very slightly soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents, oils

miscible at room temperature (in ethanol)

1.046 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.050 at 15 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.05

1.040-1.047

1.041 @25 °C

3.65 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.66 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

Oxidizes in air to form benzoic acid, which is moderately toxic by ingestion. Insoluble in water.

Aldehydes

A nontoxic, combustible liquid, reacts with oxidizing reagents. BENZALDEHYDE must be blanketed with an inert gas at all times since it is oxidized readily by air to benzoic acid [Kirk-Othmer, 3rd ed., Vol. 3, 1978, p. 736]. In contact with strong acids or bases it will undergo an exothermic condensation reaction [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 327]. A violent reaction was observed on contact with peroxyacids (peroxyformic acid) [D'Ans, J. et al., Ber., 1915, 48, p. 1136]. An explosion occurred when pyrrolidine, benzaldehyde, and propionic acid were heated to form porphyrins.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents, strong bases, alkali metals, aluminum, iron, phenols, oxygen.

A strong reducing agent. Reacts violently with peroxyformic acid and other oxidizers.

The substance reacts with air, forming explosive peroxides. Reacts violently with performic acid, oxidants, aluminum, iron, bases, and phenol, causing fire and explosion hazard. May self-ignite if absorbed in combustible material with large surface area or otherwise dispersed over large areas. Reacts with rust, amines, alkalies, strong bases, reducing agents.

Benzaldehyde ... /will/ react violently with 90% performic acid.

An explosion occurred when benzaldehyde, pyrrolidine ... , and propionic acid were heated to form porphins.

Benzaldehyde

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

1 ppm, > 1 yr

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Benzaldehyde is a strongly refractive liquid, becoming yellowish on keeping. It is used in cosmetics as a denaturant, a flavoring agent, and as a fragrance. Currently used in only seven cosmetic products, its highest reported concentration of use was 0.5% in perfumes. Substantial amounts are used in the production of derivatives that are also employed in the perfume and flavor industries. In the pharmaceutical industry benzaldehyde is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chloramphenicol, ephedrine, ampicillin, diphenylhydantoin, and other products. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It may cause contact dermatitis. It was positive in sister chromatid exchange assay with human lymphocytes from healthy non-smoking donors. Benzaldehyde was found to induce formation of stable DNA-protein cross-links in cultured human lymphoma cells. Benzaldehyde was found to lack significant activity against most human tumor cells tested. ANIMAL STUDIES: It was was slightly irritating to the rabbit eye. Histological examination of the trachea and lungs showed a slight irritation of respiratory epithelium for nonsensitized guinea pigs. In the acute studies, benzaldehyde induced deaths and decreased body-weight gain in both sexes of rats given 800 or 1600 mg/kg/day and caused deaths in both sexes of mice given 1600 or 3200 mg/kg/day. In the 90-day studies, deaths occurred in both sexes of rats on 800 mg/kg/day and in male mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Body-weight gain was depressed in male rats on 800 mg/kg/day, in male mice on 600 mg/kg/day and in female mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Necrotic and degenerative lesions were seen in the cerebellar and hippocampal regions of the brain in both sexes of rats given 800 mg/kg/day, but not in mice. Renal tubular necrosis occurred in male and female rats on 800 mg/kg/day and in male mice on 1200 mg/kg/day. Mild epithelial hyperplasia or hyperkeratosis of the forestomach was seen in male and female rats on 800 mg/kg/day. In an inhalation study performed with rats, it was found that the principal histopathological change was the development of goblet cell metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium lining of the nasal septum. In 2 year studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female rats receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg per day. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female mice, as indicated by increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and hyperplasia of the forestomach. Benzaldehyde was studied for mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100, TA102 and TA104, with or without metabolic activation. It was non-mutagenic under all test conditions with dose ranges from 33 to 3333 ug/plate. No induction of chromosomal aberrations was observed in CHO cells treated with up to 500 ug/mL benzaldehyde without metabolic activation or with up to 1600 ug/mL with metabolic activation.

