Lead nitrate

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 11.3% (36 of 318) of reports.

H272 (13.5%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302+H332 (39.6%): Harmful if swallowed or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H302 (88.7%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317 (48.4%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (78.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (88.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (48.1%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360 (34%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360Df (61.6%): May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (48.4%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373 (47.2%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (88.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (88.7%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 318 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 36 of 318 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 282 of 318 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H272: May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P263, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P220, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360Df: May damage the unborn child; Suspected of damaging fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Remove at once all cases of lead intoxication from further exposure until the blood level is reduced to a safe value; immediately place the individual under medical care.

INGESTION: give gastric lavage using 1% solution of sodium or magnesium sulfate; leave 15-30 gm magnesium sulfate in 6-8 oz. of water in the stomach as antidote and cathartic; egg white, milk, and tannin are useful demulcents; atropine sulfate and other antispasmodics may relieve abdominal pain, but morphine may be necessary.

EYES or SKIN: flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Contaminated clothing may be a fire risk when dry.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable - consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

Small Dry Spill

· With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Evironmental considerations - Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations - Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaCO3), or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

Separate this cmpd from inflammable organics or easily oxidizable substances.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts. Avoid bodily contact with material ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner so that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs.

Stow away from foodstuffs.

Storage temp: ambient. Venting: open.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Lead in blood = 200 ug/L (20 ug/100 ml); sampling time not critical; [ACGIH]

0.051 [mg/m3]

190 [mg/m3]

1100 [mg/m3]

0.05 [mg/m3], as Pb

100 mg/cu m /Lead/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.05 mg/cu m. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead and inorganic compounds, as Pb/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: lead in blood; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 30 ug/100 mL. [Note: Women of child bearing potential, whose blood Pb exceeds 10 ug/dL, are at risk of delivering a child with a blood Pb over the current Centers for Disease Control guideline of 10 ug/dL. If the blood Pb of such children remains elevated, they may be at increased risk of cognitive deficits. The blood Pb of these children should be closely monitored and appropriate steps should be taken to minimize the child's exposure to environmental lead.] /Lead/

0.05 mg/m

(binding): 0.15 mg/m

carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Chronic Inhalation: 0.05 mg/m3 (L134)

Small Fire

· Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

Large Fire

· Flood fire area with water from a distance.

· Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Residual lead levels. The /U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's/ maximum environmentally acceptable level of lead in shot is trace amounts or <1 percent. Any shot manufactured with lead levels equal to or exceeding 1 percent are considered toxic and, therefore, illegal.

In this part 1303, the Consumer Product Safety Commission declares that paint and similar surface-coating materials for consumer use that contain lead or lead compounds and in which the lead content (calculated as lead metal) is in excess of 0.06 percent (0.06 percent is reduced to 0.009 percent effective August 14, 2009 as mandated by Congress in section 101(f) of the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, Pub. L. 110-314) of the weight of the total nonvolatile content of the paint or the weight of the dried paint film (which paint and similar surface-coating materials are referred to hereafter as "lead-containing paint") are banned hazardous products under sections 8 and 9 of the Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSA), 15 U.S.C. 2057, 2058. The following consumer products are also declared to be banned hazardous products: (1) Toys and other articles intended for use by children that bear "lead-containing paint". (2) Furniture articles for consumer use that bear "lead-containing paint".

Disclosure of Known Lead-Based Paint and/or Lead-Based Paint Hazards Upon Sale or Lease of Residential Property: This subpart implements the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 4852d, which impose certain requirements on the sale or lease of target housing. Under this subpart, a seller or lessor of target housing shall disclose to the purchaser or lessee the presence of any known lead-based paint and/or lead-based paint hazards; provide available records and reports; provide the purchaser or lessee with a lead hazard information pamphlet; give purchasers a 10-day opportunity to conduct a risk assessment or inspection; and attach specific disclosure and warning language to the sales or leasing contract before the purchaser or lessee is obligated under a contract to purchase or lease target housing.

Establishes standards for lead-based paint hazards in most pre-1978 housing and child-occupied facilities. This regulation supports the implementation of regulations already promulgated, and others under development, which deal with worker training and certification, lead hazard disclosure in real estate transactions, requirements for lead cleanup under State authorities, lead hazard evaluation and control in Federally-owned housing prior to sale and housing receiving Federal assistance, and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grants to local jurisdictions to perform lead hazard control. Establishes, under authority of TSCA section 402, residential lead dust cleanup levels and amendments to dust and soil sampling requirements.

