4-bromophenol

H302 (91.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (13.1%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (95.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (86.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (85.2%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 61 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P264, P270, P280, P301+P317, P318, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. - Hydrogen bromide gas

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

A comparative study of the adsorbents prepared from several industrial wastes for the removal of 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol and 2,4-dibromophenol has been carried out. The results show that maximum adsorption on carbonaceous adsorbent prepared from fertilizer industry waste has been found to be 40.7, 170.4 and 190.2 mg/g for 4-bromophenol 2-bromophenol and 2,4-dibromophenol, respectively. As compared to carbonaceous adsorbent, the other three adsorbents (viz., blast furnace sludge, dust, and slag) adsorb bromophenols to a much smaller extent. ... To test the practical utility of this adsorbent, column operations were also carried out. The results were found satisfactory in removing bromophenols by column operations. Therefore, the ... investigations recommend the use of carbon slurry waste as inexpensive adsorbent for small scale industries of developing/poor countries where disposal of solid waste of various industries and proper treatment of polluted wastewater is a serious problem.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.

Handle with gloves. Wear safety glasses for eye protection. Choose body protection according to the amount and concentration of the dangerous substance at the work place.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-BROMOPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a dust mask type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

ENGINEERING CONTROLS: Use only in a chemical fume hood. Safety shower and eye bath.

Solid; [Merck Index] Off-white crystalline powder with a phenolic odor; [Alfa Aesar MSDS]

Tetragonal bipyramidal crystals from chloroform or ether

Freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid

In water, 1.4X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

1.840 g/cu cm at 15 °C

Density: 1.5875 at 80 °C

0.01 [mmHg]

1.17X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 2.59

Henry's Law constant = 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

pKa = 9.17

Small amounts of water depress the MP considerably and may prevent crystallization

