Cadmium Chloride

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340 (100%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (53.7%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360FD (46.7%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (100%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 272 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P273, P280, P318, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: Some heavy metals are VERY TOXIC POISONS, especially if their salts are very soluble in water (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury, bismuth, osmium, and arsenic). IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. Also locate Ipecac syrup or a glass of salt water in case the medical advisor recommends inducing vomiting. Usually, this is NOT RECOMMENDED outside of a physician's care. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material is involved in a fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.

Environmental considerations: Water Spill: neutralize with agricultural lime, crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. Add ferric chloride. Adjust pH to neutral (pH= 7).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

An eye wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area where cadmium chloride is being used. /Cadmium chloride dust/

If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. ... Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Notify local health and wildlife officials; notify operators of nearby water intakes.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.0030 [mg/m3]

0.91 [mg/m3]

5.5 [mg/m3]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cd, see 29 CFR 1910.1027

9.0 [mg/m3], as Cd

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cadmium in urine; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 5 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Cadmium and inorganic compounds/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(respirable fraction): 0.002 mg/m

(inhalable fraction): 0.001 mg/m

(as Cd, inhalable fraction): skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Acute Inhalation: 0.00003 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00001 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.0005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.0001 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance is severely irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. Inhalation of the aerosol may cause lung oedema. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys and lungs. This may result in kidney impairment and tissue lesions. This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Safety glasses, rubber gloves, and respirator with proper filter. (USCG, 1999)

WEAR RESPIRATOR WHEN SPRAYING /SOLUTIONS OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE/.

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use closed system or ventilation.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water. It is noncombustible. The primary hazard of this material is that it poses a threat to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Cadmium chloride is used in photography, in fabric printing, in chemical analysis, and in many other uses.

Hygroscopic solid; [Merck Index] White odorless powder; [MSDSonline]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS.

Rhombohedral crystals

Small, white crystals

Hexagonal, colorless crystals

Odorless

1760 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

964 °C @760 [mm Hg]

1054 °F (NTP, 1992)

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in acetone; practically insoluble in ether.

Slightly soluble in ethanol

In water, 120 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Solubility in water: good

4.05 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.08 g/cu cm

Density: 4.05 (CdCl2); 3.327 (CdCl2.2.5H2O)

Efflorescent granules or rhombohedral leaflet; density, 3.33; freely soluble in water /Cadmium chloride hemipentahydrate/

Colorless crystals, density 3.33 g/mL /Cadmium chloride pentahydrate/

4.1 g/cm³

4.05 @25 °C

10 mmHg at 1213 °F ; 0 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

VP: 1 Pa at 412 °C (sublimes); 10 Pa at 471 °C (sublimes); 100 Pa at 541 °C (sublimes); 1 kPa at 634 °C; 10 kPa at 768 °C; 100 kPa at 959 °C

10 mm Hg at 656 °C

10 [mm Hg] @656 °C

log Kow = 0.21

Stable during transport.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /cadmium and hydrogen chloride/.

124.3 kJ/mol at 964 °C

Hygroscopic

Magnetic susceptibility of cadmium chloride is -68.7X10-6 cu cm/mol at ordinary temperature

pH: 3.5-5.0 as a 5% solution /Cadmium chloride, 2.5 hydrate, crystal/

Heat of fusion: 48.58 kJ/mol at 568 °C

For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

dielectric constant

pseudobinary system

crystal structure

enthalpy

Water soluble.

Salts, Acidic

Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks cadmium chloride [Mellor 2 Supp. 1:164, 165 1956].

Bromide trifluoride rapidly attacks ... cadmium chloride ...

Reacts violently with bromine trifluoride and potassium.

A mixture of potassium & ... /Cadmium Chloride/ produces a strong explosion on impact.

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. (L8, A18, A19, A28)

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited.

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/

For more Evidence for Carcinogenicity (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to cadmium fumes can cause chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Cadmium also accumulates in the kidneys, causing permanent damage. Loss of bone density also occurs. (L6)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

Cough. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting.

