cadmium sulfate

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340: May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 **: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P304+P340, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H340 (91.3%): May cause genetic defects [Danger Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (100%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (100%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372 (91.3%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 46 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P319, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

P203, P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink.

INHALATION: remove victim from exposure and consult a physician.

INGESTION: induce vomiting, then allay irritation with milk or egg whites given at frequent intervals; perform gastric lavage; seek medical attention.

EYES: flush with water for at least 10 min.; consult a physician.

SKIN: wash with soap and water. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cadmium compounds, NOS/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Peer-review: Soluble cadmium cmpd are converted to insoluble form, the sludge filtered, and deposited in a suitable landfill. Incineration of cadmium cmpd is not recommended because of the high sublimability of the oxide. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Storage temperature: ambient; venting: open.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cd in urine = 5 ug/g creatinine; Cd in blood = 5 ug/L; sampling time not critical; Monitoring in blood should be preferred during the initial year of exposure and whenever changes in the degree of exposure are suspected. [ACGIH]

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

0.84 [mg/m3]

9.2 [mg/m3]

55 [mg/m3]

0.91 [mg/m3]

10 [mg/m3]

60 [mg/m3]

0.005 [mg/m3], as Cd, see 29 CFR 1910.1027

9.0 [mg/m3], as Cd

0.01 [mg/m3], as Cd ( 0.002 mg/m3, as Cd, respirable fraction)

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m (respirable fraction) /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: Cadmium in urine; Sampling Time: not critical; BEI: 5 ug/g creatinine. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. /Cadmium and inorganic compounds/

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(respirable fraction): 0.002 mg/m

inhalable 0.001 mg/m

(as Cd, inhalable fraction): skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 1; germ cell mutagen group: 3A.

Acute Inhalation: 0.00003 mg/m3 (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.00001 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.0005 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.0001 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the kidneys and bones. This may result in kidney impairment and osteoporosis (bone weakness). This substance is carcinogenic to humans.

Bu. Mines approved respirator; rubber gloves; safety goggles (USCG, 1999)

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Cadmium sulfate is an odorless white solid. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

Wet Solid

Colorless solid; [Hawley] White solid; [ICSC] White crystalline solid, hygroscopic and soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

WHITE CRYSTALS.

Colorless orthorhombic crystals

Rhombic, white crystals or prisms

Odorless

Insoluble in ethanol

Very slightly soluble in methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate

In water, 76.7 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 75.5 (freely soluble)

4.7 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

4.69 g/cu cm

Density: 4.69 (CdSO4); 3.09 (3CdSO4.8H2O);3.05 (CdSO4.4H2O)

Odorless, monoclinic crystals. Density: 3.08. On heating loses water above 40 °C, forming monohydrate by 80 °C, does not become anhydrous on further heating. Freely soluble in water. Almost insoluble in ethanol, acetone, ammonia, ethyl acetate. /Hydrate/

COLORLESS MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS; DENSITY 2.48; TRANSITIONAL MP 4 °C /HEPTAHYDRATE/

4.7 g/cm³

4.691 @25 °C

3.79 @ 20°C

When heated to decomp, emits very toxic fumes of /cadmium and sulfur oxides/.

INDEX OF REFRACTION 1.565

Enthalpy of fusion: 28 kJ/mol

Monoclinic crystals; mp 105 °C; density: 3.79 g/cu cm; solubility: 76.7 g/100 g water at 25 °C /Hydrate/

Colorless monoclinic crystals; mp 40 °C; density 3.08; solubility: 76.7 g/100 cc water at 25 °C /Octahydrate/

Magnetic susceptibility of cadmium sulfate is -49.7X10-6 cu cm/mol at /ambient/ temperature

pH of a 5% solution at 25 °C: 3.5-5.0. /Cadmium sulfate 8/3 hydrate/ 3CdSO4.8H2O/

Metals -> Cadmium Compounds, Inorganic

Carcinogens

Mutagens

Water soluble.

Salts, Acidic

CADMIUM SULFATE acts as a weakly acidic inorganic salt, which is soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions.

