p-Toluidine

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301 (99.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (99.8%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (99.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411 (25.3%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 510 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Toluidine:

Eye: IRRIGATE IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: SOAP WASH IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.

Swallow: MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance. (ERG, 2024)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Toluidines, liquid or solid/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U353, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Toluidine is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices. /Toluidine/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for p-aminotoluene: concentration process: biological treatment.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor. Keep in the dark. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Store away from heat, oxidizers, and sunlight.

/Store/ separated from strong oxidants, strong acids, food and feedstuffs. Cool. Dry. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Methemoglobin in blood = 1.5% of hemoglobin during or at end of shift. [ACGIH]

6.0 [ppm]

8.3 [ppm]

50 [ppm]

Ca See Appendix A

none See Appendix G

A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

NIOSH considers p-toluidine to be a potential occupational carcinogen.

Ca [N.D.]

See: IDLH INDEX

2.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time-Weighted Avg (TWA): 2 ppm. Skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: methemoglobin in blood; Sampling Time: during or end of shift; BEI: 1.5% of hemoglobin. The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value. The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. The biological determinant is an indicator of exposure to the chemical, but the quantitative interpretation of the measurement is ambiguous. These determinants should be used as a screening test if a quantitative test is not practical or as a confirmatory test if the quantitative test is not specific and the origin of the determinant is in question. /Methemoglobin inducers/

2 ppm as TWA; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

2 ppm [1984]

4,46 mg/m

skin absorption (H); sensitization of skin (SH); carcinogen category: 3.

MAC USSR 3 mg/cu m skin (toluidine) /Toluidine/

Australia: 2 ppm, skin, Category 2, probable human carcinogen (1990); Federal Republic of Germany: no MAK, skin, Group B carcinogen, justifiably suspected of having carcinogenic potential.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for p-Toluidine:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin:

• WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

• DAILY - The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift, and prior to eating, drinking, smoking, etc.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

P-toluidine is a colorless solid. Melting point 44 °C (111 °F). Specific gravity 1.046. Vapor heavier than air. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. May be absorbed through the skin. Used in dyes, and in organic chemical manufacturing.

One or the other or a mixture of the isomers ortho-toluidine, meta-toluidine, and para-toluidine. White lustrous plates or leaflets or colorless to light yellow liquids. Slightly denser than water. Slightly soluble in water. Aromatic odors Toxic by inhalation of vapors or dusts and by skin absorption. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion.

Other Solid; CBI

White solid with an aromatic odor. [Note: Used as a basis for many dyes.]; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS FLAKES. TURNS DARK ON EXPOSURE TO AIR AND LIGHT.

White solid with an aromatic odor.

White solid with an aromatic odor. [Note: Used as a basis for many dyes.]

Lustrous plates or leaflets

White solid

Colorless leaflets

Aromatic, wine-like odor

Burning taste

393 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

200.4 °C

200.4 °C @760 [mm Hg]

112.1 °F (USCG, 1999)

44-45 °C

188 °F (USCG, 1999)

190 °F (88 °C) (closed cup)

87 °C c.c.

0.7 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Very soluble in ethanol, pyridine; soluble in diethyl ether, acetone, carbon tetrachloride

Freely soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, methanol, carbon disulfide, oils, dilute acids

In water, 6.50 g/L (6.50X10+3 mg/L) at 15 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.75 (poor)

1 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999)

0.9619 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.05

1.046 @ 20°C

3.90 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

1 mmHg at 108 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.28 [mmHg]

VP: 1 mm Hg at 42 °C

0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 42 °C: 0.13

1 mmHg@108 °F

1 [mm Hg] @42 °C

(108 °F): 1 mmHg

log Kow = 1.39

Very slightly soluble in water.

Slightly soluble in water.

Amines, Aromatic

P-TOLUIDINE neutralizes acids to form salts plus water in exothermic reactions. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents. Emits very toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen when heated to decomposition. Hypergolic reaction with red fuming nitric acid [Kit and Evered, 1960, p. 239, 242].