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. (L6)

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL): There are no adequate data from which to calculate the 24-hr SNARL. ... /The/ 7-day SNARL is based on data ... /obtained from feeding/ cadmium chloride to rats in their diets in conc of 1 to 30 ppm for 3 mo without effect. Assuming that the rats consumed 20 g/day of food & that their avg wt was 250 g, their exposure is calculated ... /to be/ 2.4 mg/kg. For a 70-kg human consuming 2 l/day, using a safety factor of 1000 & assuming that 100% of exposure is from water during this period, the 7-day SNARL is calculated ... /to be/ 0.08 mg/l.

LC90 (dogs) = 420 mg/m3/30min

LD50: 88 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 1800 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 3200 ug/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 3500 ug/kg Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 88 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 1800 ug/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 60 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 9300 ug/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium poisoning is treated by removal from exposure and supportive care. If ingested, induced vomiting or gastric lavage may be performed. (L139)

THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF A NUMBER OF CHELATING AGENTS WHEN ACTING AS ANTAGONISTS FOR ORAL CADMIUM CHLORIDE INTOXICATION IN MICE WAS STUDIED. THE CMPD WERE ADMINISTERED ORALLY AFTER THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE AT 1 MMOL/KG. BY FAR THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN BOTH ENHANCING SURVIVAL AND LEAVING MINIMAL RESIDUAL LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE LIVER AND THE KIDNEY, WAS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID. SEVERAL POLYAMINOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALSO ENHANCED SURVIVAL. THE MOST EFFECTIVE OF THESE IN REDUCING LIVER AND KIDNEY LEVELS OF CADMIUM WERE DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETIC ACID, TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID, AND TRIETHYLENETETRAMINEHEXAACETIC ACID. D-PENICILLAMINE PROMOTED SURVIVAL BUT ALSO LED TO KIDNEY CADMIUM LEVELS HIGHER THAN THOSE FOUND IN THE CONTROLS. SODIUM 2, 3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANE-1-SULFONATE WAS AS EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING SURVIVAL AS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID BUT LEFT LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE KIDNEY AND LIVER THAT WERE APPROXIMATELY 4 TIMES GREATER THAN THOSE FOUND WITH MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID.

Quinamic acid, bis-(3-carboxy-5-N-dicarboxymethyl-aminomethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl-8)-5,8 -dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is a new chelating agent. Quinamic acid iv 500 mg/kg markedly reduced the mortality of acute ip poisoning of zinc sulfate, nickel chloride, cadmium chloride and uranyl nitrate in mice (p < 0.01). ... Within two weeks, treated rats showed less toxic reactions and renal /damage/ than the control rats. The activity of urinary catalase in treated rats was significatly lower than in controls.

the seeds of Cicer arietinum (L.) cv. Uday were inoculated with specific Rhizobium grown in sandy loam soil and were allowed to grow for 15 days. At this stage, the seedlings were supplied with 0, 50, 100 or 150 uM of cadmium in the form of cadmium chloride and sprayed with 0.01 uM of 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) at 30-day stage. The data indicated that plant fresh and dry mass, number of nodules, their fresh and dry mass, leghemoglobin content, nitrogen and carbohydrate content in the nodules, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities decreased proportionately with the increasing concentrations of cadmium but the content of proline and the activities of catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased. The ill effect, generated by cadmium, was overcome if the stressed plants were sprayed with HBL. The cadmium toxicity can be overcome by the foliar application of 28-homobrassinolide.