13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Crystal structure

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Equilibrium structure

Formula unit

Fusion temperature

Heat of sublimation

Internuclear distance

Magnetic susceptibility

Melting temperature

Molecular structure

Nuclear quadrupole coupling

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Phase transition

Point group

Quadrupole coupling

Rotation-vibration spectrum

Rotational excitation cross section

Space group

Spin-spin coupling constant

Surface tension

Transition enthalpy

LD50 Mouse oral 523 mg/kg

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/ENDOCRINE MODULATION/ ... The estrogen-like activity of phenol, 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and 4-tert-butylphenol (tert-BP) /was characterized/ using the estrogen-dependent human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. 4-BP, 2,4-DBP and 4-tert-BP all bind to the estrogen receptor (ER) with approximately 10,000-fold less affinity than 17 beta-estradiol (17 beta-E). 2,4,6-TBP was only able to displace 43% of radiolabelled estrogen when tested at concentrations up to 1 uM, whereas phenol had no affinity for the ER. 4-tert-BP stimulated cell growth and induced estrogen-regulated proteins such as the progesterone receptor (PgR) and pS2. The brominated phenols, however, although binding to the ER, did not stimulate cell growth or increase the levels of the PgR or pS2, or reduce the level of 17 beta-E induced pS2. On the contrary, 4-BP, 2,4-DBP and partly 4-tert-BP reduced 17 beta-E-stimulated cell growth apparently by an ER independent mechanism.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ /The/ study assessed the potential effects of nineteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), five hydroxylated BDEs (OH-BDEs), one methoxylated BDE (CH(3)O-BDE), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), its dibromopropane ether derivative (TBBPA-DBPE), and the brominated phenols/anisols 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), 4-bromophenol (4BP) and 2,4,6-tribromoanisole (TBA) on the catalytic activity of the steroidogenic enzyme aromatase (CYP19) in H295R human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Effects were studied in the concentration range from 0.5 to 7.5 uM; exposures were for 24 hr. Both 6-OH-BDE47 and 6-OH-BDE99 showed an inhibitory effect on aromatase activity at concentrations >2.5 uM and >5 uM, respectively. However, 6-OH-BDE47 also caused a statistically significant increase in cytotoxicity (based on mitochondrial MTT reduction and lactate dehydrogenase-leakage [LDH]) at concentrations >2.5 uM that could explain in part the apparent inhibitory effect on aromatase activity. Compared to 6-OH-BDE47, the methoxy analog (6-CH(3)O-BDE47) did not elicit a cytotoxic effect, whereas significant inhibition of aromatase remained. TBP caused a concentration-dependent induction of aromatase activity between 0.5 and 7.5 uM (with a maximum of 3.8-fold induction at 7.5 uM). This induction was not observed when a OH- group replaced the CH(3)O- group or when bromine atoms adjacent to this OH- group were absent...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The role of activated metabolites derived from 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol in bromobenzene covalent binding and toxicity was investigated with isolated hepatocytes in suspension. The covalent binding of the phenol and the catechol was increased four- to eightfold by the addition of unlabeled bromobenzene. Two-hour incubations of 0.25 mM 14C-labeled 4-bromophenol or 4-bromocatechol with hepatocytes isolated from phenobarbital-treated rats resulted, under these conditions, in no significant toxicity, and approximately 4 and 25%, respectively, of the covalent binding associated with bromobenzene itself. Two- and six-hour incubations with higher 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol concentrations demonstrated that 1 to 3 mM substrate concentrations were required for cytotoxicity. These results show that metabolically produced 4-bromophenol and 4-bromocatechol do not play significant roles in the production of bromobenzene cytotoxicity in isolated hepatocytes, and that they contribute only modestly to bromobenzene covalent binding.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Bromophenols are present in polychaetes as well as in algae in marine environments including the North Sea. They are thought to cause the typical sea-like taste and flavor. The ecological function of brominated phenols is not clear yet, but they may play a role in chemical defense and deterrence ... In this study 2-bromophenol (2-BP), 4-bromophenol (4-BP), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) and 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP), all of which are present in marine organisms, were tested. Especially 2,4-DBP and 2,4,6-TBP showed a significant effect on the Ca2+ homeostasis in endocrine cells (PC 12). The reduction of depolarization induced Ca2+ elevations by 2,4-DBP and 2,4,6-TBP and the increase of intracellular Ca2+ by both substances, partly released from intracellular stores, may suggest a link to the disrupting effect of endocrine systems by brominated phenols. 2,4-DBP was the most potent substance ... tested in respect to inhibition of voltage dependent Ca2+ currents as revealed in whole cell patch clamp experiments. Brominated phenols disturb cellular Ca2+ signaling with differential efficacy, depending on the number and position of bromine.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The same cytochromes P-450 activate both bromobenzene and p-bromophenol, and each substrate competitively inhibits the metabolism of the other. Moreover, the covalent binding of p-bromophenol to rat liver microsomes was inhibited by epoxide hydrolase, catechol-O-methyltransferase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and ascorbic acid but not by catalase. In contrast, the amount of 4-bromocatechol isolated from microsomal incubations containing p-bromophenol was decreased by glutathione and increased by ascorbic acid and superoxide dismutase. It is thus likely that p-bromophenol is converted to an epoxide that decomposes to 4-bromocatechol and that both the epoxide and the quinone formed from oxidation of 4-bromocatechol may become covalently bound to tissue proteins. However, these chemically reactive metabolites are apparently nontoxic because treatments which increase the covalent binding of p-bromophenol in vitro do not cause toxicity in vivo.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ 4-Bromocatechol and the /o-, m- and p-/ bromophenol isomers were nephrotoxicants (measured as increased blood urea nitrogen and decreased accumulation of organic anions by renal cortical slices) but not hepatotoxicants (measured as serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase) in vivo at 0.56 mmol/kg (iv). Preincubation of renal cortical slices with each of these bromobenzene metabolites for 90 min resulted in dose-dependent decreases in the accumulation of p-aminohippurate and tetraethylammonium. At 10 umol/preincubation (2.4 mM), organic ion accumulation was decreased maximally by all bromobenzene metabolites examined while equimolar amounts of bromobenzene were without effect. 4-Bromocatechol was the most potent nephrotoxicant in vitro. Administration of 0.53-2.12 mmol/kg (iv) 4-bromocatechol to mice resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in renal function while hepatic function was altered only slightly at the higher doses. The renal cortical necrosis produced by in vivo administration of 4-bromocatechol could not be distinguished histologically from that induced by bromobenzene. These results demonstrate that 4-bromocatechol and the 3 bromophenol isomers are nephrotoxicants that can be generated from bromobenzene in mice.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-BROMOPHENOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age 12 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18 °C; Concentration: 5950 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulated product/

