Barium chloride

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P301+P316, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (3 of 881) of reports.

H301 (99.5%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H319 (75%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H413 (14.2%): May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P337+P317, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 881 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 3 of 881 reports by companies.

There are 10 notifications provided by 878 of 881 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Fires associated with this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

The sulfate may be brushed up and treated as normal refuse. Soluble barium salts should be scooped up and treated as for waste disposal. Wash the spill area thoroughly with water. /Soluble barium salts/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Barium chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. All contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Barium chloride (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

0.5 [mg/m3], as Ba, inhalable fraction(soluble compds)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

0.76 [mg/m3]

3.9 [mg/m3]

23 [mg/m3]

TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [*Note: The REL also applies to other soluble barium compounds (as Ba) except Barium sulfate.]

0.5 [mg/m3], as Ba

TWA 0.5 mg/m3 [*Note: The PEL also applies to other soluble barium compounds (as Ba) except Barium sulfate.]

50 mg Ba/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

50.0 [mg/m3], as Ba

50 mg/cu m /Barium chloride (as Ba)/

50 mg/m3 (as Ba)

See: IDLH INDEX

0.5 mg/m

(as Ba): 0.5 mg/m

Intermediate Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

Chronic Oral: 0.2 mg/kg/day (L134)

MAC OF BARIUM CHLORIDE= 0.5 MG/CU M, CORRESPONDING TO MAX DAILY INHALATION OF 7.5 MG ... .

Barium byproduct materials under NRC export/import licensing authority: Barium-131, Barium-133, Barium-140: Any accelerator-produced, extracted, or converted for use for a commercial, medical, or research activity.

Table: Quantities of Licensed Material Requiring Labeling [Table#4098]

For combinations of radioactive materials, consideration of the need for an emergency plan is required if the sum of the ratios of the quantity of each radioactive material authorized to the quantity listed for that material in Schedule C exceeds one.

Table: Quantities of Radioactive Materials Requiring Emergency Plan for Responding to a Release. [Table#4099]

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. Exposure could cause hypokalaemia. This may result in cardiac disorders and muscular disorders. Exposure could cause death.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Barium chloride (as Ba):

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Employees should be provided with and required to use impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight inch minimum), and other appropriate protective clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with barium chloride ... or liq containing ... /this/ cmpd. ... Employees should be provided with and required to use dust and splash proof safety goggles where barium chloride ... or liq containing ... /this/ cmpd may contact the eyes.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 5 mg/cu m: [Table#4091]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Barium chloride (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 10) Any particulate respirator equipped with an N95, R95, or P95 filter (including N95, R95, and P95 filtering facepieces) except quarter-mask respirators. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100.

Click here for information on selection of N, R, or P filters.

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator

Up to 12.5 mg/m3 :

(APF = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode

Barium chloride appears as white crystals. A salt arising from the direct reaction of barium and chlorine. Toxic by ingestion. (NTP, 1992)

CBI; Dry Powder; Liquid

Colorless solid; [Hawley] White solid; [HSDB] White odorless solid; Soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

ODOURLESS COLOURLESS CRYSTALS.

White, odorless solid.

White orthorhombic crystals

White solid

Odorless

2840 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

1560 °C @760 [mm Hg]

1764 to 1765 °F transition to cubic crystals at 1697 °F (NTP, 1992)

38 % (NIOSH, 2024)

37.0 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Solubility in water as weight %: 24%, 0 °C; 26.3%, 20 °C; 28.9%, 40 °C; 31.7%, 60 °C; 34.4%, 80 °C, 26.2%, 100 °C

Practically insoluble in ethanol

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 36

3.856 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

3.9 g/cu cm

3.9 g/cm³

3.9 @25 °C

Low (NIOSH, 2024)

Essentially zero

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /chlorine./

Colorless monoclinic; index of refraction: 1.7303, 1.7367, 1.7420; density: 3.856 at 24 °C; transition point to cubic at 962 °C; solubility: 37.5 g/100 cc water at 26 °C & 59 g/100 cc water at 100 °C; slightly sol in hydrochloric acid & nitric acid; very slightly sol in alcohol. /alpha-Barium chloride/

Colorless cubic; density: 3.917; MP: 963 °C; very slightly sol in alcohol. /beta-Barium chloride/

White monoclinic crystals; density: 3.097; MP: approximately 120 °C (decomposes); solubility: 37.0 g/100 g water at 25 °C; insoluble in ethanol /Barium chloride dihydrate/

Crystals or granules or powder; bitter salty taste; soluble in methanol; almost insoluble in ethanol, acetone, ethylacetate /Barium chloride dihydrate/

Heat of formation: -855.0 kJ/mol; Gibbs energy of formation: -806.7 kJ/mol; molar entropy: 123.7 J/mol-K; molar heat capacity: 75.1 J/mol-K

Heat of formation: -1456.9 kJ/mol; Gibbs energy of formation: -1293.2 kJ/mol; molar entropy: 203.0 J/mol-K /Barium chloride dihydrate/

Anhydrous barium chloride readily forms lower melting eutectics with alkali chlorides. Monohydrate of barium chloride may be formed by shaking the dihydrate with methanol.