Several observations, both in humans and laboratory animals, have suggested that proanthocyanidins exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological, therapeutic and chemoprotective properties. Specifically, some of our earlier studies have shown that IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE, commercially known as ActiVin) provides excellent concentration- and dose-dependent protection against toxicities induced by diverse agents, such as acetaminophen, hydrogen peroxide, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), smokeless-tobacco extract, idarubicin and 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphamide in both in vitro and in vivo models. In some models, GSPE proved to be a better cytoprotectant than vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. The purpose of this investigation was three fold: (i) to indirectly assess the bioavailability of GSPE in multiple target organs, (ii) quantify GSPE's capacity to avert cadmium chloride (CdCl2)-induced nephrotoxicity, dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced splenotoxicity and O-ethyl-S,S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate (MOCAP)-induced neurotoxicity, and lastly (iii) to evaluate possible mechanisms of protection in mice. In order to determine all these, three separate experiments were designed and each experiment consisted of four groups, such as vehicle control, GSPE alone, toxicant alone and GSPE + toxicant. GSPE was administered orally (100 mg/kg) for 7-8 days prior to the toxicant exposure. Parameters of the analyses included evaluation of serum chemistry changes (ALT, BUN and CK), histopathology and integrity of genomic DNA, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Results indicate that GSPE preexposure prior to cadmium chloride and DMN provided near complete protection in terms of serum chemistry changes (ALT, BUN and CK) and inhibition of both forms of cell death. e.g., apoptosis and necrosis. DNA damage, a common denominator usually associated with both apoptosis and necrosis was significantly reduced by GSPE treatment. Histopathological examination of organs correlated strongly with the changes in serum chemistry and the DNA modification data. Surprisingly, MOCAP exposure showed symptoms of neurotoxicity coupled with serum chemistry changes in the absence of any significant genomic DNA damage or brain pathology. Although, GSPE appeared to partially protect the neural tissue, it powerfully antagonized MOCAP-induced mortality. Taken together, this study suggests that in vivo GSPE-preexposure may protect multiple target organs from a variety of toxic assaults induced by diverse chemical entities.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Exptl Therapy: Quinamic acid, bis-(3-carboxy-5-N-dicarboxymethyl-aminomethyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinolinyl-8)-5,8-dimethyl-6,7-dihydroxyl-1,2,3,4- -tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, is a new chelating agent. Quinamic acid iv 500 mg/kg markedly reduced the mortality of acute ip poisoning of zinc sulfate, nickel chloride, cadmium chloride and uranyl nitrate in mice (p < 0.01). ... Within two weeks, treated rats showed less toxic reactions and renal /damage/ than the control rats. The activity of urinary catalase in treated rats was significatly lower than in controls.

Exptl Therapy: THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF A NUMBER OF CHELATING AGENTS WHEN ACTING AS ANTAGONISTS FOR ORAL CADMIUM CHLORIDE INTOXICATION IN MICE WAS STUDIED. THE CMPD WERE ADMINISTERED ORALLY AFTER THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF CADMIUM CHLORIDE AT 1 MMOL/KG. BY FAR THE MOST EFFECTIVE IN BOTH ENHANCING SURVIVAL AND LEAVING MINIMAL RESIDUAL LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE LIVER AND THE KIDNEY, WAS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID. SEVERAL POLYAMINOCARBOXYLIC ACIDS ALSO ENHANCED SURVIVAL. THE MOST EFFECTIVE OF THESE IN REDUCING LIVER AND KIDNEY LEVELS OF CADMIUM WERE DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETIC ACID, TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID, AND TRIETHYLENETETRAMINEHEXAACETIC ACID. D-PENICILLAMINE PROMOTED SURVIVAL BUT ALSO LED TO KIDNEY CADMIUM LEVELS HIGHER THAN THOSE FOUND IN THE CONTROLS. SODIUM 2, 3-DIMERCAPTOPROPANE-1-SULFONATE WAS AS EFFECTIVE IN PROMOTING SURVIVAL AS MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID BUT LEFT LEVELS OF CADMIUM IN THE KIDNEY AND LIVER THAT WERE APPROXIMATELY 4 TIMES GREATER THAN THOSE FOUND WITH MESO-2,3-DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID.

