Phenyl isocyanate

H226 (85.2%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (90.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (89%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (93.1%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (62.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (90.5%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H334 (97.4%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H335 (67%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400 (62.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (46%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H411 (18.2%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 391 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P308+P316, P316, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. (ERG, 2024)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use dry powder, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam. NO water. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. NO direct contact with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame - consider evacuation of one-third (1/3) mile radius.

Where there is a fire involving isocyanates, carbon dioxide or powder extinguishers must be employed. Firemen must be equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus. /Isocyanates/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2487 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 400 m (1250 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.9 km (0.6 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 1.5 km (0.9 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 4.2 km (2.6 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 5.4 km (3.4 mi)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Decontamination of spilled isocyanates and disposal of isocyanate waste are best conducted by using aqueous ammonia (3-8% concentrated ammonia solution in 90-95% water with 0.2-5% liquid detergent) or aqueous sodium carbonate (5-10% sodium carbonate in 90-95% water and 0.2-5% liquid detergent). An alcoholic solution (50% ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or butanol; 45% water; and 5% concentrated ammonia) may be preferred because of the low miscibility of isocyanates with water. /Isocyanates/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Personnel protection: Keep upwind .Avoid breathing vapors. ...

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Dry.

Isocyanates are transported in railroad tank cars, tank trucks, tanks in ships, containers, and drums. They are stored in steel tanks and processed in steel equipment. For long-term storage stainless steel is recommended. To avoid contamination by atmospheric moisture, a dry air or inert gas blanket is essential. /Isocyanates/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

0.00087 [ppm]

0.0096 [ppm]

0.029 [ppm]

0.005 [ppm]

0.01 [ppm]

0.005 ppm as TWA; 0.015 ppm as STEL; (skin); (SEN).

0.005 ppm [2014]

0.015 ppm

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl chloride (UN1717), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

Lachrymation. The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 155 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Flammable / Water-Sensitive)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

NIOSH investigators recommend that dermal exposures to isocyanate-containing substances be prevented. Employers should provide protective clothing, gloves, and footwear that is impervious to isocyanate--containing compounds. The protective clothing should either be disposed or laundered after each use (e.g., at the end of the work shift). The gloves should be elbow-length and made of an isocyanate-resistant material. /Isocyanate-containing substances/

Face-shields and aprons should be used whenever there is a possibility of a splash or a spill of liquids containing isocyanate-containing materials. /Isocyanate-containing substances/

NO contact with hot surfaces. NO contact with oxidizing agents. Above 51 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Phenyl isocyanate appears as a colorless liquid. About the same density as water. Very toxic by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption. Very irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes.

Liquid with an acrid odor; [Merck Index]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless to yellow liquid with a pungent odor.

Acrid odor

158-168 °C

BP: 55 °C at 13 mm Hg

325.4 °F

Freezing point: -30 °C

132 °F (55.5 °C) (Open Cup)

51 °C c.c.

132 °F (open cup)

Decomposes in water, alcohol; very soluble in ether

Solubility in water: reaction

1.08870 at 25.9 °C/4 °C; 1.0956 at 19.6 °C/4 °C; 1.092 at 15 °C/4 °C; 1.101 at 11.6 °C/4 °C

Density: 1.0956 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.095

1.0956 @ 19.6°C

2.57 [mmHg]

2.57 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.2

2.57 mmHg

1 [mm Hg] @10.6 °C

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides/.

Index of refraction: 1.53412 at 25.9 °C/D; 1.53684 at 19.6 °C/D

Decomposes in water and alcohol

Liquid Molar Volume = 0.109 cu m/kmol

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Electric dipole moment

Equilibrium structure

Heat of sublimation

Flammable. Decomposes in water.

Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates

Highly Flammable

Isocyanates and thioisocyanates, such as PHENYL ISOCYANATE, are incompatible with many classes of compounds, reacting exothermically to release toxic gases. Reactions with amines, aldehydes, alcohols, alkali metals, ketones, mercaptans, strong oxidizers, hydrides, phenols, and peroxides can cause vigorous releases of heat. Acids and bases initiate polymerization reactions in these materials. Some isocyanates react with water to form amines and liberate carbon dioxide. Polyurethanes are formed by the condensation reaction of diisocyanates with, for example, ethyl glycol. Phenyl isocyanate, cobalt pentamine triazo perchlorate, and nitrosyl perchlorate mixture was stirred for 2-3 minutes. When the stirring was interrupted, the mixture exploded [Chem. Eng. News 46(8):39. 1968].