Metals -> Metals, Inorganic Compounds

Water soluble.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

BARIUM CHLORIDE may react violently with BrF3 and 2-Furan percarboxylic acid in its anhydrous form. (NTP, 1992)

Bromine trifluoride rapidly attacks barium chloride.

Acids, oxidizers.

Furan-2-percarboxylic acid explodes when heated to 30 to 40 °C, or at room temperature upon addition of barium chloride.

Acids, oxidizers

Barium is a competitive potassium channel antagonist that blocks the passive efflux of intracellular potassium, resulting in a shift of potassium from extracellular to intracellular compartments. The intracellular translocation of potassium results in a decreased resting membrane potential, making the muscle fibers electrically unexcitable and causing paralysis. Some of these barium's effects may also be due to barium induced neuromuscular blockade and membrane depolarization. (L214)

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /Barium and soluble cmpd, as Ba/

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The health effects of the different barium compounds depend on how well the compound dissolves in water or the stomach contents. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, while higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea, paralysisand possibly death. Barium may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances, damage the kidneys and cause decreases in body weight. (L214)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L214) ; inhalation (L214)

Cough. Sore throat. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal cramps. Convulsions. Dullness. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin burns; gastroenteritis; muscle spasm; slow pulse, extrasystoles; hypokalemia

Ingesting excess barium may cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. High levels may result in changes in heart rhythm or paralysis and possibly death. (L214)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, heart, central nervous system

LD50: 220 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (T29)

LD50: 178 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rat) (T46)

LD50: 20 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rat)

Ingestion of 0.8 g may be fatal.

LD50 ICR Mouse intravenous 19.2 mg/kg (as barium(2+))

LD50 Rat intraperitoneal approx 24 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse intracerebroventricular 2.4 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 150 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Barium chloride (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intravenous infusion of potassium often relieves many of the symptoms of barium toxicity. (L214)

Fifteen of 20 Wistar albino rats were treated with various doses of ... piperazine citrate (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg body weight). All 20 rats were subsequently given barium chloride, 20 mg/kg. The 5 rats (25%) that did not receive piperazine citrate developed ventricular fibrillations after barium chloride was administered to them, via one of the external jugular veins, and died shortly thereafter. The remaining 75% of the rats were fully protected by all the doses of piperazine citrate employed for the study. Barium chloride did not produce any dysrhythmic phenomenon in the piperazine-protected rats. Conversely, sinus rhythm was maintained in the electrocardiogram of all the rats, with every P wave followed by a normal QRS-T complex...

Experiments with mice indicated that atropine significantly antagonized antinociception and death induced by intracerebroventricular injection of barium chloride.

