Propylbenzene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1188) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H304 (> 99.9%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H319 (10.4%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (> 99.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H411 (> 99.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1188 reports by companies from 25 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1188 reports by companies.

There are 24 notifications provided by 1187 of 1188 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

INHALATION: Call for medical aid. Remove the victim to fresh air. If not breathing give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

SKIN: Wash with soap and copious amounts of water.

EYES: Flush with copious amounts of water for at least 15 minutes. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

To fight fire, use foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propyl benzene: concentration process: biological treatment.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

3.7 [ppm]

41 [ppm]

240 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber boots and heavy rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

N-propyl benzene appears as a clear colorless liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Flash point 86 °F. Mildly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Used to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid; [HSDB]

Colorless liquid

318.2 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

159.2 °C

159.24 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-146.2 °F (USCG, 1999)

-99.5 °C

-99.6 °C

118 °F (USCG, 1999)

86 °F (closed cup)

Very slightly sol in water (0.06 g/l); sol in alcohol, ether

Miscible in ethanol, ethyl ether, and acetone

Water solubility of 23.4 mg/l at 25 °C.

0.862 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

Specific gravity: 0.8620 @ 20 °C/4 °C

0.8593 @25 °C

4.14 (Air= 1)

7.52 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

3.42 [mmHg]

3.42 mm Hg @ 25 °C

7.5 [mm Hg] @38 °C

log Kow= 3.69

Henry's Law constant= 1.05X10-2 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

Index of refraction: 1.4920 @ 20 °C/D

Partition coefficients at 37 °C for N-propylbenzene into blood= 47.0; into oil= 9,780.

Hydroxyl radical rate constant= 6.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 °C

Schoenflies notation

Angular frequency

Boiling point

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical diffusion

Composition

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Diffusion

Diffusive flux

Excess enthalpy

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Highly Flammable

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as N-PROPYL BENZENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

... Can react with oxidizing materials.

n-Propylbenzene

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 65,000 ppm/2H

LD50 Rat oral 6040 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatics hydrocarbons and related compounds/

... IRRITATING TO MUCOUS MEMBRANES, EYES, NOSE, THROAT & SKIN. SYSTEMICALLY, IT CAUSES DEPRESSION OF CNS, HEADACHE, ANOREXIA, MUSCULAR WEAKNESS, INCOORDINATION, NAUSEA, VERTIGO, MENTAL CONFUSION, & UNCONSCIOUSNESS.

The action of the alkylbenzenes under conditions of acute exposure resembles those of the general anesthetics. /Alkylbenzenes/

IN 6-MO SUBCHRONIC ORAL STUDY, GROUPS OF 15 RABBITS WERE FED ... 0, ... 0.25 & 2.5 MG/KG/DAY. ... HEMOSIDERIN WAS DEPOSITED IN SPLEENS OF HIGH-DOSAGE ANIMALS, INDICATING RED-CELL DESTRUCTION. ... INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS EXHIBITED MILD PROTEIN DYSTROPHY OF LIVER & KIDNEYS.

IT PRODUCED 2 DEATHS OF 10 RATS AT 5.0 MG/KG FROM ORAL ADMIN. IN MOUSE IT PRODUCES A LOSS OF RIGHTING RESPONSE AT 10 TO 15 MG/L (2000-3000 PPM), LOSS OF REFLEXES AT 15 MG/L (3000 PPM) & DEATH AT 20 MG/L (4100 PPM) FROM INHALATION. /FROM TABLE/

The effect of hydrophobic organic chemicals on the rate of feeding by mussels (Mytilus edulis) was investigated. The effect was expressed as the toxicant concn in water required to reduce feeding rate by 50% (WEC50). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was derived in which WEC50 was negatively correlated with log 10 octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) and positively correlated with aqueous solubility, indicating that hydrophobicity has a major influence on toxicity. Quantitative structure-activity relationships calculated among bioconcentration factor, log Kow, and aqueous solubility showed that hydrophobicity influences toxicity largely through its effect on bioconcentration. This observation was confirmed by expressing toxicity as the toxicant concn in mussel tissue required to reduce feeding rate by 50% (TEC50). For the compounds tested which have log Kow values < 4.6, TEC50 was relatively constant, irrespective of molecular structure. Compounds with log Kow values > 5 could be accumulated to much greater concn before feeding rate was affected, indicating that there is a molecular wt cut-off in the toxicological response. The log Kow for n-propylbenzene was 3.69, the mean bioconcentration factor was 38.0, the WEC50 was 0.86 mg/l (0.69-1.07 mg/l) and the TEC50 was 27.0 mg/kg