Has exploded when stirred with (cobalt pentammine triazoperchlorate + nitrosyl perchlorate).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Phenyl isocyanate is a liquid with an acrid odor. It decomposes in water, alcohol; very soluble in ether. It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a reagent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Workers exposed to phenyl isocyanate showed increases in asthmatic symptoms. Exposure to isocyanates is irritating to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes and respiratory tract. Contact dermatitis can result in symptoms such as rash, itching, hives and swelling of the extremities. Phenyl isocyanate is a potent chemical sensitizer. A worker suspected of having isocyanate induced asthma/sensitization will exhibit traditional symptoms of acute airway obstruction coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness of chest and nocturnal awakening. Isocyanate induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis symptoms are flu like which includes shortness of breath, nonproductive cough, fever, chills sweats and malaise and nausea. An irreversible decline in pulmonary function and interstitial fibrosis have also been observed. At high doses isocyanates affect the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and may lead to fatal pulmonary edema or chromic catarrh. ANIMAL STUDIES: The toxic effects of repeated inhalation exposures to phenyl isocyanate vapors in male rats was conducted. Animals experienced decreased weight gain, hypoactivity, hypothermia, and signs of respiratory tract irritation. There was delayed onset of mortality, and changes in organ weights. Pulmonary function tests demonstrated decreased forced expiratory flow volume. Arterial hypoxia was also observed. Pregnant mice were given phenyl isocyanate on select days of gestation. Phenyl isocyanate did demonstrate embryotoxicity. In a micronucleus assay, male and female mice received a single administration of phenyl isocyanate ip; there was an altered ratio between polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow, and no clastogenic effect was observed. Phenyl isocyanate did not cause significant induction of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow of male mice.

Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Blisters. Pain. Skin burns.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (rat) = 4.6 ppm/4H

LD50: 196 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (A204)

LC50 Rat inhalation 0.022 mg/L/4 hr

LC50 Rat inhalation 12.6 ppm/1 hr (0.061 mg/cu m)

LD50 Rat (male) dermal 5000 uL/kg

LD50 Rabbit skin 7130 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PHENYL ISOCYANATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Isocyanates, aliphatic thiocyanates, and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Isocyanates, aliphatic thiocyanates, and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Isocyanates, aliphatic thiocyanates, and related compounds/

Emergency and supportive measures: After acute high-intensity inhalation exposure, maintain on open airway, give bronchodilators as needed for wheezing, and observe for 8-12 hours for pulmonary edema. Once airway hyperactivity has been documented, further exposure to isocyanate is contraindicated. Involve public health or OSHA agencies to determine whether other workers are at increased risk through improper workplace controls. /Isocyanates/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for PHENYL ISOCYANATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Sera of six workers with conclusive evidence for IgE-mediated sensitization to isocyanates were used for evaluation of immunologic cross-reactivities among eight different isocyanate-protein conjugates. In all cases RAST and/or skin-test investigations revealed the presence of IgE antibodies reacting specifically with HSA conjugated with those isocyanates to which workers were exposed as well as with other isocyanates with which they had not been in contact. By the RAST inhibition technique, moderate to strong mutual cross-reactivities between all tested isocyanate-HSA conjugates--even between aromatic and aliphatic ones--could be demonstrated in tests with five sera. The magnitudes of cross-reactivities differed, however, from one patient to another. One serum contained IgE antibodies that were almost completely specific to TDI-HSA; with this serum only weak cross-reactivities with other isocyanate conjugates could be demonstrated. These results indicate the predominance of closely related antigenic determinants in HSA conjugated with different isocyanates. The common antibody-binding regions are obviously recognized to different extents by antibodies of clinically sensitized workers, indicating individual differences in specificities and avidities of antibody populations. Nearly complete lack of IgE binding of ovalbumin-bound TDI in RAST and RAST inhibition indicates carrier-specific antigenicity of isocyanate-protein conjugates. In addition, since unmodified HSA did not bind IgE, antigenic determinants of the conjugates studied should be predominantly formed by the isocyanate-protein bond regions and concurrently by neighboring amino acid residues of the HSA molecule. /Isocyanates/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Workers exposed to isocyanates including phenyl isocyanate showed specific IgE for isocyanate-albumin conjugates. These workers also showed asthmatic symptoms...A comparison of the toxic effects of 4-chlorophenyl isocyanate, phenyl isocyanate and 4-isopropylphenyl isocyanate in humans ...is also presented. In humans, the only toxic effect described is an itchy erythema after repeated contact with chlorophenyl isocyanate.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Strong mucous membrane irritation causes eye, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal tract symptoms. These compounds are potent pulmonary sensitizers which cause bronchospasm, even in patients without prior airway hyperreactivity. Diisocyanate compounds act either as inducers of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity or as direct pharmacologic agonists. Isocyanates apparently have the potential to sensitize certain segments of the population. Elevated humoral antibodies (ie, specific IgE antibodies to the p-tolyl determinant but not the diisocyanate conjugate) were detected in sensitized workers, but cell-mediated immunity also may produce hypersensitivity reactions. In the absence of renewed exposure, radioallergosorbent titers may not distinguish sensitive from nonsensitized workers. At high doses, toluene diisocyanate may act directly on bronchial mucosa by interfering with cholinergic and adrenergic mechanisms. /Isocyanates/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Exposure to isocyanates is irritating to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory tract. The most common adverse health outcome associated with isocyanate exposure is asthma due to sensitization; less prevalent are contact dermatitis (both irritant and allergic forms) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Contact dermatitis can result in symptoms such as rash, itching, hives, and swelling of the extremities. /Isocyanates/

