4-Chlorophenol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H290 (38.9%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H301 (59.7%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (40.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (97.5%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (59.4%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (59.4%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.3%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (99.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P234, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P390, P391, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 283 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

WATER, SPRAY, MIST, FOG, FOAM, DRY CHEMICAL

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and well collect in low areas. ... Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. ...From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. /Monochlorophenols/

Use dry chemical foam, carbon dioxide, or water spray. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Phenolic cmpd in wastewater are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by iron(3+)-iron(2+). When the wt ratio of phenol:hydrogen peroxide is 1:3 and iron 5-100 ppm, more than 95% of the phenols are removed in 30 min from a 500 ppm phenol soln at pH 5-6 and 25-50 °C. /Phenolic cmpd/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. /Monochlorophenols/

Shovel into suitable dry container.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of p-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 96% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand, rate of biodegradation 11 mg/g hr; (Activated Sludge Process).

Chemical Treatability of p-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 100% reduction in 33 hours; (Biodegradation by mutant pseudomonas species).

This work presents the results of the application of an optimally controlled influent flow rate strategy to biodegrade, in a discontinuous reactor, high concentrations of 4-chlorophenol used as toxic compound model. The influent is fed into the reactor in such a way as to obtain the maximal degradation rate, thus avoiding the inhibition of the microorganisms. The optimal strategy was able to manage increments of toxic concentrations in the influent up to 7,000 mg 4CP/L without any problem. It was shown not only that higher concentrations of toxic could be treated, but also that a reduction in degradation time (around 52%) and in the supplied air volume was obtained.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution without delay. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be immediately removed and disposed of in an incinerator.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to precess containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. /Monochlorophenols/

1.5 [mg/m3]

18 [mg/m3]

110 [mg/m3]

Acute Oral: 0.01 mg/kg/day (Rat) (L159)

DOE Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for Xylene: TEEL-0: 250 mg/cu m; PAC-1: 400 mg/cu m; PAC-2: 400 mg/cu m; PAC-3: 400 mg/cu m (TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects; PAC-1: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor; PAC-2: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action; PAC-3: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects).

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the central nervous system.

Rubber gloves; face shield; boots and apron; respiratory protection (USCG, 1999)

/Wear/ face shield; Boots and apron; Respiratory protection

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when working with liquid, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Wear dust-proof goggles when working with powders or dust, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash. /Monochlorophenols/

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

ENGINEERING CONTROLS Use only in a chemical fume hood. Safety shower and eye bath.

NO open flames.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

P-chlorophenol appears as white crystals with a strong phenol odor. Slightly soluble to soluble in water, depending on the isomer, and denser than water. Noncombustible. Used as an intermediate in organic synthesis of dyes and drugs.

White solid; Yellow or pink if not pure; Unpleasant, penetrating odor; [Hawley] Off-white crystalline powder; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS-TO-YELLOW CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Needle like, white to straw-colored crystals

White crystals (yellow or pink when impure)

Yellow solid

Characeteristic phenolic odor

Unpleasant, penetrating odor

Chlorophenolic odor

428 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

220 °C @760 [mm Hg]

109.8 to 110.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

250 °F (NTP, 1992)

121 °C (250 °F) CLOSED CUP

121 °C c.c.

10 to 50 mg/mL at 59 °F (NTP, 1992)

2.71 PARTS SOL IN 100 PARTS WATER @ 20 °C

Very sol in alc, glycerin, ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils; sparingly sol in liquid petroleum

Very sol in ethanol, benzene, ethyl ether; soluble in alkali

Soluble in aqueous alkali, oxygenated and aromatic solvents

In water, 2.40X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 2.7

1.31 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2238 at 78 °C/4 °C

Density/Specific gravity: 1.2651 at 40 °C/4 °C

1.3 g/cm³

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.00

1.224 @ 78°C

4.4 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

4.43 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.44

0.1 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.08 [mmHg]

VP: 1 mm at 49.8 °C

8.7X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 13

0.75 [mm Hg] @45 °C

log Kow = 2.39

Volatile with steam

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

Slightly soluble to soluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

Aryl Halides

P-CHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. Also incompatible with iron (NTP, 1992). Liquefies and darkens in color at temperatures above 108 °F.

4-chlorophenol works as a weak uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibitors of cellular respiration. The ability of chlorophenols to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation increases with increasing chlorination. In fact, studies indicate a concentration-dependent triphasic effect of chlorophenols on phosphorylation and cellular respiration. At low concentrations, uncoupling produces stimulation of the resting state respiration as a result of increased adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the absence of a phosphate acceptor.Inhibition of active respiration is also observed. At moderate concentrations, resting respiration is neither stimulated nor inhibited. Significant inhibition of respiration, associated with a breakdown of the electron transport process and decreased ATPase activity, occurs at very high concentrations. Uncoupling activity has been attributed to a protonophoric effect (a disruption of the energy gradient across the mitochondrial membrane resulting from distribution of chlorophenols in the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane), whereas inhibition of cellular respiration has been attributed to a direct action on intracellular proteins (L159).

No indication of carcinogenicity (not listed by IARC). (L135)

4-chlorophenol is corrosive to epithelial tissue. It produce effects ranging from slight hyperemia to severe corrosion when applied to the corneas. Acute inhalation exposure may lead to hemorrhage in the lungs and tachypnea. Oral exposure to 2-chlorophenol can produce a variety of neurological effects, including tremors, myoclonic convulsions, a hunched posture, dyspnea, collapse, and coma (L159).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

Inhalation (L159) ; oral (L159) ; dermal (L159)

Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Abdominal pain. Unconsciousness. Further see Inhalation.

Cough, shortness of breath and sore throat can result from inhalation of 2-chlorophenol. These symptoms may be delayed. Abdominal pain, drowsiness, weakness, and convulsions can result from ingestion as well as inhalation. moreover, ingestion of 2-chlorophenol can cause restlessness, tremors, or central nervous system depression to occur. Eye exposure to 2-chlorophenol can lead to redness, pain, and blurred vision, while dermal contact can lead to redness and pain of the skin. Moreover, the substance can be rapidily absorbed after derma exposure (L159).

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) = 1,010 mg/m3/4H

LD50: 670 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L724)

LC50: 11 mg/m3 (Inhalation, Rat) (L724)

LD50 Rat ip 250 mg/kg. /From table/

LD50 Rat dermal 1500 mg/kg. /From table/

LD50 Mouse oral 860 mg/kg. /From table/

LD50 Rat oral 500 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Rat sc 1030 mg/kg /From table/

Avoid dilution following oral exposure; instead, administer charcoal as a slurry. Following inhalation, move patient to fresh air. Monitor for respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation, bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids. If the exposure occurs through eye contact, irrigate exposed eyes with copious amounts of room temperature water for at least 15 minutes. Following dermal exposure, remove phenol with undiluted polyethylene glycol 300 to 400 or isopropyl alcohol prior to washing, if readily available. Wash exposed areas twice or for at least 10 minutes with large quantities of soapy water. Water alone may be harmful. (T36)

Male mice were administered 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP), 1.5 mmol/kg body weight, ip, and were killed at 10, 20, 30 and 50 min after drug injection. Either i.p. or oral 4-CP administration significantly lowered total liver thiol levels by 20-30% after 30 min and 3 hr respectively. This time-dependent effect of 4-CP after ip treatment was enhanced when mice were pretreated with hepatic microsomal enzyme inducers (phenobarbital, 40 mg/kg body weight, b.i.d., 7 days; and beta-naphthoflavone, 80 mg/kg body weight once daily, 4 days). Further, the microsomal cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, SKF 525-A, 75 mg/kg body weight injected i.p. to mice 30 min prior to 4-CP administration, blocked the reduction of liver thiol content produced by 4-CP. The results suggest that a chemically reactive intermediate of 4-CP may be formed in liver which is responsible for the observed decrease in liver thiol content. Other investigations were done to characterize the in vitro irreversible binding of [14C]4-CP. [14C]4-CP was bound irreversibly to mouse liver microsomal proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. Binding was NADPH dependent and gave a maximal binding of 12.0 nmol/mg protein/20 min and an apparent binding constant of 0.222 mM. [14C]-Binding of 4-CP was increased by 155 and 127% in liver microsomes of phenobarbital- and beta-naphthoflavone. SKF 525-A, and CO:O2 (4:1, v/v)] and selected nucleophilic compounds (glutathione, L-cysteine or L-lysine) significantly reduced [14C]4-CP binding to mouse liver microsomes. An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, cyclohexene oxide, did not alter the extent of irreversible binding, whereas scavengers of superoxide anions or agents that are reported to reduce accumulation of active semiquinone and quinone species (L-ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase or epinephrine) decreased the binding of [14C]4-CP to mouse liver microsomal proteins by 56, 31 and 92% respectively...

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... When undiluted, it whitens & cauterizes the skin & mucous membranes...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ 1. Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. 2. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. 3. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. 4. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness ... 5. Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth, and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. 6. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. 7. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported ... 8. Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. 9. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of antimicrobial endodontic compounds in human peripheral lymphocytes by single-cell gel (comet) assay. ... A total of 10 uL of the tested substance solution (formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, and calcium hydroxide at 100-ug/mL concentration) was added to human peripheral lymphocytes from 10 volunteers for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The negative control group was treated with vehicle control (PBS) for 1 hour at 37 degrees C, as well. For the positive control group, lymphocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide at 100 uM during 5 minutes on ice. ... No DNA breakage was detected after a treatment of peripheral lymphocytes by formocresol, paramonochlorophenol, or calcium hydroxide at 100 ug/mL...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ... The aim of this study was to examine possible 4-monochlorophenol (4-MCP) toxicity related to metabolic pathways, which may implicate semiquinones and reactive oxygen species (ROS), in human Hep G2 cells. The effects of 4-MCP were performed through cytotoxicity assays (viability, ATP level), metabolic activities (4-MCP intracellular concentration, NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase (Cyt P-450 red.) and glutathione-S-transferase activities, CYP 3A7 mRNA expression) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, glutathione status, malondialdehyde concentration, CYP 2E1 mRNA expression). ... Hep G2 cells were incubated in the continuous presence of 4-MCP at 350 uM over 24 or 48 hr. Results showed statistically significant decreases in ATP levels (24 or 48 hr, P < 0.05) versus controls. The 4-MCP intracellular concentrations increased as early as 8-24 hr and then decreased (P < 0.01). Decreases in Cyt. P-450 red. (24 hr, P < 0.05), catalase (24 hr, P < 0.05; 48 hr, P < 0.01), glutathione peroxidase activities (48 hr, P < 0.05) and reduced glutathione concentrations (48 h, P < 0.05) were observed. In addition, exposure to 4-MCP increased mRNA expressions of CYP 3A7 (24 hr, P < 0.05; 48 hr, P < 0.01) and CYP 2E1 (24 hr, P < 0.01) versus controls. Taken together, these results suggest that 4-MCP metabolites could induce oxidative stress conditions in Hep G2 cells.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal lethal doses of the chlorophenols produce similar signs of poisoning. Oral administration, however, results in fatal poisoning in smaller dosage and in a shorter period of time than sc administration. /Chlorophenols/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The results of animal studies indicate that monochlorophenols are corrosive to epithelial tissue. Severe effects have been reported at exposure levels of 242-2,000 mg/kg of 2-CP or 4-CP applied directly to rabbit skin. Corrosion (not further described) is typically accompanied by other signs of severe skin injury, including erythema, edema, and discoloration. A single dermal application of a lower dose (100 mg/kg) of 4-CP to one ear of a mouse did not increase ear weight relative to the untreated ear.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Monochlorophenols produce effects ranging from slight hyperemia to severe corrosion when applied to the corneas of rabbits. Rabbits administered 0.6 mg/kg 4-CP (a 1% solution) showed slight hyperemia. At 1.2 mg/kg, rabbits had more severe hyperemia with edematous swelling, corneal cloudiness, and exudation. The maximum response occurred 5 hours after application. Inflammation was no longer apparent at 96 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In most acute animal studies involving 2-CP, 4-CP, 4-DCP exposure, a common syndrome of effects precedes death. This syndrome includes restlessness, tremors, convulsions, dyspnea and/or tachypnea, and collapse or coma. In many of these studies, the major effects associated with exposure to high doses of many phenolic compounds are myoclonic convulsions, or spasmodic twitching of a group of muscles.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 38000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 400 uM for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 340-510 uM); Effect: decreased population growth rate /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 38000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 400 uM for 72 hr (95% confidence interval: 340-510 uM); Effect: decreased population growth rate /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Lemna gibba (Inflated duckweed, age 3 frond); Conditions: freshwater, static, 27.5 °C; Concentration: 183 uM for 7 days; Effect: decreased vegetative frond reproduction /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (47 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...The response of enclosed marine plankton to chlorophenol additions /was monitored/, and /it was/ determined that exposure to chlorophenols affected algal biomass, composition, and activity. In the first of 3 studies, 1 mg 4-MCP or 2,4-DCP/L prevented the increase in algal biomass (as chlorophyll) that occurred in control enclosures. Large flagellates made up a greater proportion of the algal community in 1 mg/L-treated enclosures compared with controls, perhaps because grazing was reduced. Primary productivity generally parallelled the dynamics of algal biomass, as it was reduced by exposure to 1 mg 4-MCP/L; however, the addition of 1 mg 2,4-DCP/litre did not affect photosynthetic radiolabelled dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) uptake. Results were generally similar during the 2 subsequent manipulations, though the magnitude and timing of the effects varied.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Marine zooplankton were strongly affected by chlorophenol additions during field studies in 1500-L plastic enclosures. While the zooplankton communities in the control enclosures and those treated with 0.1 mg 4-MCP/L or 0.1 mg 2,4-DCP/L displayed similar dynamics, total biomass and production in enclosures treated with 1 mg 4-MCP/L and 1 mg 2,4-DCP/L were reduced relative to controls throughout the first three-quarters of the study. All life-history stages of several copepod species were similarly affected. Results in subsequent studies were generally similar, though the magnitude of the impact varied.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Toxicity and metabolism of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) in the marine microalga Tetraselmis marina have been studied. The inhibition constant EC(50) for p-CP was 272+/-17 uM (34.8+/-2.2 mg/L) under the experimental conditions. Two metabolites were detected in the growth medium in the presence of p-CP by reverse phase HPLC and their concentrations increased at the expense of p-CP. The two metabolites, which were found to be more polar than p-CP, were isolated by a C18 column. They were identified as p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (p-CPG) and p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-(6-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside (p-CPGM) by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric analysis in a negative ion mode. The molecular structures of p-CPG and p-CPGM were further confirmed by enzymatic and alkaline hydrolyses. Treatment with beta-glucosidase released free p-CP and glucose from p-CPG, whereas p-CPGM was completely resistant. Alkaline hydrolysis completely cleaved the esteric bond of the malonylated glucoconjugate and yielded p-CPG and malonic acid. It was concluded that the pathway of p-CP metabolism in T. marina involves an initial conjugation of p-CP to glucose to form p-chlorophenyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside, followed by acylation of the glucoconjugate to form p-chlorophenyl-beta-D-(6-O-malonyl)-glucopyranoside. The metabolism of p-CP in T. marina was mainly driven by photosynthesis, and to a lesser extent by anabolic metabolism in the dark. Accordingly, the detoxification rate under light was about seven times higher than in the darkness. This work provides the first evidence that microalgae can adopt a combined glucosyl transfer and malonyl transfer process as a survival strategy for detoxification of such xenobiotics as p-CP.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The potential for using pink hydra (Hydra vulgaris) and green hydra (Hydra viridissima) as a model invertebrate for the toxicity testing of xenobiotics was investigated. Test compounds were 4-chlorophenol /and/ endosulfan ... . Hydra had a low sensitivity to 4-chlorophenol and endosulfan compared to other freshwater species. The 96-hr LC50 (SE) values for 4-chlorophenol and endosulfan were 32 mg/L (1.3) and 0.81 mg/L (0.1), respectively, for pink hydra, and 45 mg/L (6.1) and 0.67 mg/L (0.02), respectively, for green hydra. Based on population growth rates, the 6-day NOEC and LOEC results for pink hydra exposed to 4-chlorophenol and endosulfan were <1.1 and 1.1 mg/L, and 0.044 ug/L and 0.080 mg/L, respectively; results for green hydra were 10.3 and 22.3 mg/L, and 0.060 and 0.080 mg/L, respectively. ...

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment.

4-Chlorophenol's production and use as biocide, disinfectant, antiseptic, Chemical intermediate in the production of certain dyes, fungicides, and drugs, denaturant for alcohol, and selective solvent in refining mineral oil may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 8.90X10-2mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-chlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-chlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.3 days. The quantum yield for the disappearance of 4-chlorophenol was 0.25 when it was irradiated at 296 nm in aqueous solution at pH 1-13; products of photolysis included hydroquinone. If released to soil, 4-chlorophenol is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon a Koc range of 70 to 485.6. The pKa of 4-chlorophenol is 9.41, indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Mobility of 4-chlorophenol may also be affected by the amount of soil organic matter present as it will tend to irreversibly absorb. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 4-Chlorophenol degraded in clay and silt loams soils from 84-100% in 3-16 days and 22.2% and 35% in 1 and 10 weeks, respectively, in para-brown soil, suggesting that biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in soils is variable depending on conditions. There may be decreased availability for biodegradation due to the potential of 4-chlorophenol to irreversibly absorb to soil organic matter. If released into water, 4-chlorophenol may exhibit low to moderate absorption to suspended solids and sediment based on the Koc range. Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in water varies depending on the conditions. Complete removals have been reported in water after 13 days for acclimated water and 30 days in farm stream sediment, 44% degradation after 5 days and 33% after 25 days in non-acclimated water. A pKa of 9.41 indicates 4-chlorophenol will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Experimental BCF range of 6.0 to 18 in carp suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-chlorophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-chlorophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

4-Chlorophenol's production and use as a biocide, disinfectant for home, hospital, and farm, antiseptic(1), in the synthesis of derivatives of quinizarin, anthraquinone dyes, in the synthesis of the fungicides dichlorophen and triadimefon, in the synthesis of the cholesterol-reducing drug ethyl-alpha,alpha-dimethyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetate(2), denaturant for alcohol, and selective solvent in refining mineral oil(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value range of 70 to 485.6(2-4), indicates that 4-chlorophenol is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-chlorophenol is 9.41(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization of 4-chlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 8.90X10-2 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 2.40X10+4 mg/L(8). 4-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 8.2X10-2 mm Hg(7). 4-Chlorophenol reached 2% of its theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(9) while complete degradation was reported within 3 days in acclimated sludges(10,11). 4-Chlorophenol degraded in clay and silt loams soils from 84-100% in 3-16 days(12-14) and 22.2% and 35% in 1 and 10 weeks, respectively, in para-brown soil(15). These data suggest that biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in soils is variable depending on conditions(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value range of 70 to 485.6(2-4), indicates that 4-chlorophenol may exhibit low to moderate absorption to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(5) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 8.90X10-2 mm Hg(6), and water solubility, 2.40X10+4 mg/L(7). According to a classification scheme(8), a BCF range of 6.0-18(6,9, 10) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 4-Chlorophenol undergoes flash-induced aquatic photolysis in both aerated and non-aerated solns(11) and photolytic oxidation by UV/ozone(12). Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol in water varies depending on the conditions. Complete removals have been reported in water after 13 days for acclimated water(13) and 30 days in farm stream sediment(14), 44% degradation after 5 days(15) and 33% after 25 days in non-acclimated water(13). These data suggest that biodegradation will vary depending on the conditions(SRC). Since the pKa of 4-chlorophenol is 9.41(16), it will exist in water and sediment in a partially dissociated state which may effect its transport and reactivity in water and sediment(SRC). The suggested half-life of 4-chlorophenol in water is 55 hours(6), although it is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(17).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-chlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 8.90X10-2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-chlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.3 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 9.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). The quantum yield for the disappearance of 4-chlorophenol was 0.25 when it was irradiated at 296 nm in aqueous solution at pH 1-13; products of photolysis included hydroquinone(4).

... Complete dechlorination and aromatic ring degradation of ... 4-chlorophenol ... by 2,4-D grown cells of an Arthrobacter species isolated from slit loam.

AEROBIC: Complete removal of 4-chlorophenol at 1 ppm concn in 13 days was reported in acclimated river water and 33% removal in 25 days with acclimated sewage seed(1). The remaining concn of 4-chlorophenol (days in Great Miami River, OH water) was 1000 ppb (0 days), 980 ppb (6 days), 80 ppb (13 days), 0 ppb (15 days), and in the Little Miami River, OH was 1000 ppb (0 days), 1000 ppb (6 days), 0 ppb (13 days)(2). A half-life of 20 days was reported in water, and 3 days in sediment and seawater from the estuarine Skidway River, GA at 22 °C(3). 100% deg in 30 days reported using sediment from farm stream vs 15% degradation using sterile controls(4). The rate of degradation of 4-chlorophenol was significantly lower using microbes from a mesotrophic reservoir which were adapted to natural humic acids from a highly colored lake than the rate using unadapted microbes(5). 4-Chlorophenol reached 44% of its BOD in river water obtained from the Jilin section of the Songhua River, China. A test concn of 2 mg/L (based TOD) was tested at 15-20 °C, pH 6.8-7.0, and a dissolved oxygen concn of 8.0 mg/L using standard iodometric tritration(6).

AEROBIC: A loss of 84% reported for 4-chlorophenol incubated in non-sterile clay loam soil at 4 °C in 12 days vs 0% loss in sterile soil was reported(1). Complete removal reported in 9 and 3 days in Dunkirk and Mardin silt loam suspensions, respectively(2). Degradation of 50% 4-chlorophenol was reported in 21 days upon percolation through phenol pretreated Rothamsted clay; no change in degradation rate was observed upon redose(3). Evolution of 22.2% and 35% theoretical CO2 in 1 and 10 weeks in para-brown soil was reported(4). 100% degradation in 16 days in suspension of Niagara silt loam soil was noted(5). Complete degradation was reported in 3 days in acclimated sludge(6); 96% max removal by acclimated sludge was reported(7). No degradation was reported using a Warburg seed(8).

AEROBIC: The biodegradation half-life of 4-chlorophenol in Oklahoma sand collected from an aerobic aquifer ranged from 1.5 to 15 days(1). The suggested half-lives of 4-chlorophenol in air, water, soil and sediment are 55, 55, 550 and 1700 hours, respectively(2). 4-Chlorophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 2% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(3). In an aerobic screening test, the microorganism Pseudomonas gladioli was able to degrade 4-chlorophenol 100% after an incubation period of 24 hours and an initial concn of 2.96 ug/mL(4). 4-Chlorophenol was 100% degraded by a microbial mixture inoculum after an incubation time of 96 hours(5). 4-Chlorophenol was 100% degraded in a cyclone fermentor after 150 hours and a lag time of 25 hours; this corresponds to a half-life of 88 hours(6). The max removal rate of 4-chlorophenol (200 mg/L TOC) in activated sludge was 40 mg TOC/g initial microbial solids during a semi-continuous activated sludge test. The mean of biomass retention time (MBRT) was approx 5 days(7). Aerobic batch mixed cultures degraded 4-chlorophenol via meta-cleavage. Incubation at 30 °C resulted in the complete removal of 4-chlorophenol within 48 hours. Stoichiometric release of chlorine was achieved after 100 hours. Degradation led to an accumulation of 5-chloro-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde, the meta-cleavage product of 4-chlorocatechol(8). A mix culture from acclimated, activated sludge obtained from municipal wastewater treatment degraded a mixture of phenols (10 mg/L each of phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol) more efficiently than pure cultures after 70 day acclimation periods at 15 °C. The mixed cultures degraded the phenols in <24 hours while the pure cultures degraded the phenols in >9 days(9). Aerobic biodegradation of chlorophenols occurs by hydroxylation to chlorocatechols and by spontaneous dechlorination after ortho-cleavage(10), although meta-cleavage is possible with 4-chlorophenol(8).

ANAEROBIC: All chlorophenols undergo anaerobic degradation under a variety of microbial conditions. Degradation normally occurs by reductive dechlorination followed by ring cleavage(1). An anaerobic gas production test of sewage sludge, a freshwater swamp sediment and a marine sediment was conducted. Results revealed 0 to 30% mineralization of 4-chlorophenol in digested sewage sludge after an incubation period of 56 days, while 4-chlorophenol inhibited gas production in freshwater swamp and marine sediment(2). The anaerobic degradation potential of 4-chlorophenol in primary digesting sludge, expressed as net gas potential (NPG) was determined to be -40, which corresponds to a chemical which inhibits biodegradation(3). The rate of 4-chlorophenol transformation in anaerobic estuarine sediment was determined to be 0.059/day, which corresponds to a half-life of 11.7 days(4). The anaerobic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in a cyclone fermentor system revealed 0% remaining after 100 hours and a lag time of 51 hours; this corresponds to a half-life of 84 hours(5). 4-Chlorophenol biodegrades in the absence of oxygen under methanogenic, sulfidogenic, and iron-reducing conditions(6). In anaerobic sediment enrichments, 4-chlorophenol was depleted by microorganisms under iron-reducing conditions. Concns of 100 uM were depleted within 90 days and concns of 500 uM and 700 uM were depleted in < 150 days. The results indicate that iron (III) can serve as an electron donor for dechlorination in absence of oxygen(7). 4-Chlorophenol was the most persistent of the chlorophenols in methanogenic river sediments. All chlorophenols were mineralized to methane under the methanogenic conditions after 33 weeks with a depletion rate of 2.80 umole/L-day. An initial lag period of 22-23.7 weeks was reported(8). The half-life of 4-chlorophenol in anaerobic lake sediment (<1% organic matter) was reported as 346 days with a 31 day lag period(9). 4-Chlorophenol (100 ug/L) was persistent in anaerobic sand and gravel after 3 weeks in a model ecosystem consisting of a laboratory filter operating with anaerobic groundwater(10). Incubation of 4-chlorophenol with sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions gave the following results: approximately 61% disappearance of 4-chlorophenol in 6 weeks with an approximately 3 week lag period using unacclimated sludge; approximately 100% loss of 4-chlorophenol in 3, 14, or 8 days using sludge acclimated to 2-, 3- or 4-chlorophenol, respectively; in (14)C-labeled-4-chlorophenol experiments using sludge acclimated to 2- or 4- chlorophenol, >90% of total (14)C added was recovered as (14)CH4 and (14)CO2(11).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-chlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 9.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The flash-induced photolysis (detection wavelength = 280 nm) of 4-chlorophenol in aerated (oxygenated) aqueous solution produced p-benzoquinone; in deaerated (non-oxygenated) solution the main photodegradation products were p-hydroquinone, 2,4',5-trihydroxybiphenyl, and 5-chloro-2,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl(2). Irradiation of 1 mmol/L aqueous solution of 4-chlorophenol in the presence of 50 mmol nitrate/L leads to the formation of the following dihydroxybenzenes: 2-hydroxyquinone, hydroquinone, quinone, 4-chlorocatechol, 4-chlororesorcinol, 2-nitrohydroquinone(2). Since the pKa of 4-chlorophenol is 9.41(3), it will exist in a partially dissociated state in water and moist soils which may effect its reactivity(SRC). The quantum yield for the disappearance of 4-chlorophenol was 0.25 when it was irradiated at 296 nm in aqueous solution at pH 1-13; products of photolysis included hydroquinone(4). Irradiation of 4-chlorophenol in an oxygen-free aqueous solution at pH >13 with 313 nm light resulted in the formation of chloride (0.13-0.16), hydroquinone (qy, 0.02-0.04) and hydrogen peroxide (0.02-0.05)(5). 4-Chlorophenol (4.46X10-5 mol) reacted with 1 ml NOx in one air for 5 hr to give the 2-nitro-4-chlorophenol adduct in 64% yield(6). 4-Chlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(7).

During an irradiation test of 4-chlorphenol in ice, the major photolysis product of 4-chlorophenol was 5-chlorobiphenyl-2,4'-diol (85-95%). The test samples at concns of 10-2 to 10-4 mole/L were irradiated at >290 nm at -15 °C(1). The combination of UV light and ozone is more effective than either source alone at breaking down 4-chlorophenol. Photolytic oxidation by UV/ozone can almost completely mineralize 4-chlorophenol, however, the degradation rate of the intermediates is slower than with 4-chlorophenol. Photodegradation in the presence of UV light (230 to 580 nm) and ozone follows first order kinetics(2). Photoxidation of 4-chlorophenol (445-530 nm) in the presence of flavin sensitizers was investigated under aerobic conditions in natural waters. Under lumichrome sensitization (355-474 nm), it degraded readily but only by dechlorination(3).

BCFs of 6.0 to 18 for a test concn of 40 ppb and BCFs of 11 to 52 for test concn of 4 ppb was determined for 4-chlorophenol in carp and 42 days exposure(1). The BCF of 4-chlorophenol in goldfish ranged from 10 to 15(2,3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF's suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Experimentally determined Kocs in various soil conditions range from 70 to 485.6(1,3,6). The Koc in clay loam soil was determined to be 71(1). A Koc of 70 was reported for 4-chlorophenol in Brookston clay loam soil(3). Adsorption of 4-chlorophenol to the organo-clay Bentone 24 has been shown to be pH sensitive; it was 48.5% adsorbed by Bentone 24 in aqueous solution at pH 8.0 and 7.7% adsorbed by Bentone 18C at pH 7.7(4). 4-Chlorophenol did not appear to be sorbed in an experiment in a sandy aquifer(5). A Koc of 485.6 was reported in a European silt loam soil(6). According to a classification scheme(2), Koc values of zero to 50 are very highly mobile, 50 to 150 are highly mobile, and 150 to 500 are moderately mobile.

Kocs in a variety of European soils were determined for 4-chlorophenol using a procedure derived from an internationally accepted method(1). [Table#3137]

The Henry's Law constant for 4-chlorophenol is estimated as 6.3X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 8.90X10-2 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.40X10+4 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 4-chlorophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). 4-Chlorophenol's estimated Henry's Law constant for the neutral species indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 4-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 8.90X10-2 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: A concn range fro 4-chlorophenol of 5-1328 ng/L was reported in Zagreb, Croatia groundwater samples collected from wells 10.5 m deep at distances of 0, 6, and 120 m from a small stream bed receiving untreated wastewater from industrial facilities(1). 4-Chlorophenol was within the detection limit (2-6 ng/L) in 5 of 15 wells in and near the Sava river that were sampled in December 1984. It was not detected in the well furthest from the river(2).

DRINKING WATER: 4-Chlorophenol has been detected, not quantified in drinking water in Europe and the US(1). The presence of 4-chlorophenol was investigated in drinking water samples collected in the area of Zagreb, Yugoslavia in June and July 1986; concns of 4-chlorophenol ranged from <2 to 6 ng/L in the municipal water supply and <2 to 10 ng/L in private wells(2).

SURFACE WATER: Monochlorophenols were found in surface waters in the Netherlands at concn of 2 to 20 ug/L /Monochlorophenols/

SURFACE WATER: The concentration of 4-chlorophenol in a section of the Isipingo River and Isipingo Estuary, Natal, Republic of South Africa, sampled on April 3 and May 8, 1991, ranged from 0.025 to 15.5 ug/L(1). 4-Chlorophenol was detected in the Rhine River of the Netherlands (River Meuse at Eijsden) in 1976; 206 grab samples were collected in 1977 with 16% pos and maximum 4-chlorophenol concentration of 3.9 ppb(2). Samples of water collected (13 in all) from the Ijssel River near Kampen, Netherlands between March 1979-March, 1980 were determined to be 2.1% pos, yielding a maximum 4-chlorophenol concentration of 2.1 ppb(3). 4-Chlorophenol was detected in stream and lake waters of Zagreb, Croatia with concentration ranges of 40-119 ng/L and 6-31 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations were highest near industrial areas(4). 4-Chlorophenol was detected at 1 of 7 sampling spots during autumn 2002 and 4 of 7 spots in spring 2003 in the Gulf of Gdansk and Vistula River in the southern Baltic Sea area. The range of 4-chlorophenol concentrations in the waters samples in spring 2003 was 0.5-2.7 ug/L(5).

The concentration of 4-chlorophenol, a by-product of wood pulp chlorination, in Canadian pulp mill effluents was determined to range from 90 to 93 ug/L(1). In Jacksonville, AR, industrial waste, the concentration of 4-chlorophenol was determined to be 1.7 ppm in January 1970, 14.3 ppm in March 1970, 22.9 ppm in April 1970, 22.4 ppm in May 1970, and 2.1 ppm in August 1970(3). 4-Chlorophenol was detected but not quantified in Love Canal, NY water, sediment, and/or soil(2). The average concentration of 4-chlorophenol in the sewage treatment effluents in England and Wales was 115.53 ug/L with a 10.9% frequency of detection(4).