Cadmium initially binds to metallothionein and is transported to the kidney. Toxic effects are observed once the concentration of cadmium exceeds that of available metallothionein, and it has also been shown that the cadmium-metallothionein complex may be damaging. Accumulation of cadmium in the kidney results in increased excretion of vital low and high weight molecular proteins. Cadmium is a high affinity zinc analog and can interfere in its biological processes. It also binds to and activates the estrogen receptor, likely stimulating the growth of certain types of cancer cells and causing other estrogenic effects, such as reproductive dysfunction. Cadmium causes cell apoptosis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases. (L8, A18, A19, A28)

Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium compounds. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cadmium metal. In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration the evidence that ionic cadmium causes genotoxic effects in a variety of types of eukaryotic cells, including human cells. Overall evaluation: Cadmium and cadmium compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Cadmium and cadmium compounds/

CLASSIFICATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: Limited evidence from occupational epidemiologic studies of cadmium is consistent across investigators and study populations. There is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats and mice by inhalation and intramuscular and subcutaneous injection. Seven studies in rats and mice wherein cadmium salts (acetate, sulfate, chloride) were administered orally have shown no evidence of carcinogenic response. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. /Classification based on former EPA guidelines/

A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /Cadmium and compounds, as Cd/

Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds: known to be human carcinogens.

1, carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Chronic exposure to cadmium fumes can cause chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, and lung diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema. Cadmium also accumulates in the kidneys, causing permanent damage. Loss of bone density also occurs. (L6)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L6) ; inhalation (L6) ; dermal (L6)

Redness.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Acute inhalation of cadmium fumes results in metal fume fever, which is characterized by chills, fever, headache, weakness, dryness of the nose and throat, chest pain, and coughing. Ingestion of cadmium causes vomiting and diarrhea. (L6)

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

LD50: 280 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 12 760 ug/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 Rat oral 280 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 88 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 12,760 ug/kg

Cadmium poisoning is treated by removal from exposure and supportive care. If ingested, induced vomiting or gastric lavage may be performed. (L139)

Cd-sulphate and a 38% dimethoate containing insecticide formulation (BI 58 EC) were used as test material in a teratogenicity test in chicken after administration as a single compounds or in combination. The incubated chicken eggs were directly exposed to the applied test materials with injection into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 mL/egg before the starting of incubation. Applied concentration of Cd-sulphate was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide was 0.1%. Evaluation was done on day 19. In test of individual toxicity after injection on day 0 of incubation Cd-sulphate did not cause a significant reduction in body mass of embryos. The rate of embryonic mortality was 26%. After the administration of dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation no decrease occurred in embryonic body mass. The rate of embryonic mortality was 31%. The developmental anomalies observed in the different treatment groups occurred sporadically. The simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 of incubation resulted in expressed embryonic mortality. The rate of embryonic mortality was 93%. In summary, it can be established that the simultaneous administration of Cd-sulphate and the dimethoate containing insecticide formulation on day 0 in studies of chemical interaction exerted an adverse effect on embryonic mortality.

Cadmium is a well-known animal teratogen. Caffeine is an alkaloid widely consumed by humans. Interactions between teratogens and nonteratogenic doses of other agents are becoming widely studied, as they may shed light on understanding mechanisms of teratogenicity or possible prevention of teratogenic effects. C57BL/6JBK mice were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with cadmium sulfate (Cd) at 0, 1.00 (LDCd), 2.50 (MDCd), or 5.00 (HDCd) mg/kg, immediately followed by subcutaneous (sc) administration of 0 or 50 mg/kg caffeine (CAFF) on gestation day (GD) 9. Fetuses were examined on GD 18 for ectrodactyly and other gross morphological malformations. Amelioration of cadmium-induced forelimb ectrodactyly by CAFF was seen in both the high-dose cadmium (HDCd = 65.4%, HDCd+CAFF = 39.2%) and medium-dose cadmium (MDCd = 46.2%, MDCd+ CAFF = 20.8%) treatment groups (P < 0.025). Bilateral expression of ectrodactyly was also decreased in the presence of caffeine. A statistically significant reduction in Cd-induced abnormalities, including: eye, abdominal, and other skeletal defects, was not seen with caffeine addition, although they did trend downward in the caffeine-supplemented groups. Litter size, fetal weight, fetal mortality, and dam weight also were not affected by co-treatment with caffeine.This study provides evidence that a subteratogenic dose of caffeine can ameliorate cadmium-induced forelimb ectrodactyly in the Cd-sensitive C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain.

Zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) exert regulatory activities on immune functions, while cadmium (Cd) is an immunotoxic agent. The object of this study was to detect effects of 1x10-4, 1x10-5, and 1x10-6 M Cd sulphate, Zn sulphate, and sodium selenite, and their combinations on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation and IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Only 1x10-5 M Zn sulphate significantly enhanced spontaneous PBMC proliferation, which was unaffected by the other salts. At 1x10-4 and 1x10-5 M, Cd sulphate exerted a dose-response inhibitory action on phytohemagglutinin- (PHA-) stimulated PBMC proliferation and cytokine release, while 1x10-4 M and 1x10-5 M Zn sulphate and 1x10-5 M sodium selenite induced a stimulatory effect on both proliferation and cytokine release; 1x10-4 M sodium selenite enhanced only the PBMC proliferation; at 1x10-6 M, none of the salts changed the PHA-stimulated immune activity. Moreover, 1x10-4 and 1x10-5 M Zn and 10(-5) M Se strongly upregulated IFN-gamma (a Th1 cytokine) release, even in presence of 10(-5) M Cd, and reduced the inhibitory effects of Cd on PBMC proliferation and TNF-alpha release. This study confirms that Zn and Se both strongly enhance cytokine release induced by mitogenic stimulation, showing also that Zn acts with a broader range of concentrations than Se. This suggests that dietary excess of Se may not have beneficial effects.