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHENYL ISOCYANATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Phenylisocyanate was investigated using animal bioassy /as sensory irritants (as measured by decreases in respiratory rate)/ level of response was dependent on duration of exposure as well as exposure concentration. Recovery rate was slow following 3 hr exposure.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ This study was conducted to assess the toxic effcects of repeated inhalation exposures to phenyl isocyanate vapor in male Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to design concentrations of 0, 4, 7, or 10 mg/mL phenyl isocyanate air for 2 weeks (6 hr/day 5 days/week). The rats were assessed for normal toxicologic parameters and pulmonary function tests blood gas measurements and analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) parameters were utilized shortly after exposures as well as 2 months postexposure. ... Rats exposed to 7 and 10 mg/cu m experienced decreased body weights hypoactivity hypothermia signs of respiratory tract irritation, delayed onset of mortality and changes in organ weights. In addition pulmonary function tests demonstrated decreased forced expiratory flow rates and quasistatic lung compliance. Arterial blood gases showed an arterial hypoxemia and changes consistent with a pronounced venous-admixture-like perfusion suggesting severe mismatch of the ventilation/perfusion relationship. Delayed onset of mortality appeared to be associated with respiratory acidosis and hypoxemia. ... Changes were indicated by increased activities of the aALF parameters, gamma-GPT protein and sialic acid. Histopathological findings provided evidence of increased secretory cell activity and a concentration-dependent increase in goblet cell hyperplasia at concentrations of 4 mg/cu m and above. In rats exposed to 7 mg/cu m further findings consisted of intraluminal inflammation of airways hypertrophia of bronchial smooth muscle epithelial desquamation, and eosinophilia of the airways. A complete regression of morphological lesions was not found in the animals exposed to 4 mg/mL and above at the 2-month postexposure time period. ... The damage to the airways comprise most of the features characteristic of chronic airway comprise most of the features characteristic of chronic airway inflammation or asthma.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Pregnant Halle-AB-Jena or Halle-DBA-mice were given 0 or 9.8 mg/kg phenylisocyanate on days 4, 7, 11 or 15 of gestation. On gestational day 18, the uteri were removed and examined. Embryotoxicity was assessed by determining the number of corpora lutea and dead and live fetuses. Phenylisocyanate /did not/ demonstrated embryotoxicity.

/GENOTOXICITY/ / In a micronucleus assay, male and female mice received a single administration of 0 or 30 mg/kg phenyl isocyanate intraperitoneally./ 1/40 died during the test period; all animals showed lasting symptoms of toxicity; there was an altered ratio between polychromatic and normochromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow; no indication of a clastogenic effect /observed/.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PHENYL ISOCYANATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Phenyl Isocyanate (CAS# 103-71-9) was evaluated for acute inhalation toxicity in groups of 4 male and 4 female albino rats (strain not specified) exposed to unspecified concentrations of test material for one-hour. The use of controls was not specified. Animals were observed for 14-days post-exposure. Clinical obervations include piloerection, weight loss, and respiratory distress. Mortality and necropsy data were not specified. Histopathological data were not specified. The LC50 for male and female albino rats was 12.6 (8.4-19.0) ppm.

Phenyl isocyanate's production and use as a reagent for identifying alcohols and amines and as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates phenyl isocyanate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenyl isocyanate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days. Phenyl isocyanate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water; therefore, soil mobility, biodegradation, and volatilization of phenyl isocyanate in moist soil are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Phenyl isocyanate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Since isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water, hydrolysis half-lives of phenyl isocyanate range from 20 seconds to 75.5 minutes, biodegradation, aquatic bioconcentration, volatilization, and adsorption to sediment of phenyl isocyanate are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Occupational exposure to phenyl isocyanate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phenyl isocyanate is produced or used. Phenyl isocyanate has been detected in polyurethane foundry mold binder, in iron and steel foundry, and in aluminum foundry atmospheres. (SRC)

