anisole

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2013) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (76.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (78.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336 (13.1%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2013 reports by companies from 29 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 2013 reports by companies.

There are 28 notifications provided by 2012 of 2013 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fir or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.6 [mg/m3]

18 [mg/m3]

110 [mg/m3]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. ...

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 52 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Anisole appears as a clear straw-colored liquid with an aromatic odor. Insoluble in water and the same density as water. Vapors heavier than air. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A skin irritant. Used to make perfumes, flavorings and as a solvent.

Colorless to yellow liquid; [ICSC] Clear colorless liquid; Insoluble in water; [MSDSonline] Spicy, sweet odor; [Ullmann]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colourless liquid, Phenolic anise-like aroma

MOBILE LIQUID, CLEAR STRAW COLOR

Colorless liquid

SWEET ANISE-LIKE ODOR

Agreeable aromatic odor

Spicy-sweet

155.5 °C AT 760 MM HG

153.00 to 155.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

153.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-37.3 °C

-37.5 °C

125 °F (NFPA, 2010)

125 °F (52 °C) (OPEN CUP)

52 °C o.c.

SOLUBLE IN ALCOHOL AND ETHER

VERY SOLUBLE IN ACETONE

Water solubility = 1520 mg/L

Water solubility = 10,400 mg/L

Water solubility = 143 mg/L

1.04 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: poor

Insoluble in water, soluble in oils

soluble (in ethanol)

0.9956 AT 18 °C/4 °C

PER CENT IN SATURATED AIR: 0.41; DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.1 (AIR= 1)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.99

0.990-0.993

1.515 @25 °C

3.72 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

3.54 [mmHg]

0.472 kPa (3.54 mm Hg) @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.47

10 [mm Hg] @42.2 °C

Log Kow = 2.11

887 °F (475 °C)

When heated to decomp, emits acrid fumes.

Flammable. Ethers tend to form unstable peroxides when exposed to oxygen. Ethyl, isobutyl, ethyl tert-butyl, and ethyl tert-pentyl ether are particularly hazardous in this respect. Ether peroxides can sometimes be observed as clear crystals deposited on containers or along the surface of the liquid. Insoluble in water

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

Ethers, such as ANISOLE can act as bases. They form salts with strong acids and addition complexes with Lewis acids. The complex between diethyl ether and boron trifluoride is an example. Ethers may react violently with strong oxidizing agents. In other reactions, which typically involve the breaking of the carbon-oxygen bond, ethers are relatively inert.

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

LC50 (rat) > 5,000 mg/m3

LD50 Rat ip 100-900 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat sc 3500-4000 mg/kg /From table/

... Human volunteers exposed to 200 mg/cu m /exposure time not specified/ experienced burning in the throat, irritation of the eyes and a foreign taste in the mouth.

EFFECTS OF 4 FOOD ADDITIVES BELONGING TO METHOXYBENZENE FAMILY INCL ANISOLE ON METAB OF ISOLATED CECAL FLORA IN RATS WERE STUDIED. ANISOLE WAS PRACTICALLY WITHOUT EFFECT.

Microsomal membranes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rat liver homogenates were used to define the role of hydrophobic interactions in maintaining the ability to store calcium in the presence of various concn of lipophilic substances. Two series of substances were used. The first were the n-aliphatic alcohols, ethanol, butanol, hexanol and octanol, and the other were flavoring /cmpd/including anisole, eugenol, estragole, and safrole derived from methoxybenzene. Low concn of each cmpd stimulated liver microsomal calcium (2+)-ATPase where as higher concn inhibited this activity. Enzyme activity was modulated by perturbation of membrane hydrophobic interactions as demonstrated by the linear relationship between equiactive concn of the cmpd and their partition coefficients. A decr in membrane order was induced by these cmpd as evidenced by measurements of electron spin resonance. ... The modification in ATPase activity was not directly related to the decr in membrane order.

Anisole ... had an LC50 of 3021 mg/cu m /exposure time not specified/ in experiments with mice; no lethal concn could be established in rats. The cmpd was primarily an irritant and /CNS depressant/, although dystrophic changes were found in the livers of experimental animals. ...