1. Treatment of male rat with the small aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, m-xylene, and p-xylene increased several P450-dependent activities, with ethylbenzene, m-xylene, and n-propylbenzene producing the greatest response. Hydrocarbon treatment differentially affected toluene metabolism, producing a response dependent on the metabolite monitored. In untreated rats, benzyl alcohol was the major hydroxylation product of toluene metabolism, comprising > 99% of the total metabolites formed. Hydrocarbon treatment increased the overall rate of toluene metabolism by dramatically increasing the amount of aromatic hydroxylation. Ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and m-xylene were the most effective inducers of aromatic hydroxylation of toluene. In contrast, production of the major toluene metabolite benzyl alcohol was increased only after treatment with m-xylene. 2. P450 2B1/2B2 levels were induced by each of the hydrocarbons examined, with the magnitude of induction increasing with increasing hydrocarbon size. P450 1A1 was also induced after hydrocarbon exposure; however, the degree of induction was smaller than that observed for P450 2B1/2B2. P450 2C11 levels were suppressed after treatment with benzene, ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene. 3. Taken together these results display two induction patterns. The first generally corresponds to changes in the P450 2B subfamily, where activities (e.g. the aromatic hydroxylations of toluene) were most effectively induced by ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene and m-xylene. In the second, induction was observed only after m-xylene treatment, a pattern that was found when the metabolism of the substrate was catalysed by both the P450 2B subfamily and P450 2C11. Hydrocarbons that both induced P450 2B1/2B2 and suppressed P450 2C11 (such as ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene) showed little change in activities catalysed by both isozymes (e.g. aliphatic hydroxylation of toluene, and aniline hydroxylation); however, m-xylene treatment led to elevated P450 2B1/2B2 levels without significantly suppressing P450 2C11. m-Xylene produced significant increases in activities efficiently catalysed by both isozymes. Therefore, the unique induction pattern observed after m-xylene treatment can be accounted for by induction of P450 2B1/2B2 without concomitant suppression of P450 2C11.

WEC50 Mytilus edulis (mussels) 0.86 mg/l (0.69-1.07 mg/l) (toxicant concn in water required to reduce feeding rate by 50%).

TEC50 Mytilus edulis (mussels) 27.0 mg/kg (22.7-32.1 mg/kg) (toxicant conc in mussel tissue required to reduce feeding rate by 50%).

3.80e+03

2.40e+04

1.00e+03

4.40e+03

6.60e+02

2.00e-01

1.20e+00

1.00e-01

1.00e+00

Volatile

2.64e+02

1.10e+04

7.30e+04

3.10e+03

1.30e+04

2.00e+03

n-Propylbenzene occurs naturally in petroleum and bituminous coal. It's production and use as a solvent and in textile dyeing and printing may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.42 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-propylbenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-propylbenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. If released to soil, n-propylbenzene is expected to have low mobility based upon Koc values of 676 and 725 and an estimated value of 955. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.05X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. n-Propylbenzene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation in soil may occur based upon results of activated sludge studies, theoretical BODs ranging from 21.8 to 43.7%. If released into water, n-propylbenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the Koc. Biodegradation from water may occur based on activated sludge studies. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 138 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to n-propylbenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-propylbenzene is produced or used. The general population is continually exposed to n-propylbenzene through inhalation since it has been frequently detected in the atmosphere. (SRC)

n-Propylbenzene occurs as a natural constituent in petroleum(1,3) and bituminous coal(2).

Incineration of organic, petroleum or coal wastes, and combustion of fuels will release n-propylbenzene to the atmosphere(1). General uses of asphalt and naphtha and use as a solvent will release n-propylbenzene to the environment(1). n-Propylbenzene is emitted in the exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines(2). Outboard motors and motor boats have been identified as sources of n-propylbenzene emissions to water(3,4). n-Propylbenzene can be released to the environment in leachates and vapor emissions from landfills(5,6).

n-Propylbenzene's production and use as a solvent and use in textile dyeing(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

WEC50 Mytilus edulis (mussels) 0.86 mg/l (0.69-1.07 mg/l) (toxicant concn in water required to reduce feeding rate by 50%).

TEC50 Mytilus edulis (mussels) 27.0 mg/kg (22.7-32.1 mg/kg) (toxicant conc in mussel tissue required to reduce feeding rate by 50%).