TOLUIDINES are amines and therefore basic. They neutralize acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides. Can react vigorously with oxidizing reagents. When heated to decomposition, toxic fumes of oxides of nitrogen are emitted. Hypergolic reaction with red fuming nitric acid [Kit and Evered, 1960, p. 239, 242].

Can react vigorously on contact with oxidizing materials.

Avoid contact with oxidizers, acids, and bases.

Aromatic amines (e.g., aniline or toluidine) in triethylamine solution are ignited rapidly by red fuming nitric acid at a temperature of minus 76 °C or lower. /Toluidine, nitric acid plus aniline/

Oxidizers, acids

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Dizziness. Headache. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Convulsions. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin; dermatitis; hematuria (blood in the urine), methemoglobinemia; cyanosis, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, convulsions; anemia, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); [potential occupational carcinogen]

Eyes, skin, blood, cardiovascular system

[in animals: liver tumors]

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

p-Toluidine

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) > 640 mg/m3/1h

LD50 Rat oral 656 mg/kg

LD50 Rat male sc 1012 mg/kg bw

LD50 Mouse oral 330 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 50 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aniline and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aniline and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 58 dermatitis patients, known to be hypersensitive to p-phenylene diamine, were patch tested with 2% p-toluidine in yellow paraffin. 63.8% (37) of the patients showed positive reactions. The study is not assignable because only patients with dermatitis and already sensitized to p-phenylene diamine were included in the test.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An exposure to 40 ppm (all isomers ... ) in the air for 60 min produced severe intoxication. Prolonged exposure to as little as 10 ppm was reported to cause symptoms of illness. /Toluidine/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Blue lips or finger nails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Labored breathing. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Skin: May be absorbed. Redness. Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Eyes: Redness. Pain. Ingestion: Blue lips or fingernails. Blue skin. Dizziness. Headache. Labored breathing ... The substance may have effects on the blood, resulting in formation of methemoglobin.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The compound forms methemoglobin, thus causing anoxia. It also causes hematuria. Its toxicity is similar to that of aniline.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In an inhalation hazard test, 6 rats (strain not given) were exposed for one hour against vapor concentrations of approximately 0.64 mg p-toluidine/L. Signs of intoxication during and post exposure included generalized inactivity, rhinitis, and lacrimation, which ceased one day post exposure. No animal died during the exposure or during the 14 day observation period. Gross autopsy revealed no significant findings.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Dermal application of 464 - 1470 mg/kg bw moistened p-toluidine (exposure time not mentioned) to 5 rabbits/dose group resulted in an LD50-value of 890 mg/kg bw. Signs of intoxication from day 4 post-exposure in the lowest dose group and within 4 hr post-exposure in the highest dose group were hypoactivity, muscular weakness, convulsions and vocalization just prior to death, which occurred in all dose groups. Additionally, moderate to severe erythema, mild edema, focal chemical burns and subdermal hemorrhages were seen in the skin of the rabbits. Pathological investigations showed granular livers in the decedents whereas from survivors no significant findings were noted.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Single dermal application of p-toluidine resulted in methemoglobin level up to 20 %, and recovery occurred within 48 hr. Dermal application of 0.5, 0.75, 1, or 1.25 % solution of p-toluidine to rats for 2 - 6 hr (no further detail) resulted in dose-related increase in methemoglobin level up to 40 %.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 10 male rats per dose received dosages ranging from 100 mg/kg bw up to 900 mg/kg bw dissolved in lutrol. Signs of intoxication were hypoactivity, increased urinary excretion, emaciation, bloody eyes, cyanosis, anorexia, and /CNS depression/ which led to dose-related death during the 14 day post exposure observation period. The resulting LD50 value is 620 mg/kg bw. ...