4-Bromophenol's production and use as a disinfectant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Marine algae and bryozoa are possible sources of bromophenols, including 4-bromophenol. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.12X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-bromophenol will exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase 4-bromophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days. 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility based upon a Koc of 610. The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process. If released into water, 4-bromophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. A BCF of 8.0 to 12 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-bromophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-bromophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general public may be exposed to 4-bromophenol via inhalation, ingestion of drinking water and fish, and dermal contact with products containing 4-bromophenol. (SRC)

Studies indicate that there is a wide occurrence of bromophenols, including 4-bromophenol, in marine algae which provides a possible source of such compounds in fish that feed predominantly on ocean plants(1).

4-Bromophenol's production and use as a disinfectant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 610(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of 4-bromophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 610(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an experimental BCF of 8.0 to 12(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-bromophenol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.17X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-bromophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 4-Bromophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). A 93% ring degradation was reported for 4-bromophenol, present at 100 mg/L, over a 1-day incubation period measured with UV absorption in sludge from aerated soil where glucose and peptone were added in mineral salts(2). A first order rate constant of 4.47X10-4 1/hours was determined for 4-bromophenol in unacclimated activated sludge(3). A first order rate constant of 1.57X10-3 was calculated for 4-bromophenol, present at 50 ppm, in cresol activated sludge at a pH of 7.2 in a 5-day period. This corresponds to a half life of 18.4 days(4). 4-Bromophenol, present at 400 mg/L degraded by <20% in 28 days in activated sludge as measured by DOC analysis, where DOC was present at 1000 COD-mg/L and the concentration of microbial population was 1 g/L(5). 4-Bromophenol, present at 50 ppm, reached 100% UV disappearance in 16 days using a Dunkirk soil inoculum with a microbial population of 4 g soil/L mineral salts media(6). Grab samples, which contained 10+7 to 10+9 organisms per liter were obtained from 5 ponds or rivers within 10 km from Athens, GA. 4-Bromophenol, present at 1 ppm, was found to degrade by 9.6, 9.6, 7.9, 9.9, and 8.2 E-11 liter/organisms per hour(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-bromophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2). However, by analogy to 3-bromophenol which has a pseudo-first order rate constant of 0.104 1/min for direct photolysis in aqueous solution(3), 4-bromophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in aqueous solution(SRC).

An experimental BCF of 8.0 to 12 was calculated in fish for 4-bromophenol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 4-bromophenol is estimated as 610(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-bromophenol is 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.17X10-2 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Bromophenol was identified in raw water samples obtained from the Llobregat river in Barcelona, Spain(1).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: 4-Bromophenol was identified in rainwater in Los Angeles, CA by Kawamura and Kaplan (1983), though the concentration was reported as a sum of all phenols (2-8 ug/L)(1).

4-Bromophenol was identified in automotive emissions in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ug/cu m(1). 4-Bromophenol was identified in industrial wastewater samples from photographic industries at 187 ng/uL(2). The raw flue gas from a Swedish hazardous waste incinerator, located at Norrtorp, and fed chlorinated (mainly solvents) and brominated waste (tetrabutylammonium bromide) contained 3-/4-bromophenol at 24, 230, and 31 ng/cu m over three tests, respectively; bromides were present initially at 32, 1100, and 530 mg/cu m, respectively(3).

Concentrations of 4-bromophenol were measured in brown algae (0 to 13 ug/kg wet weight), red algae (0 to 0.84 ug/kg), bryozoa (2.3 and 18 ug/kg) and a hydroid (4.9 ug/kg) collected from Exmouth Gulf, Australia, in October 1990(1).