For more Other Standards Regulations and Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the blood, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, liver and nervous system. This may result in anaemia, hypertension, kidney impairment, liver impairment, convulsions and paralysis. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Causes serious reproductive toxicity in humans.

Dust mask and protective gloves (USCG, 1999)

Rubber gloves, safety glasses, face mask, and self-contained breathing apparatus.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. /Lead/

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Lead/

Lead nitrate is a white crystalline solid. The material is soluble in water. It is noncombustible but it will accelerate the burning of combustible materials. If large quantities of the material are involved in the fire an explosion may result. Prolonged exposure of the material to fire or heat may result in an explosion. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving this material.

Liquid; Dry Powder; Other Solid; CBI

White or colorless crystals; [HSDB]

WHITE OR COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

White or colorless translucent crystals

Colorless, cubic crystals

Slightly soluble in ethanol

1 g in 2 mL cold water; 1 g in 0.75 mL boiling water; 1 g in 2500 mL absolute alcohol; 1 g in 75 mL absolute methanol; insol in concentrated nitric acid

37.65 g/100 cu cm water at 0 °C; 56.5 g/100 cu cm at 20 °C; 127 g/100 cu cm at 100 °C

59.7 g/100 cu cm of water at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 52

4.53 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.53 g/cu cm

Relative density (water = 1): 4.6

4.53 @25 °C

When heated to decomp ... emits very toxic fumes of /lead and nitrogen oxides/.

Lead nitrate decomposes at 470 °C.

290 °C. This produces toxic fumes of nitrogen oxides and lead oxides. The substance is a strong oxidant. It reacts violently with combustible and reducing materials. Reacts violently with ammonium thiocyanate, red-hot carbon and lead hypophosphate.

3.0-4.0 (20% aq soln at 25 °C)

Index of refraction: 1.782

CONSTANT HUMIDITY: 88.4% at 103.5 °C and 760 mm Hg aq tension

Heat of Solution: 23 cal/g (41 Btu/lb or 0.96X10+5 J/kg) /HNO3.PB(X)/

Above 205 °C, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide are driven off, and basic lead nitrates are formed. Above 470 °C, decomposes to lead monoxide and Pb3O4.

Lead is derived from the decay of radon. /Inorganic lead/

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Metals -> Lead Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Teratogens

Water soluble.

Nitrate and Nitrite Compounds, Inorganic

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Mixtures of metal/nonmetal nitrates with alkyl esters may explode because of the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures of nitrate with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979. p. 108-109]. An explosion of guanidine nitrate demolished an autoclave built to withstand 50 atmospheres, in which it was being made from ammonium thiocyanate and lead nitrate [C. Angew. Chem. 49:23. 1936].

Ignites or explodes when in presence of organic or easily oxidizable cmpd.

Many metal oxo-compounds (nitrates, oxides, and particularly sulfates) and sulfides are reduced violently or explosively (ie undergo "thermite" reaction) on heating an intimate mixture with aluminium powder to a suitably high temperature. Contact of massive aluminium with molten salts may give explosions. /Metal oxo-cmpd/

Contact with red hot carbon causes an explosion with showers of sparks. If lead nitrate is used ... as the source of divalent lead, the crude dicyclopentadienyllead may explode violently during purification by high-vacuum sublimation at 100-130 °C. A heated mixture of /lead nitrate/ and /potassium acetate/ exploded violently.

Reacts violently with ammonium thiocyanate; carbon; lead hypophosphite.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lead mimics other biologically important metals, such as zinc, calcium, and iron, competing as cofactors for many of their respective enzymatic reactions. For example, lead has been shown to competitively inhibit calcium's binding of calmodulin, interferring with neurotransmitter release. It exhibits similar competitive inhibition at the NMDA receptor and protein kinase C, which impairs brain microvascular formation and function, as well as alters the blood-brain barrier. Lead also affects the nervous system by impairing regulation of dopamine synthesis and blocking evoked release of acetylcholine. However, it's main mechanism of action occurs by inhibiting delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, an enzyme vital in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a necesssary cofactor of hemoglobin. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, T4, A20, A22, L136)

No evaluation could be made of the carcinogenicity of ... lead nitrate.