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (25 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Quail oral 237 mg/kg

LD50 Starling oral 42.2 mg/kg

LD50 Quail oral 237 mg/kg

LD50 Starling oral 42.2 mg/kg

LC50; Species: Brachydanio rerio (zebrafish); Conditions: static, 21.2-22.8 °C, pH 7.8-8.3, oxygen content 7.5-8.5 mg/L, 12 hr daily illumination; Concentration: 115 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Cyprinodon variegatus (sheepshead minnow); Conditions: static, guideline study; Concentration: 60 mg/L for 96 hr

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (30 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.80e+01

7.70e+01

2.50e+00

1.00e+03

1.10e-03

3.00e-02

4.00e-03

Volatile

7.60e+02

7.70e+03

2.30e+02

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

4-Aminotoluene's production and use in the manufacture of various dyes and other organic chemicals, and as a reagent for lignin, nitrite, and chloroglucinol may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It is found in tobacco smoke and may be formed during the combustion of plastics. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 4-aminotoluene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-aminotoluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 hours. 4-Aminotoluene has UV absorption which extends beyond 290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 4-aminotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 79 to 508. The pKa of 4-aminotoluene is 5.10, indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 4-Aminotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Complete degradation of 4-aminotoluene was obtained within 4 days using a soil inoculum, indicating that biodegradation in soil is an important environmental fate process. If released into water, 4-aminotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. 4-Aminotoluene reached 97.7% and 46% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using activated sludge and river water inoculum, respectively, indicating that biodegradation in water is an important environmental fate process. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 19 and 140 days, respectively. A BCF of <1.3 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 4-aminotoluene may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-aminotoluene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 4-aminotoluene via inhalation of tobacco smoke. (SRC)

4-Aminotoluene's production and use in the manufacture of various dyes and other organic chemicals, and as a reagent for lignin, nitrite, chloroglucinol(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 79 to 508(2-4), indicate that 4-aminotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 4-aminotoluene is 5.10(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization of 4-aminotoluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process for the neutral species(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(7). 4-Aminotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). 4-Aminotoluene reached 97.7% degradation in activated sludge in 5 days(9) and in another test complete degradation was obtained in 4 days with a soil inoculum(10). These results suggest that 4-aminotoluene will be readily biodegradable in the terrestrial environment. Additionally, aromatic amines undergo soil- and clay-catalyzed free radical oxidations, reactions that are facilitated by electron-donating groups such as the methyl group on 4-aminotoluene(11,12). They are also readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in soil(13).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), measured Koc values ranging from 79 to 508(2-4), indicate that 4-aminotoluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral species from water surfaces is expected(5) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(5), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 19 and 140 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), a BCF of <1.3(8) suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation results are contradictory, ranging from 0% Theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test(8) to 64% Theoretical BOD in activated sludge acclimated to aniline(9). 4-Aminotoluene reached 46% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using a benzene-substituted-polluted river water inoculum(10). Aromatic amines are readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in natural waters(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 4-aminotoluene, which has a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 4-aminotoluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.02X10-6 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 4-Aminotoluene has UV absorption which extends beyond 290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 4-Aminotoluene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1), suggesting this compound is not expected to biodegrade rapidly. However, other screening studies(2-8) give contradictory results and show 4-aminotoluene to be readily biodegradable in the environment. Some test results are: 64% of theoretical BOD used in 5 days with a sewage seed(2); 64% of theoretical BOD in 8 days using an activated sludge inoculum acclimated to aniline(3); and 97.7% removal in 5 days with activated sludge(4). When 4-aminotoluene was incubated with sewage, 90 and 100% degradation occurred after 10 and 14 days, respectively(5). Complete degradation was obtained in 4 days with a soil inoculum(6). 500 ppm of 4-aminotoluene completely degraded after 9 days in a Chernozen soil, leaving degradation products that persisted for over 90 days(7). 4-Aminotoluene, present at 2 mg/L, reached 46% of its theoretical BOD in 5 days using water from the Songhua River in China as an inoculum(8).