Endeavour prawns from Exmouth Gulf, Shark Bay, and Groote Elylandt, Australia, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of 61 to 410, 370, and 370 ug/kg, respectively(1). Ten different species of fish, collected in August 1992 from the eastern coast of Australia, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of <0.05 to 0.2 ng/g for the carcass and <0.05 to 100 ng/g for the whole gut (analysis of single fish from each species)(2). Ocean fish were separated by species into pelagic carnivores, benthic carnivores, diverse omnivores and restricted omnivores; concentrations in the flesh ranged from <0.01 to 1.6 ng/g, <0.01 to 46 ng/g, <0.01 to 1.2, and <0.01 to 0.1 ng/g, respectively, while concentrations in the gut ranged from <0.01 to 1.1 ng/g, <0.01 to 2300 ng/g, <0.01 to 56 ng/g, and <0.01 to 0.8 ng/g, respectively(3). Thirty samples of 9 species of prawns, collected from the eastern coast of Australia from 1993 to 1996, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of <0.01 to 850 ng/g(4). 4-Bromophenol concentrations in cultivated prawns ranged from <0.01 to 0.56 ng/g in the head and <0.01 to 0.06 ng/g in the tail(4). 4-Bromophenol was detected in marine fish, mollusks, and crustaceans obtained from a seafood shop in Hong Kong. Seasonal concentrations in the flesh of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) and brown-spotted grouper (Epinepheus areolatus) was 0 ng/g (not detected) for each; in the gut, concentrations ranged from 0 to 206 ng/g and 0 ng/g, respectively. In the mullusks, including clams (Tapes philippinarum) and oysters (Ostrea rivularis), seasonal concentrations ranged from 0 to 55.6 ng/g and 0 ng/g, respectively. For crustaceans, seasonal concentrations in the cephalothorax and tail of the shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) ranged from 0 to 9.47 ng/g and 0 to 5.39 ng/g, respectively; in crab (Charybdis feriatus), concentrations ranged from 0 to 47.9 ng/g(5).

Concentrations of 4-bromophenol were measured in sponges (0.42 to 62 ug/kg) collected from Exmouth Gulf, Australia, in October 1990(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 35 workers (none of these were female) were potentially exposed to 4-bromophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-bromophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-bromophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general public may be exposed to 4-bromophenol via inhalation, ingestion of drinking water and fish, and dermal contact with products containing 4-bromophenol(SRC).

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age 12 hr); Conditions: freshwater, static, 18 °C; Concentration: 5950 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /formulated product/

4-Bromophenol's production and use as a disinfectant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Marine algae and bryozoa are possible sources of bromophenols, including 4-bromophenol. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.12X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-bromophenol will exist solely as a vapor. Vapor-phase 4-bromophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days. 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility based upon a Koc of 610. The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process. If released into water, 4-bromophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. A BCF of 8.0 to 12 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-bromophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-bromophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general public may be exposed to 4-bromophenol via inhalation, ingestion of drinking water and fish, and dermal contact with products containing 4-bromophenol. (SRC)

Studies indicate that there is a wide occurrence of bromophenols, including 4-bromophenol, in marine algae which provides a possible source of such compounds in fish that feed predominantly on ocean plants(1).

4-Bromophenol's production and use as a disinfectant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 610(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of 4-bromophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(6). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.2X10-2 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(8) suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 610(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.59(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.5X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an experimental BCF of 8.0 to 12(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A theoretical BOD of 0% using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that biodegradation is not an important fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-bromophenol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.17X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-bromophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 4-Bromophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 14 days using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). A 93% ring degradation was reported for 4-bromophenol, present at 100 mg/L, over a 1-day incubation period measured with UV absorption in sludge from aerated soil where glucose and peptone were added in mineral salts(2). A first order rate constant of 4.47X10-4 1/hours was determined for 4-bromophenol in unacclimated activated sludge(3). A first order rate constant of 1.57X10-3 was calculated for 4-bromophenol, present at 50 ppm, in cresol activated sludge at a pH of 7.2 in a 5-day period. This corresponds to a half life of 18.4 days(4). 4-Bromophenol, present at 400 mg/L degraded by <20% in 28 days in activated sludge as measured by DOC analysis, where DOC was present at 1000 COD-mg/L and the concentration of microbial population was 1 g/L(5). 4-Bromophenol, present at 50 ppm, reached 100% UV disappearance in 16 days using a Dunkirk soil inoculum with a microbial population of 4 g soil/L mineral salts media(6). Grab samples, which contained 10+7 to 10+9 organisms per liter were obtained from 5 ponds or rivers within 10 km from Athens, GA. 4-Bromophenol, present at 1 ppm, was found to degrade by 9.6, 9.6, 7.9, 9.9, and 8.2 E-11 liter/organisms per hour(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-bromophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 4-Bromophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2). However, by analogy to 3-bromophenol which has a pseudo-first order rate constant of 0.104 1/min for direct photolysis in aqueous solution(3), 4-bromophenol may be susceptible to direct photolysis in aqueous solution(SRC).