Cadmium (Cd) is a well-known nephrotoxicant inducing kidney damage via oxidative stress. Since kidney is the critical target organ of Cd toxicity, this study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) aqueous extracts on Cd-induced renal oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. The control group received double distilled water alone and Cd group was challenged with 3CdSO4 x 8H2O (as Cd) (1.5 mg/100 g bw/day per oral) alone. Extract-treated groups were pre-treated with varied doses (0.5 mL and 1.0 mL/100 g bw/day per oral) of onion and/or garlic extract for 1 week after which they were co-treated with Cd (1.5 mg/100 g bw/day per oral) for 3 weeks. The results showed that the levels of renal lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) were significantly (P < 0.001) increased in rats that received Cd alone relative to the control group. More so, the levels of renal glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in rats that received Cd alone. Treatment of Cd-intoxicated rats with varied doses of onion and/or garlic extract significantly (P < 0.05) restored the alterations in these parameters relative to the group that received Cd alone. While treatment with high dose of onion extract exerted a significant dose-dependent restoration of these parameters, treatment with high dose of garlic elicited a pro-oxidant effect, relative to their respective low dose. Our study suggests that onion and garlic extracts may exert their protective effects via reduction in LPO and enhanced antioxidant defense. These extracts may, therefore, be useful nutritional option in alleviating Cd-induced renal damage.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cadmium and Related Compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ .../described is/ the case of a female denture wearer who was referred ... due to burning of the lips and tongue but with no visible oral lesions. Her biochemical data, complete blood cell count, sedimentation rate, thyroid and sex hormones were normal. Tongue culture was negative. Patch tests, performed with a panel of 20 potential denture allergens, gave positive results (+++) only to a 2% petrolatum cadmium sulfate, which was present in the denture. Removal of the denture led to the clearing up of oral symptoms in 3 days. In light of these findings, carrying out patch tests with the allergens related to denture materials should be considered in these cases.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous heavy metal affecting many cellular functions, but little is known on cellular defense mechanisms. This article describes a study of a Cd-induced gene expression profile. Messenger RNA was prepared from HeLa cells exposed to a non-lethal dose of CdSO4, and analysed by the use of an array consisting of 7075 human cDNAs. Many stress response genes including those coding for metallothioneins and heat shock proteins were observed to be induced by Cd. The cellular metabolism inclined toward the synthesis of cysteine and glutathione after Cd exposure. Anti-oxidant genes also appeared to be induced to protect cell components and to quench reactive oxygen species. Ubiquitin pathway was activated as well probably to degrade proteins which might not be renatured. These data suggest that human cells mobilize every genomic resource to overcome cytotoxicity caused by Cd.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Six chemicals, known to induce lung tumors in rats, were examined for their ability to induce DNA fragmentation in primary cultures of rat and human lung cells, and in the lung of intact rats. Significant dose-dependent increases in the frequency of DNA single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, as measured by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay, were obtained in primary lung cells from male rats with the following, minimally toxic, concentrations of the six test compounds: N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA; 2.5-10 mM), hydrazine (HZ; 0.5-4 mM), cadmium sulfate (CD; 31.2 and 62.5 uM), 4,4'-methylene bis (2-chloroaniline) (MOCA; 31.2-125 uM), isobutyl nitrite (IBN; 7.8-31.2 uM) and tetranitromethane (TNM; 1.9-15.6 uM). Similar degrees of DNA fragmentation were obtained in primary human lung cells; however, due to inter-donor differences, the minimum effective concentrations were in some donors lower and in others higher than in rats, and IBN induced DNA damage only in one of three donors. The DNA-damaging potency of HZ was higher in rats than in humans, and the opposite was true for MOCA. In agreement with these findings, statistically significant increases in the average frequency of DNA breaks were obtained in the lung of rats given a single oral dose (1/2 LD50) of the six test compounds. These findings give evidence that genotoxic lung carcinogens may be identified by use of the DNA fragmentation/Comet assay on rat lung cells as targets cells, and show that the six compounds tested produce in primary cultures of lung cells from human donors DNA-damaging effects substantially similar to those observed in rats.