Anisole may be released to the environment during its manufacture, transport, disposal, and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic compounds and as a solvent and heat transfer medium. It may also be formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons and therefore may be produced both naturally and anthropogenically when hydrocarbons are burned. Anisole has a low adsorptivity to soil and if released on soil, may leach. It has a moderately high Henry's Law constant and vapor pressure and would be expected to volatilize from both moist and dry soil surfaces. Anisole is readily biodegradable in screening tests and may therefore biodegrade in soil. If released in water, anisole will be lost by volatilization. Its volatilization half-life in a model river and model lake is estimated to be 3.2 hr and 4.2 days, respectively. It would also be expected to biodegrade. Experiments performed in a model aquatic ecosystem demonstrated that anisole was metabolized in aquatic organisms and did not bioconcentrate. Over a period of 24 hr, the concentration of anisole was decreased by approximately 93% and degradation products were found in the water. In the atmosphere, anisole will react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals resulting in an estimated half-life of 22 hr. Workplace exposure to anisole may be by inhalation or dermal contact. The general population may be exposed to anisole in exhaust fumes and from ingesting meat. (SRC)

Anisole was identified as a compound isolated from essential oil of ocmum selloi.

Anisole has been found in lakes in the vicinity of Mount St Helens that received pyroclastic flow resulting from the volcanic eruption(1). It may also be formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons(2-4). This suggests that anisole may be formed naturally in the environment when hydrocarbons are burned(SRC). Since anisole has been reported as a meat flavor volatile(5), it may naturally occur in meat or be formed during cooking(SRC).

Anisole may be released to the environment during its manufacture, transport, disposal, and use(SRC) as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic compounds, for example fragrances and pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent and heat transfer medium(2). Anisole is formed as an impurity in the production of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol by the alkylation of phenol with methanol(1). Anisole may be emitted from kerosine space heaters(3) and may occur in automobile exhaust(4,5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(2), the experimentally-determined Koc value for anisole of 35(1) suggests that it will be highly mobile in soil and may leach(SRC). Its estimated Henry's Law constant(3), 4.35X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), vapor pressure, 3.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(5), and low adsorptivity to soil indicate that volatilization may be an important fate process from both moist and dry soil surfaces(4,SRC). Anisole has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in screening tests(6-8) and therefore may readily biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Anisole should volatilize from water based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from a fragment constant estimation method(3). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.2 hr and 4.2 days, respectively(4,SRC). Anisole has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in screening tests(5,6) and therefore may biodegrade in natural water(SRC). When anisole was added to a model aquatic ecosystem with fish, mosquito larva, alga, daphnia, and snails and incubated for 24 hr, the concentration of anisole was considerably reduced (by approximately 93%) and degradation products were found in the water(1). A Russian study reported that anisole was stable in water for 4 days(2). The details of the study were not available. According to a recommended classification scheme(8), experimental bioaccumulation factors obtained from a model aquatic ecosystem along with evidence of metabolism in aquatic organisms(1) suggests that bioaccumulation of anisole should not be a concern(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a theory of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(2), anisole, which has a vapor pressure of 3.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(3) will exist in the ambient atmosphere as a vapor(SRC). Vapor-phase anisole is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hr(1,SRC). Anisole's water solubility in water is 1520 mg/L(4), and therefore it may be washed out of the atmosphere by rain(SRC).

In a 2-week biodegradation screening test (MITI test) using anisole (100 ppm) and an activated sludge inoculum, 56% of BOD was removed and at the end of the 2-week period there was an upward trend in BOD consumption(1). Anisole was readily biodegradable in another screening test; >70% DOC and >60% BOD were removed in this test(3). Anisole completely degraded in a biodegradation test that utilized a soil inoculum(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of anisole with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated as 17.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a molecular structure-based estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 22 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Anisole is sensitive to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in water(2). These radicals may be formed by the photolysis of nitrate radicals by sunlight. Such reactions are apt to be important in clear waters in which light can penetrate and are relatively free of humic materials and other substances that act as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals(2).

Using its log Kow, 2.11(2), one estimates a BCF of 24 for anisole using a recommended regression equation(3). The bioconcentration of anisole in aquatic organisms was determined in a model aquatic ecosystem maintained at 26.7 °C with 12 hr of simulated daylight exposure(1). After 24 hr exposure, the ecological magnification for anisole was (organism, bioaccumulation factor): fish, 22; mosquito larva, 27; algae, 563; daphnia, 771; snails, 899(1). There were signs of considerable metabolism in all species. O-dealkylate occurred in fish and snail, hydroxylation to o- and p-methoxyphenols occurred in all species except daphnia, and conjugation occurred in alga and snails(1). According to a recommended classification scheme(4), this BCF value and its metabolism in aquatic organisms would indicate that anisole has a low potential for bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms(SRC).