Benzaldehyde

Gastrointestinal

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

TR-378: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzaldehyde (CASRN 100-52-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1990 )

06/27/89

No Evidence

Some Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female F344/N rats receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg per day. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of benzaldehyde for male or female B6C3F1 mice, as indicated by increased incidences of squamous cell papillomas and hyperplasia of the forestomach. Female rats and male and female mice might have been able to tolerate higher doses.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

2 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

IRIS Current

PPRTV Current

LC (rat) = >500 mg/m3

LD50 Rabbit dermal >1250 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 1000 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1300 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 1430 mg/kg bw

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Infusion of the test substance to perfused rat liver leads to an increase in hepatic ethane production. The extra ethane release upon addition of the test substance was diminished by cyanamide, pargyline is able to depress the test substance-induced ethane evolution.

In vitro toxicological studies together with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations show that occupational co-exposure with C60 fullerene may strengthen the health effects of organic industrial chemicals. The chemicals studied are acetophenone, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, m-cresol, and toluene which can be used with fullerene as reagents or solvents in industrial processes. Potential co-exposure scenarios include a fullerene dust and organic chemical vapor, or a fullerene solution aerosolized in workplace air. Unfiltered and filtered mixtures of C60 and organic chemicals represent different co-exposure scenarios in in vitro studies where acute cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity of C60 and organic chemicals are tested together and alone by using human THP-1-derived macrophages. Statistically significant co-effects are observed for an unfiltered mixture of benzaldehyde and C60 that is more cytotoxic than benzaldehyde alone, and for a filtered mixture of m-cresol and C60 that is slightly less cytotoxic than m-cresol. Hydrophobicity of chemicals correlates with co-effects when secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha is considered. Complementary atomistic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that C60 co-aggregates with all chemicals in aqueous environment. Stable aggregates have a fullerene-rich core and a chemical-rich surface layer, and while essentially all C60 molecules aggregate together, a portion of organic molecules remains in water.

Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ To find out the causes of increasing number of skin diseases, a site inspection /was carried out/ at the factory (working condition, working process, work places), then a dermatological health survey of all 26 workers was accomplished. 5% the test substance in petrolatum patch tested according to the standard series following the ICDRG guidelines. The application time on the back was 2 days. ... The test substance was one of the main causes of allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ May cause contact dermititis.

/GENOTOXICITY/ In this study, different concentrations of four benzyl derivatives (benzyl alcohol, benzyl acetate, benzoic acid and benzaldehyde) used as flavor ingredients were investigated for genotoxicity in vitro. By taking blood from two healthy people comet assay was carried on to investigate the potential health damages of benzyl derivatives. For the evaluation of genotoxic effects, the tail moment and % tail DNA in the treated chemicals were compared to the solvent control, which is distilled water. ... While % tail DNA was statistically increased at 10 mM and higher concentrations, tail moment has significant difference at 10 and 25 mM concentrations of benzaldehyde. ...

/GENOTOXICITY/ In a SCE assay human lymphocytes from healthy non-smoking donors were incubated with the test substance for 88 hr. After exposure and blockage of cell division with colchicine, 25 metaphases were scored. Styrene-7,8-oxide was used as a positive control. The test substance showed an SCE-inducing effect.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Non-irritant on animal eyes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The sensory irritating potential of a series of saturated and unsaturated aliphatic and cyclic aldehydes was investigated in B6C3F1 and Swiss Webster mice. Cyclic aldehydes produced RD50 values (concentration which elicits a 50% decrease in respiratory rate) between 60 and 400 ppm. Tentative threshold limit values (TLVs), based upon prevention of sensory irritation, were /suggested by/ ... the RD50 values of Swiss Webster mice.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 35 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow); Concentration: 7.6 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Concentration: 50 mg/L for 24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy); Concentration: 1.57 umol/L for 14 day /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.70e+02

8.20e+02

1.90e+01

2.00e+03

4.10e-03

4.00e-03

1.00e-01

Volatile

1.16e+03

1.70e+04

8.20e+04

1.90e+03

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Benzaldehyde's production and use as a food additive, as a fragrance in cosmetics, perfumes, and detergents, as a chemical intermediate and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Benzaldehyde is also released to the environment in emissions from combustion processes such as gasoline and diesel engines, incinerators and wood burning. It is formed in the atmosphere through photochemical oxidation of toluene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. It occurs naturally in many plant species and has been identified in volcanic emissions. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates benzaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 hours. Small quantities of benzaldehyde have been detected in atmospheric aerosol particulates that can be physically removed from air via dry and wet deposition. Benzaldehyde has been detected in rain, snow, fog, and cloud water. Benzaldehyde absorbs UV radiation between 300 and 380 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, benzaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 11. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Benzaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. A number of biological screening studies have demonstrated that benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable. If released into water, benzaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 66% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 and 14 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 4.4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to benzaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzaldehyde is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzaldehyde via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products containing benzaldehyde. (SRC)