Lead, lead compounds: Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Lead, elemental, and inorganic compounds, as Pb/ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). (L135)

Lead is a neurotoxin and has been known to cause brain damage and reduced cognitive capacity, especially in children. Lead exposure can result in nephropathy, as well as blood disorders such as high blood pressure and anemia. Lead also exhibits reproductive toxicity and can results in miscarriages and reduced sperm production. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L21)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L136) ; inhalation (L136); dermal (L136)

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Symptions of chronic lead poisoning include reduced cognitive abilities, nausea, abdominal pain, irritability, insomnia, metal taste in the mouth, excess lethargy or hyperactivity, chest pain, headache and, in extreme cases, seizures, comas, and death. There are also associated gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, poor appetite, weight loss, which are common in acute poisoning. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137, A2, L21)

Neurotoxin - Predominantly motor

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

Tolerable intake of lead for preschool children should be less than the 3 mg/wk recommended provisionally for adults. ... /Inorganic lead/

0.007 mg/kg (WHO) /Lead; from table/

LD50: 93 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 74 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat iv 93 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 74 mg/kg

Lead poisoning is usually treated with chelation therapy using DMSA, EDTA, or dimercaprol. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613, L21)

... Melatonin (MLT) (10 or 50 mg/kg) was orally administered to ICR mice daily for 28 days, and Pb was also administered at 35 mg/kg in the same way 2 hr after the administration of MLT, and the normal mice were given vehicle. Within the Pb plus MLT-treated group, the body weight gains and the relative thymus weights were significantly increased when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The relative spleen and liver weights were increased by the treatment of Pb alone, and then restored to normal value by MLT treatment. Hemagglutination (HA) titer, plaque-forming cell response to sheep red blood cell (SRBC), and secondary IgG antibody response to BSA were significantly enhanced in the Pb plus MLT-treated mice, as opposed to when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The mitogenic response of splenic T cell to concanavalin A and that of B cells to lipopolysaccharide was remarkably increased by MLT treatment when compared with treatment of Pb alone. Splenic CD4(+)cells were significantly increased by MLT treatment when compared with treatment of Pb alone. In case of CD8(+) cells, the slight enhancement was observed in MLT treatment. Splenic T and B cells were significantly increased by MLT treatment when compared with the treatment of Pb alone. The natural killer cell, phagocytic activity and the number of peripheral leukocytes were significantly enhanced in Pb plus MLT-treated mice when compared with the treatment of Pb alone.

The development toxicity of lead nitrate (25 mg/kg, SC), methylmercury chloride (12.5 mg/kg, PO), and sodium arsenite (6 mg/kg, SC) was assessed in CD1 mice following administration on gestation day 10 of these chemicals separately or in their binary and ternary combinations. Cesarean sections were performed on day 18 of gestation, and fetuses were examined for malformations and variations. Three fetuses from each dam were used for whole-body analyses of Pb, Hg, and As. Maternal toxic effects were more remarkable in the group concurrently exposed to Pb, Hg, and As than in those given binary combinations of the elements. In turn, maternal toxicity was more notable in these groups than in those given separately the test compounds. With regard to developmental toxicity, the most relevant effects (decreased fetal weight, cleft palate) corresponded to the Hg-treated groups. It is in agreement with the finding that in all experimental groups the levels of Pb and As in whole fetuses were under their respective detection limits. In general terms, the present data suggests that at the current doses, the interactive effects of Pb and As on Hg-induced developmental toxicity were not greater than additive. In contrast, exposure of pregnant mice to Pb and As at doses that were practically nontoxic to dams, concurrently with organic Hg at a toxic dose, caused supra-additive interactions in maternal toxicity.