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal of continuing occupational and environmental concern with a wide variety of adverse effects. Several studies have shown that cadmium produces DNA strand breaks, DNA-protein cross-links, oxidative DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, dysregulation of gene expression resulting in enhanced proliferation, depressed apoptosis and/or altered DNA repair. This study was undertaken to investigate the ability of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cadmium sulfate (CdSO4) to induce point mutations in codon 12 of the K-ras protooncogene assessed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphisms (PCR-SSCP) and /restriction fragment length polymorphisms/ RFLP-enriched PCR methods. Also their genotoxic effects were analyzed by the comet assay and sister chromatid exchanges test. The human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 was used for the experiments. Sister chromatid exchanges assay (SCEs) frequencies were significantly increased in cells exposed to cadmium salts in relation to controls (p<0.001). Despite the slow increment observed in the three comet parameters considered when cells were treated with cadmium chloride, significant differences between groups were only found in the variable comet moment (CM) (p<0.005). On the other hand, when cells were exposed to cadmium sulphate, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed highly significant differences between groups for migration, tail moment and comet moment parameters (p<0.001). Nevertheless, a null or weak point mutation induction in K-ras protooncogene was detected using polymerase chain reaction-low ionic strength-single strand conformation polymorphisms (PCR-LIS-SSCP) and RFLP-enriched PCR methods when cells were treated with cadmium salts. Thus, inorganic cadmium produces genotoxicity in human lung fibroblast MRC-5 cells, in the absence of significant point mutation of the K-ras gene.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Studies were conducted /in mice/ to determine the effects of inhalation exposure to particulate and gaseous air pollutants on the resistance to experimental bacterial pneumonia. Changes in resistance to this respiratory infection, expressed as mortality rates and survival time, served as the most sensitive and consistent indicators of damage produced by the exposure. Using these parameters, it was possible to rank the effects of single 3 hour inhalation exposure to the particulate pollutants. Among the particular pollutants included in these studies, cadmium sulfate, cadmium nitrate were most toxic followed in decreasing order of toxicity by copper, aluminum and magnesium sulfate or magnesium nitrate aerosols. The metallic cation appeared to be most important in altering the resistance to infection. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ZINC DEPLETED & ZINC ADEQUATE RATS WERE FED SINGLE DOSES OF (109)CD LABELED SULFATE ON LETTUCE LEAVES. ... ABSORPTION DEPENDED ON SOURCE & RANGED FROM 1.6-4.7% IN ZINC DEPLETED, & 0.9-1.2% IN ZINC ADEQUATE RATS.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /A study was conducted to determine/ whether circadian variations occurred in the tolerance of mice to a single lethal dose of cadmium sulfate. Female mice (400), kept in cages on an 8-20 hour (light/dark) cycle received ip a single cadmium sulfate injection at different doses (2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 mg/kg) of different hours in the day (2.00, 8.00, 14.00, and 20.00 hours). Death number was determined a function of the time of the Cd administration, varying between 3.3-21.7% for 2.5 mg/kg, 16.7-43.3% for 3 mg/kg, 33.3-71.7% for 3.5 mg/kg and 73.3-96.7% for 4 mg/kg. The metal was most toxic at 2000 hours (mean: 58.3%) and the least at 200 hours (mean: 33.7%). ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The 24-96 hr median lethal concn values of cadmium, zinc, and copper sulfates indicated that cadmium sulfate was the least and copper sulfate was the most toxic to Barbus ticto. Cadmium sulfate (0.15 ppm and 0.33 ppm) caused fusion of the gill lamellae.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cadmium sulfate was evaluated for clastogenicity in groups of 10-20 male Long-Evans rats injected intraperitoneally with total dose levels of 0 or 7 mg/kg bw, in three equal increments at 2 day intervals. Blood and bone marrow samples were obtained from each rat at 1 and 30 days after treatment, for determination of chromosomal abnormalities. The treatment did not increase the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow or blood cells, indicating that the test compound was negative for clastogenicity in rats under the conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with a single intraperitoneal injection of 0.3 mg/kg triethylenemelamine produced a significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells collected on day 1; bone marrow cells collected from positive control rats on day 30 and blood cells collected on day 1 or 30 were similar to negative controls in frequency of chromosomal aberrations.