An experimental Koc of 35 has been reported for anisole(1). Using an estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc for anisole is estimated to be 118(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), these Koc values respectively suggest that anisole would be very highly mobile and highly mobile in soil and would readily leach(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for anisole estimated to be 4.35X10-3 atm-cu-m/mol(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that anisole will volatilize rapidly from water(2,SRC). Using this value for the Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind speed of 3 m/s) is estimated as 3.2 hr(2,SRC). Similarly, the volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind volocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as 4.2 days(2,SRC). Anisole's moderate vapor pressure, 3.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), low adsorptivity to soil, and high Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil may occur(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: During 1982 to 1985 average anisole concns in the Rhine river ranged from 0.1 to 3 ppb(1). Monthly grab samples from the Besos and Llobregat Rivers located north and south of Barcelona, Spain ranged from <1 to 100 ng/L and <1 to 510 ng/L, respectively(2). The respective mean values (standard deviation) for these samples were 91 (180) ng/L and 34 (91) ng/L(2). The rivers flow through heavily-populated areas and receive a wide spectrum of wastes. The study was performed between March 1985 and March 1986. Anisole was also found in water samples from the Songhuajiung River basin in China(3).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, anisole was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concn in ppb): organics and plastics (5; 64.8) and organic chemicals (30; 25.4)(1). The highest effluent concn in these industrial categories was 8660 ppb and 753 ppb, respectively(1). Anisole was found in 1 of 3 samples of trench leachate from the West Valley waste disposal site at a concn of 2.7 mg/L(2). Anisole was found in ponds holding wastes from olive oil production(3). It has also been detected in wastewater from coal gasification plants(4,5) and in one case reported to be 0.2 mg/L(4). Anisole was present in raw wastewater and final effluent from a dye manufacturing plant at levels of 37-190 ppb and 5-71 ppb, respectively(6).

Anisole is a meat flavor volatile(1).

Occupational exposure to anisole may occur by inhalation and dermal contact. The general population may be exposed to anisole in exhaust fumes and from ingesting meat. (SRC)

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 469 workers are potentially exposed to anisole in the USA(1).

Anisole may be released to the environment during its manufacture, transport, disposal, and use as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic compounds and as a solvent and heat transfer medium. It may also be formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons and therefore may be produced both naturally and anthropogenically when hydrocarbons are burned. Anisole has a low adsorptivity to soil and if released on soil, may leach. It has a moderately high Henry's Law constant and vapor pressure and would be expected to volatilize from both moist and dry soil surfaces. Anisole is readily biodegradable in screening tests and may therefore biodegrade in soil. If released in water, anisole will be lost by volatilization. Its volatilization half-life in a model river and model lake is estimated to be 3.2 hr and 4.2 days, respectively. It would also be expected to biodegrade. Experiments performed in a model aquatic ecosystem demonstrated that anisole was metabolized in aquatic organisms and did not bioconcentrate. Over a period of 24 hr, the concentration of anisole was decreased by approximately 93% and degradation products were found in the water. In the atmosphere, anisole will react with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals resulting in an estimated half-life of 22 hr. Workplace exposure to anisole may be by inhalation or dermal contact. The general population may be exposed to anisole in exhaust fumes and from ingesting meat. (SRC)

Anisole was identified as a compound isolated from essential oil of ocmum selloi.

Anisole has been found in lakes in the vicinity of Mount St Helens that received pyroclastic flow resulting from the volcanic eruption(1). It may also be formed during the combustion of hydrocarbons(2-4). This suggests that anisole may be formed naturally in the environment when hydrocarbons are burned(SRC). Since anisole has been reported as a meat flavor volatile(5), it may naturally occur in meat or be formed during cooking(SRC).

Anisole may be released to the environment during its manufacture, transport, disposal, and use(SRC) as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic compounds, for example fragrances and pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent and heat transfer medium(2). Anisole is formed as an impurity in the production of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol by the alkylation of phenol with methanol(1). Anisole may be emitted from kerosine space heaters(3) and may occur in automobile exhaust(4,5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(2), the experimentally-determined Koc value for anisole of 35(1) suggests that it will be highly mobile in soil and may leach(SRC). Its estimated Henry's Law constant(3), 4.35X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), vapor pressure, 3.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(5), and low adsorptivity to soil indicate that volatilization may be an important fate process from both moist and dry soil surfaces(4,SRC). Anisole has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in screening tests(6-8) and therefore may readily biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Anisole should volatilize from water based on its estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from a fragment constant estimation method(3). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.2 hr and 4.2 days, respectively(4,SRC). Anisole has been demonstrated to be readily biodegradable in screening tests(5,6) and therefore may biodegrade in natural water(SRC). When anisole was added to a model aquatic ecosystem with fish, mosquito larva, alga, daphnia, and snails and incubated for 24 hr, the concentration of anisole was considerably reduced (by approximately 93%) and degradation products were found in the water(1). A Russian study reported that anisole was stable in water for 4 days(2). The details of the study were not available. According to a recommended classification scheme(8), experimental bioaccumulation factors obtained from a model aquatic ecosystem along with evidence of metabolism in aquatic organisms(1) suggests that bioaccumulation of anisole should not be a concern(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a theory of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(2), anisole, which has a vapor pressure of 3.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(3) will exist in the ambient atmosphere as a vapor(SRC). Vapor-phase anisole is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hr(1,SRC). Anisole's water solubility in water is 1520 mg/L(4), and therefore it may be washed out of the atmosphere by rain(SRC).