Oral exposure to lead nitrate increased the incidence of N-nitrosodimethylamine-induced renal tumors in male rats

Lead nitrate pretreatment antagonized toxicity of carbon tetrachloride in rats.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary. Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Nitrates, nitrites, and related compounds/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Lead and related compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... A child with extremely high lead blood level of 20.4 umol/L (422.7 ug/dL) ... was treated with chelation and ... significant organ dysfunction did not develop. Documented significant high level above 3.37 umol/L (corresponding to 70 ug/dL) in this patient persisted for approximately 24 hr. Adequate, single or combined chelatation therapy in early phase of acute lead poisoning is essential for the further patient's outcome.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... The aim ... was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead by using lymphocytes from human peripheral blood in vitro. The LC50 for lead nitrate as determined by Trypan blue dye exclusion technique was ... 3.14 mM. Chromosomal aberration frequency at sublethal doses (1/10 of LC50) as determined by examining the metaphase chromosomes (karyotyping) did not show significant aberrations except for some aneuploidy and about 2-4% gaps, breaks (3-4%), and about 5% satellite associations. However, significant DNA damage was determined by SCGE (Comet assay). The comet tail length proportionately increased with increasing lead nitrate concentration.

/GENOTOXICITY/ The induction of DNA damage in mammalian cells by lead acetate and lead nitrate has been investigated repeatedly, yielding negative or (mostly weakly) positive results for DNA strand breaks; one study did not find 8-OH-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) in nuclear DNA, and one suggested the induction of DNA- protein crosslinks. Besides genotoxic effects, there is growing evidence for altered gene expression resulting from low-level exposure to lead ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Groups of seven male Wistar rats /were given/ a single dose of lead nitrate (100 umol/kg bw) by iv injection and /were/ sacrificed ... 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 days later. The treatment caused a marked enlargement of the liver, which reached a max of 71% at the third day after treatment. This effect was accompanied by an increase in total hepatic protein and DNA content, with a max at 3 and 4 days, respectively. An increase in DNA synthesis, as monitored by the incorporation of [3H]labelled thymidine, was observed at 24 hr, reaching a max at 36 h after administration of lead nitrate, with a 30-fold higher level than in control rats. DNA synthesis returned to normal within 3 days. The lead-induced stimulation of liver-cell proliferation was reflected in a significant increase in the number of parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells entering mitosis, with a peak at 48 hr. No histologically detectable liver-cell necrosis was seen, which suggested that the cell proliferation induced by lead is not due to a regenerative response. The stimulatory effect of lead on liver growth was reversible; during return to normal size, cell death, morphologically similar to apoptosis, was observed in histological sections of liver from animals sacrificed 4-7 days after treatment.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... In male Wistar rats, a single iv injection of lead nitrate (100 umol/kg bw) caused liver enlargement associated with hepatic cell proliferation. The subsequent involution of the liver hyperplasia was studied by histological exam of liver sections prepared during regression of the liver. There was no sign of massive lytic cell necrosis, and no change in serum concn of glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Apoptotic bodies were observed in the involuting liver by microscopy and ultrastructural examination. A marked increase in the number of apoptotic bodies was noted 5 days after administration of lead, when the liver was already regressing, while very few were observed in control animals or in rats 2 days after lead injection, when the mitotic index reached its max, or at 15 days, when the liver had returned to normal.

LC50; Species: Anas platyrynchos (Mallard duck) young; Concentration: > 500 mg/L for < 100 days /from table/

LC50; Species: Anas platyrynchos (Mallard duck) adult; Concentration: > 50 mg/L for < 100 days /from table/

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), males or females, 14 days old; oral (5-day ad libitum in diet) > 5,000 ppm; no overt signs of toxicity to 5,000 ppm; control references were dieldrin & dicrotophos; corn oil diluent was added to diet at ratio of 2:98 by wt; (extreme concentrations: 1,000-5,000 ppm) /Reagent grade, 100% AI/