3.80e+03

2.40e+04

1.00e+03

4.40e+03

6.60e+02

2.00e-01

1.20e+00

1.00e-01

1.00e+00

Volatile

2.64e+02

1.10e+04

7.30e+04

3.10e+03

1.30e+04

2.00e+03

n-Propylbenzene occurs naturally in petroleum and bituminous coal. It's production and use as a solvent and in textile dyeing and printing may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 3.42 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-propylbenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-propylbenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. If released to soil, n-propylbenzene is expected to have low mobility based upon Koc values of 676 and 725 and an estimated value of 955. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.05X10-2 atm-cu m/mole. n-Propylbenzene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation in soil may occur based upon results of activated sludge studies, theoretical BODs ranging from 21.8 to 43.7%. If released into water, n-propylbenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the Koc. Biodegradation from water may occur based on activated sludge studies. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 138 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high. Hydrolysis is not expected to occur due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups. Occupational exposure to n-propylbenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-propylbenzene is produced or used. The general population is continually exposed to n-propylbenzene through inhalation since it has been frequently detected in the atmosphere. (SRC)

n-Propylbenzene occurs as a natural constituent in petroleum(1,3) and bituminous coal(2).

Incineration of organic, petroleum or coal wastes, and combustion of fuels will release n-propylbenzene to the atmosphere(1). General uses of asphalt and naphtha and use as a solvent will release n-propylbenzene to the environment(1). n-Propylbenzene is emitted in the exhaust from gasoline and diesel engines(2). Outboard motors and motor boats have been identified as sources of n-propylbenzene emissions to water(3,4). n-Propylbenzene can be released to the environment in leachates and vapor emissions from landfills(5,6).

n-Propylbenzene's production and use as a solvent and use in textile dyeing(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 955(SRC), determined from molecular connectivity indices(2), and measured values of 495 to 725(3,4) indicates that n-propylbenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-propylbenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(7) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.05X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(5). The potential for volatilization of n-propylbenzene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.42 mm Hg(6). Biodegradation from soil may occur based on results from activated sludge studies(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 955(SRC), determined from molecular connectivity indices(2), as well as measured Koc values ranging from 495 to 725(3,4), indicate that n-propylbenzene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.05X01-2 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hr and 4 days, respectively(SRC). Volatilization half-lives of 1.3 to 19 days have been predicted for the Narraganset Bay near RI where volatilization is expected to be the major removal process(10). Aquatic hydrolysis is not an important fate process(SRC) due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 138(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.69(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Biodegradation from water may occur based on activated sludge studies, with theoretical BODs ranging from 21.8 to 43.7%(11,12).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-propylbenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 3.42 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-propylbenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The detection of n-propylbenzene in rainwater samples(4) suggests that physical removal from the atmosphere by wet deposition is possible(SRC).

A batch system die-away test using artificial seawater, a 10-day incubation period, and an inoculum of coastal water from the North Sea found n-propylbenzene to undergo fast bio-oxidation (actual rates not reported)(1). Theoretical BODs of 21.8-43.7% were measured using 3 different activated sludges in Warburg respirometers and 7.5 days of incubation(2). n-Propylbenzene was readily oxidized (8-day theoretical BOD of 34.4%) in Warburg respirometer studies using an activated sludge that had been acclimated to aniline(3). n-Propylbenzene was readily oxidized (1-day and 8-day theoretical BODs of 8.4 and 27.8%, respectively) in Warburg respirometer studies using an activated sludge that had been acclimated to benzene(3). A 5-day theoretical BOD of 25.5% was observed in a mixed microbial culture degradation study(4). A 5-day theoretical BOD of 2.3-2.5% (standard dilution technique) and a 6-hr theoretical BOD of 0.8% (Warburg respirometer) were measured for n-propylbenzene, however, the initial concns of n-propylbenzene may have been sufficiently high to be toxic to the microbial populations(5).

ANAEROBIC: n-Propylbenzene was not metabolized over a 14 day period in a laboratory aquifer column operated under continuous flow conditions at 30 °C and with an m-xylene adapted inoculum(1). A series of wells were sampled below the water table down gradient from an oil lens resulting from a pipe line break in Bemidji, MN(2). The concn of n-propylbenzene (50 ppbC) did not show any appreciable loss within 65 m of the oil lens. Only after the groundwater is reoxygenated downgradient did n-propylbenzene show significant degradation(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-propylbenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 6.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Aquatic hydrolysis is not an important fate process(SRC) due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(3). n-Propylbenzene did not directly photolyze in experiments using pure aqueous seawater solutions and simulated sunlight(4); however, addition of an anthraquinone photosensitizer resulted in n-propylbenzene degradation and a formation of 1-phenyl-1-propanone, 1-phenyl-1-propanol, and benzaldehyde(4).

An estimated BCF of 138 was calculated for n-propylbenzene(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.69(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high.