Phenyl isocyanate's production and use as a reagent for identifying alcohols and amines and as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams If released to air, an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.6 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates phenyl isocyanate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenyl isocyanate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days. Phenyl isocyanate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water; therefore, soil mobility, biodegradation, and volatilization of phenyl isocyanate in moist soil are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Phenyl isocyanate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Since isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water, hydrolysis half-lives of phenyl isocyanate range from 20 seconds to 75.5 minutes, biodegradation, aquatic bioconcentration, volatilization, and adsorption to sediment of phenyl isocyanate are not expected to be important environmental fate processes. Occupational exposure to phenyl isocyanate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phenyl isocyanate is produced or used. Phenyl isocyanate has been detected in polyurethane foundry mold binder, in iron and steel foundry, and in aluminum foundry atmospheres. (SRC)

Phenyl isocyanate's use as a reagent for identifying alcohols and amines and as an intermediate for organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water(1); therefore, soil mobility, biodegradation, and volatilization of phenyl isocyanate in moist soil are not expected to be important environmental fate processes(SRC). Volatilization of phenyl isocyanate from dry soils is expected based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2).

AQUATIC FATE: Since isocyanates hydrolyze rapidly in water(1) (hydrolysis half-lives of phenyl isocyanate range from 20 seconds(2) to 75.5 minutes)(3), biodegradation, aquatic bioconcentration, volatilization, and adsorption to sediment of phenyl isocyanate are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), phenyl isocyanate, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.6 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase phenyl isocyante is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of phenyl isocyanate with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be approximately 2.14X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Isocyanates, such as phenyl isocyanate, are hydrolyzed rapidly by water and give the corresponding disubstituted urea and carbon dioxide(2). The mean value of the hydrolysis rate coefficient of phenyl isocyanate in aqueous hydrochloric acid at 25 °C is 3.39X10-2/sec(3) which corresponds to a half-life of 20 seconds(SRC). In a hydrolysis experiment using a solution of water and dioxane with water concentrations of 1.7 to 23.9 moles/L, the hydrolysis rate constants are 1.53X10-4 to 125X10-4/sec(4) which correspond to half-lives of 55 seconds to 75.5 minutes(SRC).

Isocyanates, such as phenyl isocyanate, are hydrolyzed rapidly by water(1), indicating that bioconcentration is not an important environmental fate process(SRC).

Isocyanates, such as phenyl isocyanate, are hydrolyzed rapidly by water(1), indicating that soil and sediment adsorption are not important environmental fate processes(SRC).

Isocyanates, such as phenyl isocyanate, are hydrolyzed rapidly by water(1), which indicates that volatilization from water surfaces and moist soil is not an important environmental fate process(SRC). Phenyl isocyanate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.6 mm Hg(2). The evaporation rate from dry surfaces has been determined to be 0.049 and 0.052 g/sq meter-hour at 20-22 and 30 °C, respectively(3).

GROUNDWATER: Phenyl isocyanate has been detected in groundwater in the Netherlands at an initial concentration of 10 ug/L, then at 3 ug/L, 30 m away, which then decreased to <0.1 ug/L at a total distance of 100 m away, and lastly at <0.1 ug/L at a final distance of 130 meters(1). It is unusual to find compounds that hydrolyze so quickly in aquatic systems(SRC).

Phenyl isocyanate was detected at a total concentration of 1.070 g (total yield of 9.8 mg/kg hydrocarbons generated) in emissions generated from an automobile fire test using a 1998 coupe(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,453 workers (474 of these were female) were potentially exposed to phenyl isocyanate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to phenyl isocyanate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where phenyl isocyanate is produced or used(SRC). The concentration of phenyl isocyanate in 22 air samples from a Swedish aluminum foundry ranged from <0.0004 to 0.004 mg/cu m; the geometric mean was 0.0019 mg/cu mg/cu m(2).

From polyurethane foundry mold binders in laboratory studies, 10-20 mg/kg core material of phenyl isocyanate was released from aluminum casting binders (740 °C) and 20-30 mg phenyl isocyanate/kg core material was released from grey iron casting binders (1350 °C)(1). Phenyl isocyanate was detected at trace amounts (<0.001 mg/cu meter) in iron and steel foundry air and at 0.002-0.003 mg/cu meter near manual pouring locations and at 0.02-0.110 mg/cu meter at cooling, stationary sampling locations in aluminum foundry air(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Phenyl isocyanate [Table#5362]

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Flammable/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Flammable/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Bromoacetates and chloroacetates are extremely irritating/lachrymators. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 155: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Flammable/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PHENYL ISOCYANATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2487; Phenyl isocyanate

IMO 6.1; Phenyl isocyanate

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I