LC50; Species: Cloeon dipterum (mayfly); Concentration: 70,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 10 °C; 28,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 15 °C; 6990 ug/L for 72 hr at 25 °C; 930 ug/L for 72 hr at 30 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Cloeon dipterum (mayfly); Concentration: 70,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 10 °C; 28,600 ug/L for 72 hr at 15 °C; 6990 ug/L for 72 hr at 25 °C; 930 ug/L for 72 hr at 30 °C /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Acanthocyclops viridis (copepod); Concentration: 0.5 ug/L for 72 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Idotea baltica (isopod); Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 5 days (3 g/kg salinity) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

LC50; Species: Idotea baltica (isopod); Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 3 days (21 g/kg salinity) /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (32 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The use of pesticides in field application involves the risk of poisoning wild animals. The reproduction period of pheasant takes place at the same time as the spraying time of pesticides, which justifies, that we evaluate in a point of the ecotoxicologic view the influence of the pesticide on progressive avian embryo. The most frequent technical way is injecting the exam stuffs to the some part of the embryonated eggs under the bird teratological trials. The advantage of this method is that it can be injected in a correct measured dose into the optional part of eggs. The disadvantage of this method is that it can't model properly the influence on the environment. If adverse effect of the embraced chemical substance on the embryo is experienced under the study, it will be necessary to use an immersion treatment. This procedure shows only the possible indirect influence of the pesticide on the embryo but it can suitably model its influence in plant protection practice. Treatment was done on day 12 of incubation. Applied concentration of heavy element (Cd sulphate) was 0.01% and the concentration of pesticide (Dithane M-45) was 0.2%. Evaluation was done on day 19 of incubation. Injection treatment: the simultaneous administration of Cd sulphate and the 80% mancozeb containing fungicide formulation on day 12 of incubation did not result in a significant decrease in the average body weight of embryos compared to neither the control nor the pesticide individually treated group. At the same time the body weight of embryos significantly decreased because of combined administration as compared to the Cd sulphate treated group. The embryo mortality and the incidence of developmental anomalies markedly increased after the simultaneous administration. Immersion treatment: the combined administration of Cd sulphate and the mancozeb containing fungicide formulation on day 12 of incubation did not result in a significant decrease in the average body mass of embryos compared to neither the control nor the individually treated groups. The number of embryo mortality was very high after the simultaneous administration. The incidence of developmental anomalies was sporadic.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The purpose of this study was to determine the size distribution of CdTe in freshwater, bioavailability and potential toxic effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe QD) to the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata. Mussels were exposed to increasing concentrations (0 to 8 mg Cd /per/ L) of CdTe and 0.5 mg/L CdSO4 for 24 hr at 15 degrees C to examine the initial uptake and toxic effects of Cd from CdTe QDs and dissolved CdSO4. After the exposure period, Cd bioaccumulation in the gills, digestive gland and gonad tissues and metallothionein (MT) levels were determined. The results revealed that about 80% of Cd was retained by a 450 nm pore filter (aggregates) and that 14% of the Cd was in the dissolved phase (i.e., eluted through a 1 kDa ultrafiltration membrane) which suggested that uncoated CdTe QDs were not stable in freshwater. In mussels, Cd was accumulated principally by the gills and digestive gland and the bioaccumulation factors of Cd from CdTe were similar to that of dissolved Cd. Indeed, tissue-levels of Cd were below the proportion of dissolved Cd from CdTe which suggests that Cd rather comes from the dissociation of Cd from the ingested QDs than from the internalization of the QDs in mussel tissues. The levels of MT were induced in both the digestive gland and gonad but were readily decreased in the gills by both CdTe and CdSO4. The observed decrease in the metallic form of MT might result from the oxidative stress by CdTe and dissolved Cd. In conclusion, uncoated CdTe QD in freshwater leads to aggregates and a dissolved component of Cd where the latter explained the contribution of the observed accumulation pattern in mussel tissues and effects on MT levels in mussels.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Understanding the effects of chemical toxicants on energetic processes is an important aspect of ecotoxicology. However, the influence of toxicant concentration and time of exposure on metabolism in aquatic organisms is still poorly understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of increasing levels of three stressors (Cu, Cd, percent salinity) and exposure time (24 hr and 96 hr) on the metabolic rate of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). In all 24-hr exposures, there existed a threshold concentration, above which metabolic rate decreased significantly compared to the control and lower concentrations. In contrast, the metabolic rate of fish exposed for 96 hr increased significantly in all concentrations compared to fish from the control. We suggest fathead minnows exhibit a consistent pattern of metabolic response to stressors, regardless of the physiological mechanisms involved, and that this response differs as a function of time of exposure.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The purpose of this study was to examine the toxic effects of cadmium-telluride (CdTe) quantum dots on freshwater mussels. Elliption complanata mussels were exposed to increasing concentrations of CdTe (0, 1.6, 4 and 8 mg/L) and cadmium sulfate (CdSO4, 0.5mg/L) for 24hr at 15 degrees C. After the exposure period, they were removed for assessments of immunocompetence, oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) and genotoxicity (DNA strand breaks). Preliminary experiments revealed that CdTe dissolved in aquarium water tended to aggregate in the particulate phase (85%) while 15% of CdTe was found in the dissolved phase. Immunotoxicity was characterized by a significant decrease in the number of hemocytes capable of ingesting fluorescent beads, and hemocyte viability. The cytotoxic capacity of hemocytes to lyse mammalian K-562 cells was significantly increased, but the number of circulating hemocytes remained unchanged. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased at a threshold concentration of 5.6 mg/L in gills and significantly reduced in digestive glands at a threshold concentration <1.6 mg/L CdTe. The levels of DNA strand breaks were significantly reduced in gills at <1.6 mg/L CdTe. In digestive glands, a transient but marginal increase in DNA strand breaks occurred at the lowest concentration and dropped significantly at the higher concentrations. A multivariate analysis revealed that the various response patterns differed based on the concentration of CdTe, thus permitting the identification of biomarkers associated with the form (colloidal vs. molecular) of cadmium.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in plants. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

... CADMIUM SULFATE CAN ALSO BE FOUND IN ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM THERMAL PROCESSES INVOLVING CADMIUM. ... /IT/ MAY APPEAR IN SURFACE WATERS AS RESULT OF RUN-OFF FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES.

Corbicula fluminea (Asiatic clam) exposed to cadmium sulfate for 28 days exhibited a bioconcentration factor of 1752-3770. /Whole body/

Daphnia magna (cladoceran) exposed to cadmium sulfate for 2-4 days exhibited a bioconcentration factor of 320. /Whole body/

Daphnia magna (cladoceran) exposed to cadmium sulfate for 7 days exhibited a bioconcentration factor of 484. /Whole body/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Peer-review: Soluble cadmium cmpd are converted to insoluble form, the sludge filtered, and deposited in a suitable landfill. Incineration of cadmium cmpd is not recommended because of the high sublimability of the oxide. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D006, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Cadmium/

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Cadmium compound/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Cadmium compound/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CADMIUM SULFATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2570; Cadmium compounds

IMO 6.1; Cadmium compounds

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Severe marine pollutant. Note: E

Symbol: T+, N; R: 45-46-60-61-25-26-48/23/25-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III