In a 2-week biodegradation screening test (MITI test) using anisole (100 ppm) and an activated sludge inoculum, 56% of BOD was removed and at the end of the 2-week period there was an upward trend in BOD consumption(1). Anisole was readily biodegradable in another screening test; >70% DOC and >60% BOD were removed in this test(3). Anisole completely degraded in a biodegradation test that utilized a soil inoculum(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of anisole with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals is estimated as 17.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a molecular structure-based estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 22 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Anisole is sensitive to oxidation by hydroxyl radicals in water(2). These radicals may be formed by the photolysis of nitrate radicals by sunlight. Such reactions are apt to be important in clear waters in which light can penetrate and are relatively free of humic materials and other substances that act as scavengers for hydroxyl radicals(2).

Using its log Kow, 2.11(2), one estimates a BCF of 24 for anisole using a recommended regression equation(3). The bioconcentration of anisole in aquatic organisms was determined in a model aquatic ecosystem maintained at 26.7 °C with 12 hr of simulated daylight exposure(1). After 24 hr exposure, the ecological magnification for anisole was (organism, bioaccumulation factor): fish, 22; mosquito larva, 27; algae, 563; daphnia, 771; snails, 899(1). There were signs of considerable metabolism in all species. O-dealkylate occurred in fish and snail, hydroxylation to o- and p-methoxyphenols occurred in all species except daphnia, and conjugation occurred in alga and snails(1). According to a recommended classification scheme(4), this BCF value and its metabolism in aquatic organisms would indicate that anisole has a low potential for bioconcentration in fish and aquatic organisms(SRC).

An experimental Koc of 35 has been reported for anisole(1). Using an estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(2), the Koc for anisole is estimated to be 118(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), these Koc values respectively suggest that anisole would be very highly mobile and highly mobile in soil and would readily leach(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for anisole estimated to be 4.35X10-3 atm-cu-m/mol(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that anisole will volatilize rapidly from water(2,SRC). Using this value for the Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing at 1 m/s with a wind speed of 3 m/s) is estimated as 3.2 hr(2,SRC). Similarly, the volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind volocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as 4.2 days(2,SRC). Anisole's moderate vapor pressure, 3.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(3), low adsorptivity to soil, and high Henry's Law constant(1,SRC) indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil may occur(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: During 1982 to 1985 average anisole concns in the Rhine river ranged from 0.1 to 3 ppb(1). Monthly grab samples from the Besos and Llobregat Rivers located north and south of Barcelona, Spain ranged from <1 to 100 ng/L and <1 to 510 ng/L, respectively(2). The respective mean values (standard deviation) for these samples were 91 (180) ng/L and 34 (91) ng/L(2). The rivers flow through heavily-populated areas and receive a wide spectrum of wastes. The study was performed between March 1985 and March 1986. Anisole was also found in water samples from the Songhuajiung River basin in China(3).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, anisole was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concn in ppb): organics and plastics (5; 64.8) and organic chemicals (30; 25.4)(1). The highest effluent concn in these industrial categories was 8660 ppb and 753 ppb, respectively(1). Anisole was found in 1 of 3 samples of trench leachate from the West Valley waste disposal site at a concn of 2.7 mg/L(2). Anisole was found in ponds holding wastes from olive oil production(3). It has also been detected in wastewater from coal gasification plants(4,5) and in one case reported to be 0.2 mg/L(4). Anisole was present in raw wastewater and final effluent from a dye manufacturing plant at levels of 37-190 ppb and 5-71 ppb, respectively(6).

Anisole is a meat flavor volatile(1).

Occupational exposure to anisole may occur by inhalation and dermal contact. The general population may be exposed to anisole in exhaust fumes and from ingesting meat. (SRC)

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 469 workers are potentially exposed to anisole in the USA(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ANISOLE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2222; Anisole

IMO 3.3; Anisole

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III