A Koc of 725 was measured for n-propylbenzene using a surface sediment collected from the Tamar estuary(1). A similar Koc of 676 was measured in a humic acid column via HPLC(2). Adsorption percentages ranging from 0.16 to 5.58% were measured in soil column studies using three different soil types and a sludge sample(3). Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(4), the Koc for n-propylbenzene can be estimated to be 955(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), these estimated and measured Koc values suggest that n-propylbenzene is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-propylbenzene is 1.05X10-2 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-propylbenzene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 1 hour(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). Results of mesocosm studies simulating the Narragansett Bay indicate that volatilization is the major removal process from seawater(3); volatilization half-lives of 1.3-19 days were estimated for summer, spring and winter seasons(5). n-Propylbenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-propylbenzene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon it's vapor pressure of 3.42 mm Hg(4).

DRINKING WATER: Results of the USEPA Groundwater Supply Survey (finished water supplies that use groundwater sources) found that n-propylbenzene was detected in only one of 945 sources (concn of 0.98 ug/l in the one source) that were surveyed from throughout the US(1). Drinking water samples collected from Miami, FL and Cincinnati, OH during 1974 and 1975 had respective n-propylbenzene concns of 0.05 and 0.01 ug/l(2). A drinking water sample from Cincinnati, OH in Feb 1980 had a n-propylbenzene concn of 33 ng/l(3).

SURFACE WATER: The n-propylbenzene concn in Lake Constance varied from 4 to 132 ng/l; concns were observed to increase with increasing boat traffic(1). n-Propylbenzene was detected at levels up to 6 ug/l in river waters and their estuaries in Osaka City, Japan(2). During a 1992-1993 study, n-propylbenzene was not detected in surface water from a wetland in Orange County, FL which is adjacent to a landfill; it was detected in the 1989-1990 study at a concn of 0.08 ug/l(3).

GROUNDWATER: A well water sample collected near a landfill in Delaware had an n-propylbenzene concn of 0.5 ug/l(1). During a 1992-1993 study, n-propylbenzene was measured in ground water from a wetland in Orange County, FL which is adjacent to a landfill, ranging from not detected to 0.65 ug/l; it was detected in the 1989-1990 study (not detected to 0.08 ug/l)(3).

RAIN/SNOW: Trace levels (concn not reported) of n-propylbenzene were detected in rainwater collected in Los Angeles, CA on Mar 26, 1982(1).

n-Propylbenzene has been qualitatively detected in various wastewaters from the following industries: petroleum refining, textile mills, auto and other laundries, plastics mfg, and publicly owned treatment works(1). Leachate from 4 hazardous waste landfills in Germany contained n-propylbenzene levels of 10-700 ug/l(3). An n-propylbenzene concn of 69 mg/cu m was detected in gas emissions from a landfill in Great Britain(4). An aqueous effluent from a US petroleum refinery had a n-propylbenzene concn of 13 ng/g(5). n-Propylbenzene is a component of leachate from a landfill in Germany, being detected up to a distance of 56 m(5). Maximum concns of n-propylbenzene in the off-gas at aerated grit chambers in two Ontario, Canada municipal wastewater treatment plants were 205 and 203 ug/l(6).

Based upon dynamometer tests, the avg n-propylbenzene emission rate from gasoline-powered engines is 1.2 mg/km(1). Emission rates for n-propylbenzene from motor vehicles was calculated to be 34 mg/l of fuel consumed based on measurements made inside and outside a Los Angeles roadway tunnel(2). It is also a component of exhaust emissions from four-stroke lawn mower engines: n-propylbenzene comprised 0.57% of total organic emissions from baseline gasoline and 0.55% of total organic emissions in reformulated gasoline(3). Four stroke outboard motors are also a source of n-propylbenzene into surface waters(4).

n-Propylbenzene has also been detected as a possible volatile (C3-benzene) from furniture coatings for wood-based materials(1) and as a volatile emission from building materials (concn): linoleum tile (2.3 ug-sq m/hr); black rubber molding (0.96 ug-sq m/hr); vinyl edge molding (0.34 ug-sq m/hr); large diameter telephone cable (0.65 ug-sq m/hr); small diameter telephone cable (0.79 ug-sq m/hr); polystyrene foam insulation (0.70 ug-sq m/hr); cove adhesive (110 ug-sq m/hr); latex caulk (2.7 ug-sq m/hr); carpet (0.49 ug-sq m/hr)(2).

n-Propylbenzene was not detected (detection limit 5-23 ppb) in sediments collected from the Duwamish River Delta (Puget Sound, WA)(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: n-Propylbenzene was detected in tunnel air at 0.037 g/kg (traffic) and 0.052 (congested) from the Craeybeckx highway tunnel in Antwerp Belgium(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propyl benzene: concentration process: biological treatment.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for N-PROPYLBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2364; n-Propylbenzene

IMO 3.3; n-Propylbenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid