1,4-dichlorobenzene

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P264+P265, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P318, P337+P317, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (91%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 402 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Not Classified

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash - If this chemical contacts the skin, wash the contaminated skin with soap and water.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

CAUTION: Fire involving Safety devices (UN3268) and Fire suppressant dispersing devices (UN3559) may have a delayed activation and a risk of hazardous projectiles. Extinguish the fire at a safe distance.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Do not scatter spilled material with high-pressure water streams. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. /o-Dichlorobenzene/

Water may be used to blanket fire.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS: Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, oceans or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge. Do not discharge effluent containing this product to sewer systems without previously notifying the local sewage treatment plant authority. For guidance contact your State Water Board or Regional Office of the EPA.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U072 and D027, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

p-Dichlorobenzene may be disposed of: 1) by making packages of p-dichlorobenzene in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2) By dissolving p-dichlorobenzene in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Recommendable method: Incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]:

Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. For Asbestos, avoid inhalation of dust. Cover spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Do not clean up or dispose of, except under supervision of a specialist.

SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area.

SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Storage class (TRGS 510): 13: Non Combustible Solids.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials. /o-Dichlorobenzene/

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area between 32 °F and 80 °F. Storage below 80 °F will cause crystals to turn white; storage above 80 °F will cause crystals to fuse and cake. Short-term exposure to extremely high temperatures, above 80 °F, can rapidly cause caking. Inspection of containers should be made within ten days of receipt to determine whether fusing or caking has occurred in transit. Store only in closed, properly labeled containers. /99.9% Paradichlorobenzene/

Safe Storage of Pesticides. Always store pesticides in their original containers, complete with labels that list ingredients, directions for use, and first aid steps in case of accidental poisoning. Never store pesticides in cabinets with or near food, animal feed, or medical supplies. Do not store pesticides in places where flooding is possible or in places where they might spill or leak into wells, drains, ground water, or surface water.

2.0 [ppm]

4.0 [ppm]

25 [ppm]

150 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

75.0 [ppm]

75 ppm (450 mg/m³)

TWA 75 ppm (450 mg/m3) See Appendix G

150 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

150.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: No adverse effects were noted in a workplace averaging 105 ppm (range 50 to 170 ppm), but painful irritation of the eyes and nose was found at 80 to 160 ppm, and breathing was difficult at concentrations greater than 160 ppm [Hollingsworth et al. 1956].

NIOSH considers p-dichlorobenzene to be a potential occupational carcinogen. [150 ppm]

Ca [150 ppm]

See: 106467

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

10 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

10 ppm [1990]

Acute Inhalation: 2 ppm (L395)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.2 ppm (L395)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.01 ppm (L395)

Intermediate Oral: 0.07 mg/kg/day (Rodent) (L395)

Chronic Oral: 0.07 mg/kg/day (Rat) (L395)

USSR MAC to skin is 20 mg/cu m of air

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, respiratory tract and skin. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in haemolytic anaemia. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the liver, central nervous system, blood and lungs. This may result in liver function impairment, neuropathy and anaemia. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Dichlorobenzene:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Eye/face protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

P-dichlorobenzene appears as a white colored liquid with the odor of moth balls. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Flash point below 200 °F. Used as a moth repellent, to make other chemicals, as a fumigant, and for many other uses.

Other Solid; Large Crystals

Colorless or white crystalline solid with a mothball-like odor. [insecticide]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS-TO-WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless or white crystalline solid with a mothball-like odor.

Colorless or white crystalline solid with a mothball-like odor. [insecticide]

White crystals

Volatile crystals

White crystals or leaflets

Colorless or white crystalline solid

Distinctive aromatic odor ... becomes very strong at concentrations between 30 and 60 ppm

Strong penetrating odor

Mothball-like odor

345 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

173.9 °C

174 °C @760 [mm Hg]

127 °F (NTP, 1992)

53.09 °C

150 °F (NTP, 1992)

66.0 °C (150.8 °F) - closed cup

150 °F (66 °C) (closed cup)

66 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 81.3 mg/L at 25 °C

Practically insoluble in water

Soluble in chloroform, carbon disulfide, benzene, ether, alcohol

Miscible with ethanol, acetone, benzene; soluble in ethyl ether, chloroform

0.0813 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, mg/l at 20 °C: 49 (practically insoluble)

1.458 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2475 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Density: 1.4581 at 20.5 °C/4 °C

1.2 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.01

1.2475 @ 55°C

5.08 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.08 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.08

0.6 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1.8 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

1.74 [mmHg]

Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

P-DICHLOROBENZENE is incompatible with oxidizing agents. It is also incompatible with aluminum and its alloys. It liquefies when mixed with camphor, phenol and salol. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber and coatings. (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents.

Dangerous: when heated to decomposition or on contact with acids or acid fumes they evolve highly toxic /hydrogen chloride/ fumes. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or permanganate).

Strong oxidizers (such as chlorine or permanganate)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is a solid. It is used as moth repellent, general insecticide, germicide, space odorant, in manufacture of 2,5-dichloroaniline, dyes, intermediates, pharmacy, agriculture (fumigating soil). HUMAN STUDIES: Fumes from the surface of hot p-DCB may irritate skin slightly when contact is repeated or prolonged. Leukoencephalopathy has been described following ingestion of p-DCB mothballs. Hemolytic anemia and methemoglobinemia is more rarely reported in such cases. p-DCB increased the frequency of sister chromatid exchange in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the absence of metabolic activation. ANIMAL STUDIES: p-DCB induces renal tumors specifically in male rats through an alpha2u-globulin-associated response. p-DCB failed to exhibit genotoxic effects in vivo, exhibiting negative responses in unscheduled DNA synthesis, in the chromosome aberration assay, in the dominant lethal assay, and in the in vivo micronucleus assay. It was reported as positive in one DNA strand breakage assay and in one in vivo micronucleus assay. p-DCB bound to DNA in the liver, lung, and kidney of mice but not in that of male rats. It also induced DNA damage in the liver and spleen but not in the kidney, lung, or bone marrow of mice. p-DCB was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, or TA 1537 with or without metabolic activation. Acute and subchronic neurotoxicity studies have been performed with p-DCB. In rats, acute exposure to p-DCB at the rate of 50, 200 or 600 ppm caused decreased forelimb and hindlimb grip strengths and motor activity in males but not females at the high-dose. p-DCB was not teratogenic in rabbits. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occur at concentrations as low as 1,120 and 763 ug/L. Acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 1,970 ug/L. p-DCB was toxic to cell cultures of the tomato, soybean, and carrot. Concentrations of 0.5 mM caused 50% growth inhibition in carrot and soybean cultures. The tomato cultures were more sensitive, with 0.05 mM causing 50% growth inhibition.

The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity observed in laboratory animals are likely due to the formation of toxic intermediates formed while converting 1,4-DCB to 2,5-dichlorophenol by cytochrome P-450, or by depletion of GSH at higher doses of 1,4-DCB, or both. (L395)

1,4-Dichlorobenzene

8 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) and(or) Waste-water effluent contaminant

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group C Possible Human Carcinogen

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of dichlorobenzenes. ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene. Overall evaluation: In making the overall evaluation of the carcinogenicity of para-dichlorobenzene to humans, the Working Group concluded that para-dichlorobenzene produces renal tubular tumors in male rats by a non-DNA reactive mechanism, through an alpha-2u-globulin associated response. Therefore, the mechanism by which para-dichlorobenzene incr the incidences of renal tubular tumors in male rats is not relevant to humans. para-Dichlorobenzene caused a high incidence of liver tumors in male and female mice. Supporting evidence that its mechanism of action of carcinogenesis may be relevant for humans includes evidence that it causes DNA damage in liver and spleen of mice and weakly binds to DNA in mouse liver. ... para-Dichlorobenzene is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). /Dichlorobenzene/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

1,4-Dichlorobenzene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Male rat-specific kidney tumors can occur after exposures to a structurally diverse group of substances or their metabolites. This arises from binding to α2u, a low-molecular-weight protein. Examples of these substances include 1,4-dichlorobenzene (and -2,5-dichlorophenol, its metabolite), d-limonene (and d-limonene 2-5-oxide, its metabolite), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, (and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentanol, its metabolite), tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) (and TBA, its metabolite), and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (and TBA, its metabolite). They induce α2u-globulin nephropathy, a mode of action (MoA) noted in a series of studies and publications over recent decades as not being relevant in humans. The nephropathy can lead to kidney tumor formation in male rats.

para-Dichlorobenzene

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 73: (1999) Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances

1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-Dichlorobenzene)

TR-319: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (CASRN 106-46-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1987 )

03/26/86

Clear Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies, 1,4-dichlorobenzene produced clear evidence of carcinogenicity for male F344/N rats, as shown by an increased incidence of renal tubular cell adenocarcinomas. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity for female F344/N rats receiving doses of 300 or 600 mg/kg. There was clear evidence of carcinogenicity for both male and female B6C3F1 mice, as shown by increased incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas. Marginal increases were observed in the incidences of pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland in male mice. Nonneoplastic effects in the kidney of male and female rats, in the liver of male and female mice, and in the thyroid gland and adrenal gland of male mice were also associated with the administration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene.

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Prolonged exposure to high concentration of 1,4-DCB may cause weakness, dizziness, loss of weight, liver injury. Chronic (months to years) ingestion of 1,4-DCB products can provoque skin blotches and problems with red blood cells, such as anemia. There is an indication that 1,4-DCB can affect the development of the nervous system after birth. 1,4-DCB is possibly a human carcinogen. (L395, T63)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L397) ; oral (L397) ; dermal (L397) ; eye contact (L397)

Cough. Sore throat. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Shortness of breath. Vomiting.

Redness. Pain.

Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

Eye irritation, swelling periorbital (situated around the eye); profuse rhinitis; headache, anorexia, nausea, vomiting; weight loss, jaundice, cirrhosis; In Animals: liver, kidney injury; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Burning sensation, cough, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, and vomiting can follow inhalation or ingestion of 1,4-DCB. Moreover, its ingestion can cause diarrhoea. Eye exposure can lead to redness and pain of the contact surface. Vapors may cause irritation to skin, nose, throat, and eyes. Solid p-dichlorobenzene has very little effect on the skin. (L395, T63)

Liver, respiratory system, eyes, kidneys, skin

[in animals: liver & kidney cancer]

Chemical: PARA-DICHLOROBENZENE

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Hemolytic anemia - Decreased hemoglobin or number of red blood cells.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill sunfish); Conditions: /static bioassay/; Concentration: 4.54 mg/L for 24 hr; 4.3 mg/L for 48 hr; 4.25 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) age 3 months, weight 0.18 g, length 2.6 cm; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, dissolved oxygen 2.3-8.7 mg/L; Concentration: 19.7 umol/L for 96 hr (confidence interval: 14.8-26.4 umol/L) /95% purity/

LC50; Species: Poecilia reticulata (guppy); Concentration: 4.0 ppm for 14 days /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50; Species: Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp); Concentration: 129 mg/L for 48 hr; 69 mg/L for 96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (46 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Acute and chronic toxicity to freshwater aquatic life occur at concentrations as low as 1,120 and 763 ug/L ... acute toxicity to saltwater aquatic life occurs at concentrations as low as 1,970 ug/L.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Developmental, genetic, and reproductive toxicities of benzene, chlorobenzene, and o-, m-, and p-dichlorobenzenes were investigated in sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. Toxicity order depended on whether the target organ was embryo or sperm. Benzene was active in sea urchin sperm causing developmental and mitotic abnormalities in offspring. Benzene also showed a significant increase in developmental defects following embryo exposure. For chlorobenzene, developmental defects were seen when the concn was increased to 10(-4) M-Dichlorobenzene caused a strong increase in developmental defects and also in mitotic abnormalities.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The estrogenicity of o-, m-, and p-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was evaluated with a yeast estrogen screen (YES) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) vitellogenin (VTG) assays. With the YES, p-DCB and m-DCB were found to be estrogenic in a concentration-responsive manner. The relative potency measured with the YES (relative to 17beta-estradiol) was 2.2 x 10-7 for p-DCB and 1.04 x 10-8 for m-DCB. Following acute toxicity tests with the zebrafish, plasma VTG production was measured to examine the in vivo estrogenic activity of the three compounds after a 14-day exposure. Adult zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations of o-, m- and p-DCB, ranging from 0.1 to 32 mg/L; ethynylestradiol ([EE2]; 5 ng/L, 10 ng/L, 50 ng/L, and 100 ng/L) was used as a positive control. After exposure, blood samples were taken and protein electrophoresis was performed to determine the relative VTG content. Gonadosomatic indices (GSI) and condition factors (CF) were also calculated. Elevated VTG levels and decreased female GSIs were found in fish exposed to 5 ng EE2/L and in fish exposed to 10 mg p-DCB/L. Low GSIs coincided with high levels of VTG in the blood of female zebrafish. This relation was not only found in fish exposed to EE2 but also in controls and fish exposed to DCB. Therefore, a direct or indirect effect of VTG on the GSI is suggested rather than a direct toxic effect of the tested compounds on the gonads.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) is a common organic contaminant in water. To determine the effects of this contaminant on photosynthesis in the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa, algal cells were treated with 1,4-DCB at different concentrations for various times, and their photosynthetic pigment contents and chlorophyll fluorescence traits were analyzed. The results showed that 1,4-DCB exerted toxic effects on photosynthesis in C. pyrenoidosa, especially at concentrations exceeding 10 mg/L. The inhibitory effects of 1,4-DCB were time- and concentration-dependent. After treatment with 1,4-DCB (=10 mg/L), the contents of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly, the photosystem II reaction center was irreversibly damaged, and the quantum yield of photosystem II decreased significantly. Also, there were sharp decreases in the efficiency of photosynthetic electron transport and energy conversion. Photosystem II became overloaded as the amount of excitation energy distributed to it increased. All of these events weakened the photochemical reaction, and ultimately led to serious inhibition of photosynthesis.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2.60e+00

1.10e+01

2.60e-01

1.10e+00

4.80e-01

7.50e+01

4.60e-04

7.20e-02

5.40e-03

7.00e-02

8.00e-01

Volatile

2.60e+02

1.10e+03

2.60e+01

1.10e+02

4.80e+01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Bioaccumulation of this chemical may occur in fish.

1,4-Dichlorobenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of plastics for electronic components, dyes, 2,5-dichloroaniline, pharmaceutical and agricultural products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an insecticidal fumigant, germicide, general insecticide and room deodorant will result in its direct release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.74 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1,4-dichlorobenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dichlorobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 40 days. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility based upon Koc values of 273 and 390. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.41X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon measured Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. BCF values in the range of 33 to 720 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,4-dichlorobenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data suggest the general population may be exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water and use of consumer products containing this compound. (SRC)

Dichlorobenzenes are not known to occur as such in nature(1). /Dichlorobenzenes/

1,4-Dichlorobenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of plastics for electronic components(1), dyes, 2,5-dichloroaniline, pharmaceutical and agricultural products(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an insecticidal fumigant, germicide, general insecticide and space deodorant (room deodorizers, toilet bowl blocks(3), diaper pail deodorizers)(1,2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 273(2) and 390(3) indicate that 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,4-dichlorobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.41X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.74 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 273(2) and 290(3) indicate that 1,4-dichlorobenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.41X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), BCF values ranging from 33-720(7-10) suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(10) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,4-dichlorobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 1.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,4-dichlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 40 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg(3). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

AEROBIC: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1,2). Dichlorobenzene isomers were slowly biodegraded (6.3% of theoretical CO2 evolution in 10 weeks) in an alkaline soil sample(3). The first-order biodegradation rate of 1,4-dichlorobenzene in a biofilm system was 5.0-20.0X10-4/day, corresponding to half-lives on the order of a year or longer(4). An unspecified initial concentration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was biodegraded between 25 and 90 percent in soil column experiments using sediment from the Rhine River over a 300 day incubation period(5). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was not biodegraded in aquifers from Vejen and Grindsted, Denmark during a 50 day incubation period(6).

ANAEROBIC: 1,4-Dichlorobenzene was slowly biodegraded by an acclimated anaerobic sediment slurry obtained from the Tsurumi River, Japan(1). The first-order biodegradation rate constant was 0.0018 days-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 385 days(1). No biotransformation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene was observed following incubation in an anaerobic Rhine River sediment column over a 12 month period(2). Biodegradation rate of 7.4 mg/sq m/day was measured 1,4-dichlorobenzene in a vadose zone above polluted groundwater at the DuPont Chambers Works in New Jersey, sampled in June 2011(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-dichlorobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 40 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to undergo direct photolysis by sunlight(2).

A mean BCF value of 78 was measured in mosquito fish exposed to 57-233 ug/L of 1,4-dichlorobenzene during 1 to 4 day incubation periods(1). Mean BCF values of 370 to 720 were experimentally determined for rainbow trout exposed to unspecified concentrations of 1,4-dichlorobenzene up to 119 days in laboratory aquariums(2). A whole body BCF of 60 was determined for bluegill sunfish exposed to 1,4-dichlorobenzene over a 28-day period in a continuous flow system(3). BCF values of 33 to 73 were measured in carp exposed to 2 ug/L of 1,4-dichlorobenzene during an 35 day incubation period and BCF values of 47 to 190 were measured in carp exposed to 0.2 ug/L of 1,4-dichlorobenzene during a 35 day incubation period(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high(SRC).

An experimental Koc value of 273(1) was determined for 1,4-dichlorobenzene in silt loam soil and a value of 390 was reported in Lincoln fine sand(2). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), these Koc values suggest that 1,4-dichlorobenzene has moderate mobility in soil(SRC). A log Koc value of 4.8 was measured for 1,4-dichlorobenzene from sediment of Lake Ketelmeer, Netherlands(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-dichlorobenzene is 2.41X10-3 atm-cu m/mole at 20 °C(1). This value indicates that 1,4-dichlorobenzene will volatilize from water(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as approximately 5 days(SRC). 1,4-Dichlorobenzene's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on a vapor pressure of 1.74 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U072 and D027, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

p-Dichlorobenzene may be disposed of: 1) by making packages of p-dichlorobenzene in paper or other flammable material and burning in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. 2) By dissolving p-dichlorobenzene in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Recommendable method: Incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

49 411 28; Dichlorobenzene, para, solid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 36-40-50/53; S: (2)-36/37-46-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 9; UN Pack Group: III