Analysis of chlorinated sewage treatment plants ... 4-chlorophenol was found at a concn of 0.7 ug/l.

The concentration of 4-chlorophenol ranged from 0.1 to 46.7 ug/cu m in emissions from the Heinola plant of Kuusakoski Ltd, a metals reclamation in Finland, analyzed in December 1989 and January 1990(1).

SEDIMENT: 4-Chlorophenol was not detected, detection limit equal to 10 ug/kg, dry weight basis, in samples from the Netherlands collected in 19 sites encompassing lakes, rivers, and canals(1). 4-Chlorophenol was detected in the sediments of the Tarawera Rangataiki River in New Zealand. Samples were collected from various areas near two pulp and paper mills and concns ranged from 0.1-0.5 ng/g dry wt(2).

SOIL: A study was conducted of soil and water contamination in the vicinity of 2 sawmills that used chlorophenol containing preservatives used against blue-staining fungi. The soil around the treatment basins contained up to 70 mg chlorophenols/kg and that in the storage area for treated lumber up to 6 mg/kg. Contamination extended to a depth of at least 2 m near the treatment basins. /Chlorophenols/

SOURCE DOMINATED: The emission of 4-chlorophenol from two municipal waste incineration facilities in Germany was detected at a concn of 1.25 ug/cu-m(1). The emission rate of 4-chlorophenol from an industrial-scale boiler burning No. 2 distillate fuel oil was reported as 1035.7 pg/kJ while operating at 58% of its rated capacity and 6.5% excess oxygen in the stack gases. While the boiler was operating at 54% capacity with 7.1% oxygen, the emission rate was 58.1 pg/kJ(2). Incomplete combustion in the flue gas of a 1 MW pilot combustion facility were investigated under normal steady-state and disturbed combustions conditions (oxygen deficiency in the post-combustion chamber). Sampling occurred in the high temperature (650 and 880 °C) region of the plant in an outlet of the post combustion chamber prior to any emission reduction devices. The average amount of 4-chlorophenol detected in the flue gas during normal operations was 7.93 ng/cu m but increased to 533.0 ng/cu m one hour after malfunction(3).

4-Chlorophenol was detected in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) (n=12, males) living downstream from a bleach-kraft pulp mill in the Miramichi and Bouctouche Estuary, New Brunswick, Canada. Samples were taken between May 22 to June 3, 1995 at two sites in each the Miramichi Estuary at distance 4 and 32 km from the pulp mill. Two sites, one upstream and one downstream, were sampled at the Bouctouche Estuary which is approximately 100 km south of the Miramichi Estuary. Mean concentrations of 4-chlorophenol in fish samples from the Miramichi Estuary sites were 103.5 pg/g wet wt (4 km from mill) and 152.8 pg/g wet wt (32 km from mill). Mean concentrations in fish at the Bouctouche Estuary were 111.1 pg/g wet wt and 138.0 pg/g wet wt(1).

NIOSH has statistically estimated that 2,796 workers (1,864 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 4-chlorophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-chlorophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-chlorophenol is produced or used(SRC).

In a study tracking uninary tract concns 4-chlorocatechol and 4-chlorophenol were found to be good biological exposure indices of monochlorobenzenes. The study, which sampled 10 male employees working in a plant that synthesizes intermediates for dyes, found that variations in exposure at the workplace resulted in changes in uninary metabolites during the workshift(1). The concentration of chlorophenol in the urine of 230 sawmill workers was determined between 1980 and 1981. Those workers whose main route of exposure was skin absorption had the highest mean concentrations, 7.8 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 210.9 umol/L. Those workers whose skin and respiratory exposure were equivalent had a mean concentration of 1.4 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 47.8 umol/L. Those whose main route of exposure was respiratory had mean concentrations of 0.9 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 13.3 umol/L(2).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of p-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 96% reduction based on chemical oxygen demand, rate of biodegradation 11 mg/g hr; (Activated Sludge Process).

Chemical Treatability of p-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent); Results of Study: 100% reduction in 33 hours; (Biodegradation by mutant pseudomonas species).

This work presents the results of the application of an optimally controlled influent flow rate strategy to biodegrade, in a discontinuous reactor, high concentrations of 4-chlorophenol used as toxic compound model. The influent is fed into the reactor in such a way as to obtain the maximal degradation rate, thus avoiding the inhibition of the microorganisms. The optimal strategy was able to manage increments of toxic concentrations in the influent up to 7,000 mg 4CP/L without any problem. It was shown not only that higher concentrations of toxic could be treated, but also that a reduction in degradation time (around 52%) and in the supplied air volume was obtained.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-CHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2021; Chlorophenols, solid

IMO 6.1; Chlorophenols, solid or liquid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 20/21/22-51/53; S: (2)-28-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III