Cobalt dinitrate

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360F ***: May damage fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P318, P321, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H272 (54%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

H302 (60.4%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (53.3%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334 (100%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H341 (100%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350 (49.1%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H350i (50.9%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H360 (53%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H360Fd (41.5%): May damage fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (88.4%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H411 (11.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P220, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 568 reports by companies from 24 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H360F: May damage fertility [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P233, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P391, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

INHALATION: move to fresh air; if breathing has stopped, begin artificial respiration and call a doctor.

INGESTION: give large amount of water; induce vomiting; call a doctor.

EYES: flush with water for at least 15 min.

SKIN: flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

SMALL FIRE: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. CO2 or Halon® may provide limited control.

LARGE FIRE: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: For ammonium nitrate products: Do not fight cargo fire. Withdraw, evacuate and isolate area for at least 1600 meters (1 mile). Treat as an explosive (ERG Guide 112). Do not enter area for 24 hours or until expert advice has been provided. Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Isolation and Evacuation: ... If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small fire: Use water. Do not use dry chemicals or foams. /Carbon dioxide/ or Halon may provide limited control.

Large fire: Flood fire area with water from a distance. Do not move cargo or vehicle if cargo has been exposed to heat. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk.

Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Use water spray. ...Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus. Flood discharge area with water.

Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Will increase the intensity of a fire. Poisonous gases may be produced in fire.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. If ammonium nitrate products are in a tank, rail car or truck and involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, initiate evacuation including emergency responders for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Isolation and Evacuation: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Large spill: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 100 meters (330 feet). Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, isolate for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

Small dry spill: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

Small liquid spill: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Cobaltous nitrate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Employers should institute programs that emphasize good personal hygiene to prevent skin and respiratory irritation caused by cobalt containing dusts. After working with cobalt products, workers should thoroughly wash their hands and face before drinking, eating, or smoking. If skin contact with cobalt solutions occurs, the worker should wash the affected skin promptly. The employer should provide showers if workers have substantial contact with cobalt. These workers should be encouraged to wash or shower after each workshift. Employers should prohibit smoking or carrying of tobacco products, and should prohibit eating, food handling, or food storage within the work area. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

General plant maintenance must be conducted regularly to prevent cobalt containing dusts from accumulating in work areas. Cleaning should be performed with vacuum pickup or wet mopping to minimize the amount of dust dispersed into the air. A decontamination room should be available for cleaning equipment that is to receive major overhaul or maintenance. Spills of cobalt-containing material should be promptly cleaned up to minimize inhalation or dermal contact. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

Special precautions are necessary when workers must enter tanks or vessels, such as reaction vessels containing cobalt catalysts or vessels used to prepare cobalt salts. Before any worker enters a vessel, all sources for transferring cobalt and other materials into or out of the vessel must be blanked to prevent their entry. The vessel interior must then be washed with water and purged with air. After purging the vessel's atmosphere with suitable instruments to ensure that no hazards from fire, explosion, oxygen deficiency, or dust inhalation exist. No one should enter a tank or vessel without first being equipped with an appropriate respirator and a secured lifeline or harness. Mechanical ventilation should be provided continuously when workers are inside the tank. At least one other worker similarly equipped with respiratory protection, lifeline, and harness should watch at all times from outside the vessel. Workers inside the tank must be able to communicate with those persons outside. Other workers must be available to assist in an emergency. Flame- or spark-generating operations, such as welding or cutting, should be performed only when an authorized representative of the employer has signed a permit based on a finding that all necessary safety precautions have been taken. /Cobalt and cobalt salts/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 140 [Oxidizers]:

Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not get water inside containers.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL LIQUID SPILL: Use a non-combustible material like vermiculite or sand to soak up the product and place into a container for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from combustible substances. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Separated from combustible and reducing substances. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Cobalt in urine = 15 ug/L; sample at end of shift at end of workweek;

0.19 [mg/m3]

14 [mg/m3]

86 [mg/m3]

0.02 [mg/m3], as Co

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.02 mg/cu m. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co/

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cobalt in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 15 ug/L. Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after after exposure to other chemicals. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, including cobalt oxides but not combined with tungsten carbide/

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: cobalt in urine; Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: None. Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. Biological monitoring should be considered for this compound based on the review; however, a specific BEI could not be determined due to insufficient data. /Cobalt with tungsten carbide/

(as Co, inhalable fraction): 0.02 mg/m

(as Co, inhalable fraction): skin absorption (H); sensitization of respiratory tract and skin (SAH); carcinogen category: 2; germ cell mutagen group: 3A

Chronic Inhalation: 0.0001 mg/m3 (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (L134)

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Ingestion may cause effects on the bone marrow, heart and thyroid. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Bu. Mines approved respirator; rubber gloves; safety goggles; protective clothing (USCG, 1999)

AVOID ALL CONTACT! Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Safety goggles, or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

NO contact with combustible substances or reducing agents.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work. Wash hands before eating.

Cobalt nitrate is an odorless red solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

Dry Powder; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

Pale red solid; [Merck Index] Red crystals, soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

PALE RED POWDER.

Pale red powder

Red crystals

Odorless

131 °F (USCG, 1999)

Decomposes at 100-105 °C

MP: 55-56 °C (loses three H2O at 55 °C); liquid becomes green and decomposes to the oxide above 74 °C; soluble in water 1338 g/L at 0 °C, 2170 g/L at 80 °C); soluble in acetone and most organic solvents; slightly soluble in ammonium hydroxide /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Solubility: 97.929 lb/100 lb water at 70 °F /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Water solubility: >669.6 g/L at 20 °C /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Soluble in water

Solubility in water: soluble

1.54 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.49 g/cu cm

2.49 g/cm³

2.49 @25 °C

Decomposes at 75 °C.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitric oxide/.

Decomposes at 100-105 °C.

100-105 °C

pH 4.0 at 100 g/L at 20 °C

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible

Standard enthalpy of formation: -420.5 kJ/mol

Red deliquescent monoclinic crystals; melting point: approximately 55 °C; red liquid becomes green and decomposes to oxide above 74 °C; density 1.88 g/cu cm; very soluble in water, alcohol, and most organic solvents /Cobalt (II) nitrate hexahydrate/

Mol wt: 291.03; red, monoclinic crystals; density: 1.88 at 25 deg C; MP: 55 °C (loses 3H2O); solubility: 103.8 g/100 cc water at 25 °C; soluble in acetone and ethanol; slightly soluble in ammonia /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Oxidizing agent; deliquescent in moist air; soluble in most organic solvents /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

155 parts by wt (of the formula wt)/100 parts by wt of water at 30 °C /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Odorless /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Heat of solution: 31 BTU/lb= 17 cal/g= 0.71X10+5 J/kg /Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate/

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Water soluble.

Nitrate and Nitrite Compounds, Inorganic

Strong Oxidizing Agent

Mixtures of metal/nonmetal nitrates with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates; mixtures of a nitrate with phosphorus, tin (II) chloride or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick, 1979 p. 108-109].

Explosive reaction with ammonium hexacyanoferrate(II) at 220 °C. Potentially explosive reaction with carbon.

Liquids with this reactive group classification have been known to react with /cellulose-based absorbents and expanded polymeric absorbents/.

In contact with easily oxidizable substances it may react rapidly enough to cause ignition, violent combustion, or explosion.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cobalt nitrate forms red crystals, or pale red powder. It is used in manufacture of cobalt pigments and invisible inks; decorating stoneware and porcelain; preparation of catalysts; production of vitamin B12 supplements. Cobalt nitrate is an important source of high-purity cobalt for use in the electronics and related industries. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Ingestion may cause effects on the bone marrow, heart and thyroid. ANIMAL STUDIES: After four daily injections of 0.03 g cobalt nitrate, the pancreas of guinea pigs showed an increase in number of endocrine islands. The majority of alpha cells were degranulated with nuclei surrounded by a colorless cytoplasm. When animals were allowed to recover after the last injection, islands returned to normal. Cobalt nitrate given to rats sc twice over 24 hr period increased erythropoietic activity of the serum by greater than 3-fold, decreased renal blood flow by 18%, and disrupted metabolism in kidney. Rats exposed to 6.44 mg cobalt/kg/day as cobalt nitrate in the drinking water showed an increased sensitivity and decreased maximal response to a cholinergic agonist.

Cobalt is believed to exhibit its toxicity through a oxidant-based and free radical-based processes. It produces oxygen radicals and may be oxidized to ionic cobalt, causing increased lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and inducing certain enzymes that lead to cell apoptosis. Cobalt has also been shown to block inorganic calcium channels, possibly impairing neurotransmission. Cobalt can also chelate lipoic acids, impairing oxidation of pyruvate or fatty acids. In addition, cobalt may inhibit DNA repair by interacting with zinc finger DNA repair proteins, and has also been shown to inhibit heme synthesis and glucose metabolism. Cobalt may activate specific helper T-lymphocyte cells and interact directly with immunologic proteins, such as antibodies (IgA and IgE) or Fc receptors, resulting in immunosensitization. (L29) Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613)

There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of cobalt and cobalt compounds in humans. There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of cobalt metal powder in experimental animals. There is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of metal alloys containing cobalt, chromium and molybdenum in experimental animals. ... Overall Evaluation: Cobalt and cobalt compounds are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Cobalt and cobalt compounds/

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans. /Cobalt and inorganic compounds, as Co/

Cobalt and cobalt compounds that release cobalt ions in vivo are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals and supporting data from studies on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. /Cobalt and cobalt compounds/

Ingested nitrate or nitrite under conditions that result in endogenous nitrosation is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). Soluble cobalt(II) salts are possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Exposure to high amount of cobalt can cause heart, lung, kidney, and liver damage. Skin contact is known to result in contact dermatitus. Cobalt may also have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L29, L30)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L29) ; oral (L29) ; dermal (L29)

Sore throat. Cough. Shortness of breath.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Cobalt inhalation can cause asthma-like breathing problems. Skin contact is known to result in contact dermatitis, which is characterized by irritation and rashes. Ingesting large amounts of cobalt may cause nausea and vomiting. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L2090, L1137, L29)

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

LD50: 434 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A195)

LD50 Mouse sc 34.6 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 691 mg/kg /Hexahydrate/

LD Rabbit oral 250 mg/kg

LD Rabbit sc 75 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Cobaltous nitrate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Treatment of cobalt poisoning is symptomatic. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613, L29)

The median lethal dose (LD50) for subcutaneous administration of cobalt as cobalt-nitrate /to white mice/ was determined to be 34.6 mg/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg /dimercaprol/ (BAL), the LD50 of cobalt was 36.7 mg/kg. This difference was statistically significant. In cats and rabbits, the effects of cobalt on blood pressure and respiration rate are eliminated by intramuscular injection of BAL.