EC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water flea, age <24 hr); Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 25 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 97 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen > or =70%); Concentration: 269 ug/L for 7 days; Effect: reduced growth, reduced number of young per female /total lead ion/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (64 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ One-day-old herring gulls (Larus argentatus) were injected intraperitoneally with lead nitrate solution (0.1 or 0.2 mg Pb/g) or sterile saline to examine differences in growth rates. ... By d 8 there were significant differences in growth rates as a function of treatment. There were also, by d 8, significant differences in bill length, tarsus length, and wing bone length. Except for bill length, these differences persisted for the duration of the study. Developmental curves varied, with lead-treated birds reaching the same asymptote as control birds for bill length, but having a lower asymptote for tarsus length. For curves where asymptotes were reached, lead-treated birds required more days to reach it than control birds. The initial amount of food eaten each day was positively correlated with weight gain for control birds, but negatively correlated for lead-treated birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... Young herring gulls, Larus argentatus, were used to examine the effect of timing of lead exposure on individual recognition behavior and development. Each of 60 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to a control group or to one of three treatment groups that received a single dose of lead nitrate solution (100 mg/kg) at Day 2 or 6 of age or the same total dose divided in thirds on Day 2, 4, and 6. Matched controls were injected with isotonic saline on the same schedules. Variations in individual recognition of human attendants were largely explained by age and status (lead versus control), and some variation was explained by day of injection (exposure regime). Using a feeding paradigm, the percentage responding to their caretaker compared to another person was higher (70% versus 38%), and occurred earlier in controls compared to lead-injected birds. Lead-injected birds required longer to respond initially, took longer to choose, moved less distance per time, and took longer to eventually reach the food. ... Among lead-injected birds there was a disjunction of effect related to dosing schedule: birds injected on Day 6 chose more correctly but were slower to respond ...

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... The effects of temporal differences in lead exposure on early development in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) /were examined/. Each of 72 1-day-old herring gull chicks was randomly assigned to one of six treatment groups to receive a lead nitrate concentration of 100 ug/g at age 2 or at age 6, a similar cumulative dose evenly divided on days 2, 4, and 6, or matched-volume saline injections on the same days. Behavioral tests were performed (some at 2- and others at 5-day intervals) to examine locomotion, balance, righting response, thermoregulation, and visual cliff. Most variation in weight was explained by testing age, although treatment affected weight gain for the lead-6 gulls, particularly after 20 days. Although treatment influenced balance and locomotion, the effect was small. The lead-6 birds were unable to remain on an incline as long as the lead-2, lead-246, and control birds. The overall score for balance improved with age for controls, showed little change for the lead-2 and lead-2-4-6 gulls, but showed a decrease in performance for the lead-6 birds. On the thermoregulation test, the lead-6 birds performed less well under both low- and high-temperature test conditions. Although the lead-2-4-6 birds had a lower score on the visual cliff tests than the other groups, the lead-6 gulls showed a significant delay in response and gave significantly fewer calls then the other groups

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... /BIRDS and MAMMALS/ ... One randomly chosen member of each of 8 pairs of young /Sterna hirundo/ common tern chicks was injected with lead nitrate solution at a concentration of 0.2 mg/g. The pairs were not siblings but were matched for age (+/- 1 d) and weight (+/- 3 g). The second member of each pair was injected with an equal volume of sterile saline. Behavioral tests performed examined locomotion, balance and righting response, feeding tasks and begging, depth perception and response on a visual cliff, and behavioral thermoregulation. In each pair the control chick was heavier at 4 wk of age. For most behavioral measures, except begging and movement on a stationary incline, the lead-injected chicks performed less well than the control chicks. When presented with a novel feeding situation (reversal of fish position), the lead-injected chicks required significantly more time to eat the same number of fish. The single injection of lead thus affected a variety of behavioral patterns, with effects apparent within 5 d after injection.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (88 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in marine organisms and terrestrial organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment because it is persistent.

Much of an oral dose of (203)Pb lead nitrate was poorly absorbed and thus ... excreted fairly rapidly from the lactating cow. In 6 days, 95% ... excreted in ... feces, 0.2% in ... urine, and 0.02% in the milk. The biological half lives were 18 hr for the unabsorbed and 72 hr for ... absorbed (203)Pb.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 11,440 workers (4,246 of these were female) were potentially exposed to lead nitrate in the US(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of workers reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use for lead nitrate is 100 to 999 persons; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D008, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Lead/

/GUIDE 141: OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some may burn rapidly. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.

/GUIDE 141: OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Health: Toxic by ingestion. Inhalation of dust is toxic. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 141: OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 141: OXIDIZERS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for LEAD NITRATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1469; Lead nitrate

IMO 5.1; Lead nitrate

49 187 26; Lead nitrate

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Oxidizer Poison

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: T, N; R: 61-20/22-33-62-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: A, E

UN Hazard Class: 5.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II