AEROBIC: Decomposition of (14)C-labeled benzidine, alpha-naphthylamine, and p-toluidine in soil was studied in laboratory experiments by monitoring CO2 production during a 308- to 365-day incubation period. After 365 days of incubation, 8.4 to 12% of added benzidine (54.3 umol/kg) was evolved as CO2 while 17 to 31% of added alpha-naphthylamine (69.8 umol/kg) and 19 to 35% of added p-toluidine (93.3 umol/kg) were evolved as CO2 in 308 days. Decomposition was enhanced by increasing the temperature from 12 to 30 °C. The absolute amount of alpha-naphthylamine and p-toluidine decomposed increased while the percentage of added amine degraded decreased as application rate was increased from 1 to 1000 mg/kg. ... Isotherms were linear for p-toluidine. Desorption of sorbed amines followed the order: benzidine < p-toluidine < alpha-naphthylamine and was inversely related to the extent of decomposition.

ANAEROBIC: 4-Aminotoluene was not biodegraded in an anaerobic aquifer slurry over a 10 month incubation period(1). Under anaerobic conditions, no change in UV absorbancy was evident after 53 days when 4-aminotoluene was incubated with sewage(2). However two degradation products were identified, namely, 2-methylformanilide and 4-methylacetanilide(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 4-aminotoluene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 4-Aminotoluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 4-Aminotoluene has UV absorption which extends beyond 290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC), although photolysis was not observed by one investigator at 313 and 365 nm(4). Aromatic amines are sensitive to oxidation by air and undergo soil- and clay-catalyzed free radical oxidations, reactions that are facilitated by electron-donating groups such as the methyl group on 2-aminotoluene(5,6). They are also readily oxidized by metal ions that may occur in soil or natural waters(7). In four hours, 13-27% of aminotoluene (isomer unspecified) was oxidized after being mixed with 20 ppm of ferric ion(7).

A BCF of <1.3 was measured for 4-aminotoluene, using orange-red killifish (Oryzias latipes) which were exposed over an 8-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The mean Koc of 4-aminotoluene to 4 silt loam soils was 79 at a pH range of 6.1 to 7.5 where 4-aminotoluene is predominantly un-ionized(1). At lower pH, electrostatic forces should play a larger role. Three other soils had Koc values of 323, 496, and 508 where the pH was 4.0, 4.3, and 5.9, respectively(2). In this case appreciable concentrations of 4-aminotoluene would be present in both the neutral and protonated forms. The isotherms were linear and the adsorption constant was highly correlated with the clay content of the soil(2). The mean Koc of 4-aminotoluene in 3 soils (silt, silt loam, loam) was 141 over a pH range of 5.2 to 7.4(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that 4-aminotoluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 4-aminotoluene is 5.10(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Aromatic amines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(7,8), suggesting that mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

The binding of 4-aminotoluene by 3 soils was studied by incubating soils amended with the aromatic amine and then sequentially extracting it with 60:40 (vol/ vol) ethylacetate:methanol, ammonium acetate and sodium hydroxide as a function of time. These extractants are increasingly more powerful extractants that initially remove weakly bound amines, then recover amines bound to soil colloids by electrostatic forces, and finally solubilize soil organic material. The procedure demonstrated the reversible nature of the interaction with montmorillonite and kaolinite clay(1). Binding to soil was shown to initially involve a rapid reversible equilibrium which may involve electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic bonding or irreversible imine linkages followed by covalent bonding of the amine to the soil organic matter through 1,4-nucleophilic addition and slow oxidation to nitrogen-substituted quinoid rings(1,3). Initially 68-73% of the amine was extractable with solvent and sodium hydroxide but this decreased to 46-52% by the end of the experiment indicating that the 4-aminotoluene was probably incorporated into the alkali-insoluble fraction of the soil(1). For 4-aminotoluene, binding is mainly to the fulvic acid fraction of the soil(1). These retention mechanisms may explain why 4-aminotoluene resist decomposition in soils(1). The oxidative coupling reaction may be enzymatically-mediated(2).