/SRP:/ Immediate First Aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out as needed. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (Head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cobalt and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Cobalt and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO (to keep open). Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cobalt and Related Compounds/

Call for medical aid. ... If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. ... Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Flush affected areas with plenty of water.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. Ingestion may cause effects on the bone marrow, heart and thyroid. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In one plant where calcination of cobalt nitrate was carried out the cobalt content of total dust in atmosphere ... was 79 mg/cu m ... no special ill effects /were found/ except for conjunctivitis & upper resp irritation ... .

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The authors tested the effects of known allergens, namely nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate, cobalt nitrate and cytotoxic cadmium sulfate on the proteins of cellular contacts (vinculin, talin, E-cadherin, desmoplaktin) and actin cytoskeleton (actin filaments) of cultivated human keratinocytes. The localization of proteins of cellular contacts was detected by means of direct immunofluorescence. The authors have detected a decrease in, and destruction of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton after testing the effect of all allergens, while the most significant changes were detected in E-cadherin, vunkulin and actin filaments. Desmoplaktin and talin were less damaged. Potassium dichromate caused damage already in concentration of 1 ug/mL. A similar effect of the other two tested haptanes was brought about in concentration being 100-fold higher. The gained results indicate that the investigation of cellular contact proteins and actin cytoskeleton of cultivated human keratinocytes can possibly become a part of the testing of allergy-triggering potential of chemical substances.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 45 patients with a positive patch test to cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and 37 controls were stimulated with various concentrations of CoCl2 and/or cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) or cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2) or cobalt acetate [CH3COO)2Co) for various days in culture. Lymphocytes from 35 of these patients showed a significantly greater response than that of the controls. The response occurred in the T enriched population and was monocyte dependent. The strength of the in vivo serial dilution test results did not correlate well with the height of in vitro responses. Lymphocytes from 3 nickel and/or chromium sensitive patients failed to respond to stimulation with cobalt compounds thus confirming the specificity of the reaction. The DNA synthesis test seems to be a reliable in vitro method to aid in the diagnosis of cobalt sensitivity.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Depressing effect on blood pressure, observed when /cobaltous nitrate/ is given iv to mice ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The median lethal dose (LD50) for subcutaneous administration of cobalt as cobalt-nitrate /to white mice/ was determined to be 34.6 mg/kg. After intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg /dimercaprol/ (BAL), the LD50 of cobalt was 36.7 mg/kg. This difference was statistically significant. In cats and rabbits, the effects of cobalt on blood pressure and respiration rate are eliminated by intramuscular injection of BAL.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After four daily injections of 0.03 g cobalt-nitrate, the pancreas /of guinea pigs/ showed an increase in number of endocrine islands. The majority of alpha cells were degranulated with nuclei surrounded by a colorless cytoplasm. When animals were allowed to recover after the last injection, islands returned to normal. Injections of colloidal cobalt produced a slight increase in number of endocrine islands. Alpha and beta cells were normal in size. After six daily injections, the pancreas showed a definite increase in number and size of islands. The author concludes that cobalt-nitrate is identical in action to cobaltous-chloride but is far less toxic than cobaltous-chloride.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cobalt (as cobalt nitrate) admin SC to rats twice over 24 hr period incr erythropoietic activity of the serum by greater than 3-fold, decr renal blood flow by 18%, and disrupted metab in kidney.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Cobaltous nitrate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Environmental effects from the substance have not been investigated adequately. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Cobaltous nitrate's production and use in the manufacture of pigments, inks, catalysts and vitamin supplements, in decorating porcelain and ceramics(1,2) and as a source for high-purity cobalt in electronics(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).[

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Inorganic cobalt compounds are nonvolatile and released into the atmosphere in particulate form(1). Particulate-phase cobalt compounds are removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Cobalt has been detected in atmospheric deposition(2) and in rain-snow precipitation(3).

Food Chain Concentration Potential of Cobalt Nitrate Hexahydrate: Bioconcentration of 200-1000 fold only under constant exposure. Not significant in spill conditions(1).

Evaporation of cobaltous nitrate at 20 °C is negligible(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 4 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of cobaltous nitrate in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 25-49 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 16,243 workers (4,029 of these are female) are potentially exposed to cobaltous nitrate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to cobaltous nitrate may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cobaltous nitrate is produced or used(SRC).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Oxidizer

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs and combustible materials.

R: 49-60-42/43-68-50/53; S: 53-45-60-61; Symbol: T, N; Note: 1