EXPTL THERAPY: The potential use of oral diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA) therapy for decreasing absorption and retention of cadmium while it is still in the gastrointestinal tract was studied. Two groups of albino rats were used: Suckling rats (6 day old, body weight 11 g, n= 11-12) and six wk-old females (about 130 g body weight, n= 6-11). Suckling rats received 7 uCi/rat of (115)Cd in 0.3 ml cow's milk over 8 hr, and older rats received 80 uCi/rat in 1 ml by stomach tube. Sucklings received Zn-DTPA (21 mg/rat/day) orally during the first and second day, and older rats received the same dose/body wt immediately after Cd administration and 24 hr later. Controls were given distilled water. After 6 days, whole body retention of Cd was much greater in sucklings (75.5% of administered dose) than in older rats (0.95% of administered dose) and 90% was in the gut. Administration of Zn-DTPA reduced whole body Cd retention in sucklings about 7 times to 11.6% of the administered dose and in older rats about 4 times to 0.25% of the administered dose. Relative to untreated controls, Zn-DTPA reduced Cd retention in suckling's gut, liver, and kidney, 9, 3, and 2 times, respectively. Cd in the gut, liver, and kidney of 6 wk old rats treated with Zn-DTPA was about 5 times lower than the controls.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... in relation specifically to cancer hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ THE DEPOSITION OF CADMIUM IN THE OLFACTORY BULBS MAY BE RELATED TO THE ANOSMIA REPORTED IN WORKERS EXPOSED TO THIS METAL.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The ingestion of cadmium chloride has been reported to produce an elevation in serum hemoglobin concentration, increased hematocrit and altered coagulation function.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 17-year-old woman was admitted to hospital with facial swelling and vomiting. She was too ill to provide any history. She had facial, pharyngeal and neck swelling and was hypotensive. Subsequent gastric washout (roughly three hours after ingestion) produced a white crystalline material confirmed to be cadmium chloride. She suffered a respiratory arrest, becoming hypothermic (temperature 30 °C), hemoconcentrated (hemoglobin 222 g/L, packed cell volume 0.52), glucose intolerant (glucose 55.8 mmol/L) and acidotic (pH 6.9) without ketones. Results of coagulation studies were: prothrombin time 60 sec (control 13 sec) and partial thromboplastin time 180 sec (control 39 sec). Over 24 hours she developed pulmonary and generalized edema and oliguria. Full supportive measures including chelation treatment, charcoal hemoperfusion and positive end expiratory pressure ventilation were unsuccessful, and she died 30 hours after admission. Necropsy showed pulmonary edema, pleural effusion and ascites. There was hemorrhagic necrosis of the stomach, duodenum and jejunum, focal hepatic necrosis and slight pancreatic hemorrhage. The kidneys appeared normal. At autopsy the following cadmium concentrations were measured: blood 23 mg/L, urine 17 mg/L, liver 0.4 ug/kg wet tissue, lung, 0.2 ug/kg. The patient had ingested a massive dose of 150 g of cadmium chloride ... .

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) 14 days old, oral 2584 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 2165-3083 ppm)

LC50; Species: Coturnix japonica (Japanese quail) 14 days posthatch, oral, ad libitum (chemical incorporated into the food) 2400 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 1807-3294 ppm)

LC50; Species: Phasianus colchicus (Ring-necked Pheasant) 10 days old, oral 767 ppm for 5 days (95% confidence limit: 651-898 ppm)