Benzaldehyde occurs naturally as a volatile plant product(1,2); for example, it is a major constituent of cranberry aroma(2). Benzaldehyde has been detected in over 100 plant species(3). Benzaldehyde is formed in the atmosphere as a product of the photochemical degradation of toluene(4-6); as much as 15% of the products resulting from the reaction of toluene with OH radicals will be benzaldehyde(7). Photochemical reactions of aromatic precursors other than toluene (such as styrene and methylstyrene) can also form benzaldehyde in the atmosphere(7). Benzaldehyde has been found to occur naturally in various fruits such as peaches, black currants, strawberries, grapes, and raspberries(8). Benzaldehyde was identified in the solfataric fields air of the volcanoes of Kunashir Island(9). Benzaldehyde was identified in branch enclosure experiments from 66 vegetation species sampled at three US sites(10).

Free benzaldehyde has been reported found in several essential oils: hyacynth, citronella, orris, cinnamon, sassafras, labdanum, and patschoulli.

/Present/ hickory smoke

Benzaldehyde's production and use as a food additive, as a fragrance in cosmetics, perfumes, and detergents, as an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals, and as a solvent for resins, oils, and cellulose acetates and nitrates(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Benzaldehyde has been detected in atmospheric emissions from fireplaces and wood burning(2-4). Benzaldehyde has been identified in volatile emissions from sanitary landfills(5). Exhaust emissions from gasoline and hydrocarbon engines have been found to contain benzaldehyde(6-10). Benzaldehyde has been detected in flue gas emissions from waste incineration(11,12). Aqueous effluents from coal conversion facilities can contain benzaldehyde(13,14). Benzaldehyde has been identified in aqueous effluents from sewage treatment plants, chemical plants, and textile plants(15).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of benzaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(3). Benzaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). A 66% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in a 2-week Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). Other biological screening studies have also demonstrated that benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable(6-8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that benzaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1.5 and 14 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 4.4(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.48(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. A 66% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in a 2-week Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). Other biological screening studies have also demonstrated that benzaldehyde is readily biodegradable(8-10). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 30 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.29X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase benzaldehyde is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7.5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 4.30X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). The atmospheric reaction between benzaldehyde and ozone is too slow to be important environmentally(5). Benzaldehyde absorbs UV radiation between 300 and 380 nm in the gas-phase(6,7) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Small quantities of benzaldehyde have been detected in atmospheric aerosol particulates(8,9) which can be physically removed from air via dry and wet deposition. Benzaldehyde's detection in rain, snow, fog, and cloud water(10,11) indicates that wet deposition has some environmental importance(SRC). It has been shown that benzaldehyde vapor in air can adsorb to snow(12).

AEROBIC: Benzaldehyde had a 5 day theoretical BOD of 36% using the AFNOR T test and inoculum from 3 polluted surface waters(1). Using a sewage inocula and standard dilution water, benzaldehyde had a 10-day theoretical BOD of 62%(2). Theoretical BODs of 41-70% were observed (at 500 ppm concentration) in Warburg respirometers using 3 different activated sludge seeds and 6 days of inubation(3). Theoretical BOD of 13% was observed (at 500 ppm concentration) in a Warburg respirometer using a digester sludge seed acclimated to benzene and 6 hr incubation(4). Theoretical BODs of 30-38% were observed (at 250 ppm concentration) in Warburg respirometers using activated sludge seeds acclimated to phenol, benzyl alcohol or anthranilic acid and 12 hr incubation(5). About 99% of initial benzaldehyde was removed (based upon COD) in 5 days of incubation using an activated sludge inocula that had been acclimated to benzaldehyde for 20 days(6). Five-day theoretical BODs of 77.2% and 63.5% were measured using the standard dilution method and seawater dilution method, respectively(7). Benzaldehyde, present at 100 mg/L, reached 66% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test which classified the compound as readily biodegradable(8).