An experimental BCF of 8.0 to 12 was calculated in fish for 4-bromophenol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 4-bromophenol is estimated as 610(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.59(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 4-bromophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-bromophenol is 9.17(4), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 4-bromophenol is 1.51X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-bromophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 4-Bromophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.17X10-2 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Bromophenol was identified in raw water samples obtained from the Llobregat river in Barcelona, Spain(1).

RAIN/SNOW/FOG: 4-Bromophenol was identified in rainwater in Los Angeles, CA by Kawamura and Kaplan (1983), though the concentration was reported as a sum of all phenols (2-8 ug/L)(1).

4-Bromophenol was identified in automotive emissions in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 ug/cu m(1). 4-Bromophenol was identified in industrial wastewater samples from photographic industries at 187 ng/uL(2). The raw flue gas from a Swedish hazardous waste incinerator, located at Norrtorp, and fed chlorinated (mainly solvents) and brominated waste (tetrabutylammonium bromide) contained 3-/4-bromophenol at 24, 230, and 31 ng/cu m over three tests, respectively; bromides were present initially at 32, 1100, and 530 mg/cu m, respectively(3).

Concentrations of 4-bromophenol were measured in brown algae (0 to 13 ug/kg wet weight), red algae (0 to 0.84 ug/kg), bryozoa (2.3 and 18 ug/kg) and a hydroid (4.9 ug/kg) collected from Exmouth Gulf, Australia, in October 1990(1).

Endeavour prawns from Exmouth Gulf, Shark Bay, and Groote Elylandt, Australia, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of 61 to 410, 370, and 370 ug/kg, respectively(1). Ten different species of fish, collected in August 1992 from the eastern coast of Australia, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of <0.05 to 0.2 ng/g for the carcass and <0.05 to 100 ng/g for the whole gut (analysis of single fish from each species)(2). Ocean fish were separated by species into pelagic carnivores, benthic carnivores, diverse omnivores and restricted omnivores; concentrations in the flesh ranged from <0.01 to 1.6 ng/g, <0.01 to 46 ng/g, <0.01 to 1.2, and <0.01 to 0.1 ng/g, respectively, while concentrations in the gut ranged from <0.01 to 1.1 ng/g, <0.01 to 2300 ng/g, <0.01 to 56 ng/g, and <0.01 to 0.8 ng/g, respectively(3). Thirty samples of 9 species of prawns, collected from the eastern coast of Australia from 1993 to 1996, contained 4-bromophenol at concentrations of <0.01 to 850 ng/g(4). 4-Bromophenol concentrations in cultivated prawns ranged from <0.01 to 0.56 ng/g in the head and <0.01 to 0.06 ng/g in the tail(4). 4-Bromophenol was detected in marine fish, mollusks, and crustaceans obtained from a seafood shop in Hong Kong. Seasonal concentrations in the flesh of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) and brown-spotted grouper (Epinepheus areolatus) was 0 ng/g (not detected) for each; in the gut, concentrations ranged from 0 to 206 ng/g and 0 ng/g, respectively. In the mullusks, including clams (Tapes philippinarum) and oysters (Ostrea rivularis), seasonal concentrations ranged from 0 to 55.6 ng/g and 0 ng/g, respectively. For crustaceans, seasonal concentrations in the cephalothorax and tail of the shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) ranged from 0 to 9.47 ng/g and 0 to 5.39 ng/g, respectively; in crab (Charybdis feriatus), concentrations ranged from 0 to 47.9 ng/g(5).

Concentrations of 4-bromophenol were measured in sponges (0.42 to 62 ug/kg) collected from Exmouth Gulf, Australia, in October 1990(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 35 workers (none of these were female) were potentially exposed to 4-bromophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-bromophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-bromophenol is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that general public may be exposed to 4-bromophenol via inhalation, ingestion of drinking water and fish, and dermal contact with products containing 4-bromophenol(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.