LC50; Species: Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard duck) 10 days old, oral >5000 ppm (no mortality to 1580 ppm, 8% at 5000 ppm)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (136 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Mechanism of testicular toxicity induced by dietary cadmium (Cd) has been less investigated than that following acute Cd injection. In the present study ... testicular injury in a small rodent, the bank vole, exposed subchronically to dietary Cd in a quantity of 0.9 mol/g /was characterized/, and ... the importance of some factors (Cd accumulation, metallothionein (MT), oxidative stress, and zinc (Zn)) /was determined/ in the injury. Dietary Cd induced moderate histopathological changes (hemorrhage in interstitium, necrosis and apoptosis in seminiferous tubule epithelium) in young (1 month old) bank voles fed, for 6 weeks, Fe-adequate (1.1-1.4 mol/g) and Fe-enriched (4.5-4.8 mol/g) diets. In contrast, adult (5 months old) bank voles appeared to be resistant to the toxic effects of dietary Cd, despite the fact that testicular Cd contents were higher and MT levels lower than those in the young animals. The Cd-induced histopathological changes and apoptosis were accompanied by increased testicular lipid peroxidation, decreased testicular Zn concentration and elevated levels of hepatic and renal MT and Zn. Supplemental dietary Zn (1.7-1.8 mol/g) prevented the Cd-induced testicular Zn depletion and injury. The data indicate that dietary Cd produces testicular lesions indirectly, through decreasing testicular Zn, which seems to be due to the sequestration of this element by the Cd-induced hepatic and renal MT.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Pairs of adult black ducks (Anas rubripes) were fed a diet containing 0, 4 or 40 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride. One-week-old ducklings that had been fed the same dietary concentrations of cadmium as had their parents were tested for avoidance of a fright stimulus. Ducklings fed 4 ppm cadmium ran significantly farther from the stimulus than did controls or ducklings fed 40 ppm cadmium. Such an alteration in behavior could have harmful effects on wild birds.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The effects of in vitro exposure of beluga whale splenocytes and thymocytes to different concentrations of mercury chloride (HgCl2), cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and lead chloride (PbCl2) were evaluated. The cells were cultured for 66 hr with either concanavalin A (Con-A), phytohemagglutinin-P, or without mitogen, after which percentage of cell death and proliferation were evaluated. Increased percentage of cell death was observed in Con-A-stimulated thymocytes cultured with HgCl2, while the viability of splenocytes was not affected by exposure to metals. Decreased splenocyte and thymocyte proliferation was observed with the highest concentration of HgCl2 and CdCl2 (10-5 M), while lower concentrations of these metals (10-6 and 10-7 M) as well as all the different concentrations of PbCl2 (10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 M) did not significantly influence cell proliferation. Concentrations of metals that were found to affect the proliferation of beluga lymphocytes are similar to those found in the liver of beluga whales from wild populations.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and Peppered cory (Corydoras paleatus) were evaluated as target species to perform genotoxicity tests for heavy metals. Fishes were exposed to different doses of cadmium (0.005-0.1 mg/L) and copper (0.01-0.25 mg/L) for 21 days. Hexavalent chromium at a single dose of 5 mg/L was used as a positive control. Frequencies of micronuclei and binuclei were evaluated comparatively in peripheral blood erythrocytes, gill epithelial cells and liver cells. As a result it was observed that, fish species and their tissues showed differential sensitivity to the heavy metal treatment. In general, frequencies of micronucleated and binucleated cells significantly increased following the exposure for 21 days to copper, cadmium and chromium. On the other hand, gill and liver cells showed higher frequencies of micronuclei and binuclei than erythrocytes. Our results indicated the formation of micronuclei and binuclei in fish cells caused by their exposure to cadmium, copper and chromium, thus verifying results obtained earlier on mammals, which indicated that these heavy metals have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. The suitability of the micronucleus assay in native fish species for the screening of aquatic genotoxicants is highlighted and the importance of target tissue selection in the piscine micronucleus test is emphasized.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

... cadmium chloride ... may appear in surface waters as result of run-off from industrial processes. ... in principle ... cadmium chloride, used as stabilizer and pigment in plastics could enter environment, a process particularly facilitated by incineration. Thus, disposal of plastics could contribute to pollution by cadmium.

AQUATIC FATE: In seawater, the most important species are predicted to be CdCl2, CdCl+, CdCl3-, Cd++, and Cd(OH)2(1,2).

IN LACTATING COWS FED 3 G CADMIUM AS CADMIUM CHLORIDE DAILY, CADMIUM ACCUMULATED IN THE MAMMARY GLAND, AND MILK PRODUCTION WAS DECREASED DRASTICALLY, BUT CADMIUM WAS NOT INCORPORATED INTO MILK PROTEINS AND COULD BE FOUND ONLY IN TRACE AMOUNTS, LESS THAN 0.1 PPM, IN THE MILK.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Cadmium compound/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CADMIUM CHLORIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2570; Cadmium compounds

IMO 6.1; Cadmium compounds

49 625 05; Cadmium chloride

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Severe marine pollutant.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-46-60-61-25-26-48/23/25-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III