AEROBIC: The biodegradability of benzaldehyde in aqueous environments was measured using five different screening methods (BOD dilution, Shake Flask, CO2 Evolution, Gledhill, and activated sludge)(1); quantitative biodegradation was observed to begin immediately and occurred in most cases within the first 3 days of incubation(1); benzaldehyde was metabolized rapidly in all methods(1); degradation was slowest in the CO2 evolution test where 60% was mineralized in 7 days and nearly 100% mineralized in 28 days(1). Using an electrolytic respirometer and an activated sludge inocula, theoretical BODs of 77-85% were observed after 100-130 hr of incubation(2). A 7 day CO2 evolution of 73% was measured in a system using a sludge inoculum(3); very little CO2 was evolved in a sterile control system(3).

ANAEROBIC: Under anaerobic conditions 95% biodegradation was observed for benzaldehyde (30 mg C/L) after 14 days, in a test using seeding bacteria cultured by synthetic sewage in a continuous bioreactor at 37 °C(1). Benzaldehyde was degraded in methanogenic granular sludge in both batch and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors; benzoic acid was the principal intermediate(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported to be 1.29X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 30 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzaldehyde with atmospheric nitrate radicals has been measured as 4.3X10-15 cu cm/molecule-sec at 22 °C(3); this corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7.5 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). The atmospheric reaction between benzaldehyde and ozone is too slow to be important environmentally(5). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 4.4X10+9 L/mol-sec(6); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 182 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(7). Benzaldehyde is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(8). Benzaldehyde absorbs UV radiation weakly (extinction coefficient of 0-30/M-cu cm) between 300 and 380 nm in both the solution-phase (hexane solvent) and gas-phase(9,10); although the absorption is relatively weak, the quantum yield (which is approximately 0.34-0.41) is quite high(9) and it suggests that benzaldehyde may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 4.4 was calculated in fish for benzaldehyde(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.48(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of benzaldehyde can be estimated to be 11(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for benzaldehyde is 2.67X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that benzaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1.5 days (SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 14 days(SRC). Benzaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Benzaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.27 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

GROUNDWATER: Benzaldehyde was detected (no concentration reported) in 1 of 2,963 ground water wells that were monitored in 28 of California's 58 counties as of April 1984(1). The maximum concentration of benzaldehyde detected in CA ground water is reported to be 2.0 ug/L(2). Benzaldehyde was detected in urban groundwater collected in Kabwe, Zambia in September 2013 at a concentration of 1.2 ng/L(3).

DRINKING WATER: A benzaldehyde concentration of 0.03 ug/L was detected in the drinking water taken from the Carrollton Water Treatment Plant in New Orleans, LA in Aug 1974(1). Benzaldehyde was qualitatively detected in various drinking water samples collected in Philadelphia, PA between Feb 1975 and Jan 1977(2). Benzaldehyde has been detected (no concentration reported) in drinking water samples from Poplarville, MS (Mar 2, 1979), Cincinnati, OH (Oct 17, 1979, Jan 14, 1980), Miami, FL (Feb 3, 1976), New Orleans. LA (Jan 14, 1976), Philadelphia, PA (Feb 10, 1976), and Ottumwa, IA (Sept 10, 1976)(3). Benzaldehyde was detected in the water of a drinking water treatment plant in Greece at a concentration range of <0.91 to 1.27 ug/L(4).

SURFACE WATERS: Benzaldehyde was detected in only one of 204 water samples (concentration > 1 ug/L) collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins in the US(1). Benzaldehyde was qualitatively detected in water samples taken from Lake Ontario(2). A benzaldehyde concentration of 0.03 ug/L was detected in samples of lake water collected from Lake Pontchartrain (New Orleans, LA) in Jan 1980(3).

SEAWATER: Grab samples collected from coastal and open surface waters contained benzaldehyde levels of 0-15 ng/kg(1).

RAIN/SNOW: Benzaldehyde levels of 0-0.57 ug/L (mean concentration 0.05 ug/L) have been detected in cloud water collected from Henninger Flats, CA(1); levels of 0.08-0.19 ug/L have been detected in ice fog water collected from Fairbanks, Alaska(1); rain water collected in Carson, CA contained a benzaldehyde concentration of 0.09 ug/L(1). Benzaldehyde was found in precipitation (mainly rain) collected in Hannover, Germany in 1989 and 1990 ranging from 0.08-0.48 ug/L with a mean concentration of 0.25 ug/L(2). Benzaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 0.59 ug/kg in snow samples collected in early March from six locations in Russia and four locations in Finland(3).