/Acute effects from iv injections of barium chloride to dogs/ ... were due to prompt and substantial hypokalemia and could be prevented or reversed by potassium administration.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Barium and Related Compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously Watch for signs of fluid overload. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Barium and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... 1.5 L/day of distilled drinking water containing various levels of barium chloride /was administered/ to 11 healthy male volunteers aged 27-61 years (mean 39.5 years, median 41 years). None of the subjects was taking any medications, and none had hypertension, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Barium concentrations in the drinking water consumed by the subjects prior to the study were known to be very low. No barium was added for the first 2 weeks, which served as a control period; drinking water containing 5 mg barium/L (0.14 mg barium/kg bw/day using reference values of 2 L/day for water consumption and 70 kg for body weight) was administered for the next 4 weeks, and drinking water containing 10 mg barium/L (0.21 mg barium/kg bw/day) was administered for the last 4 weeks of the study. Diets were controlled to mimic US dietary practices (barium content of the diet was not determined, but /it was/ mentioned that a typical hospital diet provides 0.75 mg barium/day, or 0.011 mg barium/kg bw/day using a 70 kg reference weight). All beverages and food were provided, and subjects were instructed to consume only what was provided. The subjects were also instructed to keep their level of exercise constant and to abstain from alcohol, and smokers were told to smoke consistently throughout the study. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured in the morning and evening. Blood was collected at the beginning and periodically, particularly as four consecutive daily samples at the end of each of the three study periods. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were performed at the end of each study period. Twenty-four-hour continuous electrocardiographic monitoring was performed on 2 consecutive days at the end of each study period. Blood pressures were not significantly affected by barium exposure. A trend towards increased total serum calcium with barium exposure was noted but was not considered to be clinically significant. No significant changes were observed in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, LDL:HDL ratio, and apolipoproteins A1, A2, and B. Serum glucose, albumin, and potassium levels and urinary levels of sodium, potassium, or metanephrines (catecholamine breakdown products) were unchanged. Electrocardiograms revealed no changes in cardiac cycle intervals, including the QT interval; /it was/ noted that the lack of shortening of the QT interval provided evidence that the slight increase in serum calcium was not clinically significant. In addition, no significant arrhythmias, no increase in ventricular irritability, and no apparent conduction problems were seen with barium exposure. This study did not identify a LOAEL; the NOAEL is 0.21 mg barium/kg bw/day.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Accidental inhalation of soluble barium chloride used in manufacturing can result in profound hypokalemia, caused by inactivation of the passive potassium channels in the muscle cell membrane, thereby blocking efflux of intracellular potassium. Because activity of the adenosine triphosphatase sodium-potassium pump (Na+-K+-ATPase) is unchanged and continues to exchange sodium and potassium, potassium thus is trapped intracellularly. The typical clinical manifestation is gastrointestinal hypermotility, rapidly followed by areflexia, flaccid paralysis, and respiratory failure. Laboratory findings include severe hypokalemia.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ There are a number of reports of serious health effects in individuals intentionally or accidentally exposed to barium ... chloride. The predominant effect is hypokalemia, which can result in ventricular tachycardia, hypertension and/or hypotension, muscle weakness, and paralysis ... In addition to the effects associated with hypokalemia, gastrointestinal effects such as vomiting, abdominal cramps, and watery diarrhea are typically reported shortly after ingestion.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system. Exposure could cause hypokalemia, resulting in cardiac disorders and muscular disorders. Exposure may result in death.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium chloride (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Subcutaneous injection of an aqueous solution of barium chloride at a dosage of 5 mg/kg caused acute toxicity with death of rabbits after 2 to 2.5 hours. /Barium chloride/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Adverse hepatic effects in animals following oral barium exposure have been minor or have not been observed. Decreased liver/brain weight ratio and darkened liver were observed in rats administered a single gavage dose of 198 mg barium/kg as barium chloride; however, these changes were not associated with any microscopic hepatic lesions or alterations in serum enzymes (e.g., serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT], serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase [SGPT], alkaline phosphatase).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Studies in animals suggest that the kidney is a critical target of barium toxicity. An increase in relative kidney weight (kidney/brain weight ratio) was observed in male and female rats receiving a single gavage dose of 198 mg barium/kg/day as barium chloride in water.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Has been tested in neutral 0.08 to 0.1 M soln on rabbit eyes by injection into cornea or by dropping for 10 min on eye after corneal epithelium was removed to facilitate penetration. Under these conditions Barium chloride caused no opacification of cornea, but did cause considerable iritis, which subsided in a few days.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium chloride (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. /Barium chloride dihydrate/[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=10326-27-9]

... Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies were conducted by administering barium chloride dihydrate (99% pure) in drinking water to F344/N rats and B6C3Fl mice for ... 2 years ... 2 YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 60 males and 60 females received barium chloride dihydrate in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm for 104 (males) or 105 weeks (females), corresponding to average daily doses of 15, 30, or 60 mg barium/kg body weight for males and 15, 45, or 75 mg barium/kg body weight for females. The high dose of 2,500 ppm was selected based on decreased final mean body weights, mortality, decreased water consumption, and chemical related kidney lesions observed in the 4,000 ppm groups in the 13 week study. 2 YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 60 males and 60 females received barium chloride dihydrate in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm for 103 (males) or 104 weeks (females), corresponding to average daily doses of 30, 75, or 160 mg barium/kg body weight for males and 40, 90, or 200 mg barium/kg body weight for females. The high dose of 2,500 ppm was selected based on decreased final mean body weights, mortality, decreased water consumption, and chemical-related kidney lesions observed in the 4,000 ppm groups in the 13 week study. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 year drinking water studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of barium chloride dihydrate in male or female F344/N rats that received 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of barium chloride dihydrate in male or female B6C3F1 mice that received 500, 1,250, or 2,500 ppm. /Barium chloride dihydrate/

LC50; Species: Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes (crayfish); Conditions: static, 15-17 °C, pH 7; Concentration: 69.6 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes (crayfish); Conditions: static, 15-17 °C, pH 7; Concentration: 69.6 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes (crayfish, 19-32 mm); Conditions: static, 15-17 °C, pH 7, without food; Concentration: 59.0 mg/L for 30 days

LC50; Species: Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes (crayfish, 19-32 mm); Conditions: static, 15-17 °C, pH 7, with food; Concentration: 65.1 mg/L for 30 days

LC50; Species: Echinogammarus barilloni (freshwater shrimp); Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 7.7; Concentration: 508.6 mg/L for 24 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Barium chloride (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 57,997 workers (15,249 of these were female) were potentially exposed to barium chloride in the US(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Barium compound, NOS/

/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Barium compound, NOS/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Barium chloride (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1564 154(barium compound, n.o.s.)

UN 1564; Barium compounds, not otherwise specified

IMO 6.1; Barium compounds, not otherwise specified

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T; R: 20-25; S: (1/2)-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III