Tests performed on 31 compounds /including p-toluidine/ clearly demonstrate that the molecular connectivity model accurately predicts the soils sorption coefficients for the above classes of compounds.

The Henry's Law constant for 4-aminotoluene is 2.02X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral species of 4-aminotoluene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 19 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 140 days(SRC). 4-Aminotoluene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur for the neutral species(SRC). 4-Aminotoluene is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.286 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: 4-Aminotoluene was found in a shallow aquifer 205 m from the site of a former coal-tar distillation plant in St. Louis Park, MN at a concentration of 647 ppb(1). It was found in 3 samples of groundwater at the site of the Hoe Creek coal gasification project in northeastern WY, 15 mo after gasification was completed, but not in a nearby control well (detection limit 0.5 ppb)(2). The concentration of 2- and 4-aminotoluene, combined, in these wells ranged from 0.06 to 9.2 ppb(2).

SURFACE WATER: 56% of samples from the Rhine River in The Netherlands contained 4-aminotoluene, median 0.11 ppb, max 1.0 ppb(1). Two tributaries of the Rhine had mean and max concentrations of 0.07-0.08 ppb and 0.35-0.39 ppb, respectively, and frequencies of detection of 42 and 46%(1). 4-Aminotoluene was found in 11 out of 68 surface water samples collected in industrial and remote areas of Japan between 1974-1976 at an average concentration of 0.18 ppb(2).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, 4-aminotoluene was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (frequency of occurrence, median concentration in ppb): organic chemicals (12; 30.2)(1). The highest effluent concentration was 254 ppb in this industry(1). 3- and 4-Aminotoluene (combined) were detected in oil-shale retort waste waters at 5.2 mg/L(2).

4-Aminototluene may be formed during the combustion of plastics(1). Aromatic amines are emitted during the thermal degradation of polyurethane and could result from the use of polyurethane core binder materials in foundries, welding polyurethane foam insulated heat piping, producing polyurethane-coated wire, machining polyurethane materials, and fires(2). Laboratory studies show that about 3-4 and 10-20 mg of 4-aminotoluene per kg of core material are emitted from polyurethane foundry mold binders during aluminum and grey iron casting, respectively(2).

In a German survey of primary and secondary amines in the human environment, no 4-aminotoluene was reported in samples of preserved vegetables, maize, salad, rhubarb, and apples, pickles, fish, cheese, bread, coffee, tea, cocoa, wine, malt, hops, barley, or animal feed(1).

4-Aminotoluene is found in tobacco smoke(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 4-aminotoluene is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 428 workers (87 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 4-aminotoluene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 4-aminotoluene may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 4-aminotoluene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 4-aminotoluene via inhalation of tobacco smoke(SRC).

Levels of 2- and 4-aminotoluene, combined, in work areas of an iron and steel foundry ranged from 0.001-0.037 mg/cu m, 0.004-0.010 mg/cu m, mean(1). The range of values for an aluminum foundry was 0.05-0.77 mg/cu m(1). Aromatic amines are emitted during the thermal degradation of urethane used as binders in molds(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U353, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Toluidine is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration (oxides of nitrogen are removed from the effluent gas by scrubbers and/or thermal devices. /Toluidine/

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for p-aminotoluene: concentration process: biological treatment.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Toluidines; Toluidines, liquid; Toluidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Toluidines; Toluidines, liquid; Toluidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Toluidines; Toluidines, liquid; Toluidines, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Toluidines; Toluidines, liquid; Toluidines, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 4-Aminotoluene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1708; Toluidines (liquid, solid)

IMO 6.1; Toluidines (ortho-; meta-; para-)

49 131 75; Toluidine (combustible liquid, not otherwise specified)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-36-40-43-50; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II