Benzaldehyde levels of 0.012-0.015 ppm were detected in wood smoke(1). Benzaldehyde levels of 0.002-0.102 g/kg wood have been detected in emissions from fireplaces burning pine, cedar, oak and ash wood(2). Emissions from gasoline powered automobiles were found to contain benzaldehyde concentrations of 0.7 to 19 mg/km traveled(3,4). Benzaldehyde concentration in exhausts from engines burning simple hydrocarbons was <0.1-13.5 ppm(5). Flue gas emissions from a waste incinerator on a high-rise building in Norway had a benzaldehyde concentration of 6 ug/cu m (approximately 0.03 ppm)(6). Benzaldehyde was detected at a concentration of 3 ug/L in the effluent of a publicly owned treatment work facility in New Jersey(7). Emission rates of 0.024 and 0.0047 mg/sq m-h from particle board/carpet and gypsum board/wall paper, respectively, were reported for benzaldehyde(8). Benzaldehyde was reported to comprise 0.21 and 0.20% of the total organic emissions in the exhaust from ten small engines from lawn mowers using a 1990 baseline gasoline and a reformulated gasoline (California Phase 2 gasoline), respectively(9). A benzaldehyde concentration of 1.32 ug/cu m was reported in the emissions of a municipal waste incineration plant(10). Benzaldehyde was reported to be introduced into the water of a test basin at a rate of 9.3 mg/10 min by a four-stroke outboard motor (7.3 kW) using unleaded gasoline(11). Benzaldehyde was measured in the emissions from dry-process photocopiers; emission rates of <10 and 1,800 ug/h-copier were measured in the idle and print modes(12). Cooking emissions sampled at 15 commercial kitchens in Hong Kong contained time-weighted average benzaldehyde levels of below-detection limits (0.05-0.06 nmol per sample) to 22.2 ppb(13). Benzaldehyde emission levels from three light-duty gasoline engine vehicles (1999, 2001 and 2006) was 6.7, 6.2 and 1.9 mg/kg gasoline respectively(14); emission level from a diesel vehicle was 8.8 mg/kg(14).

Emission rates of benzaldehyde ranged from 0.20-0.39 g/kWh from a running chain saw at five different relative air/fuel ratios using regular gasoline, and ranged from 0.056-0.43 g/kWh using ethanol-blended regular gasoline (15-85% ethanol)(1). Benzaldehyde emissions were not detected when aliphatic gasoline, ethanol fuel, or ethanol blended aliphatic gasoline was used (<0.001 g/kWh)(1). The organic compounds in the emissions of furniture coatings were investigated in a test chamber and benzaldehyde was identified as one of the components(2). Benzaldehyde was identified in the emissions from two types of carpet cushions, rubberized jute cushions and sponge rubber cushions(3). Benzaldehyde was one of the 90 volatile organic compounds identified in the headspace of biodegradable and mixed household waste(4). Benzaldehyde was identified in the leachate plume of the Norman, Oklahoma Landfill(5). Benzaldehyde concentrations ranged from not detected to 17.5 ug/cu m in the emissions of four coal-fired power stations(6). Emission rates for benzaldehyde of 49, 16, and 21 mg/kg of wood were reported for the fireplace combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus(7). Emission rates of 1,270 and 159,000 ug/km were reported for benzaldehyde in gasoline-powered motor vehicle tailpipe emissions, equipped with a catalyst and without a catalyst, respectively(8). Benzaldehyde was found to be emitted from a hardback commercial carpet with a secondary backing made of polyvinyl chloride(9). Combustion of European beech (Fagus sylvatica), Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica) and black poplar (Populus nigra), which are widespread in Southern Europe, in a domestic woodstove and fireplace detected benzaldehyde emissions 0.577-27.8 mg/kg fuel burned, dry weight(10).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incineration; add combustible solvent and spray into incinerator with afterburner.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BENZALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1990; Benzaldehyde

IMO 9; Benzaldehyde

49 131 11; Benzaldehyde

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Benzaldehyde is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Benzaldehyde is included on the dangerous goods list.

Symbol: Xn; R: 22; S: (2)-24

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III