quinone

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H331 (14.8%): Toxic if swallowed or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H315 (99.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (13.8%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (99.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H341 (13.8%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (18.9%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1221 reports by companies from 34 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Extinguishant: Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide.

/Wear a/ self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Benzoquinone/

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1) VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL. 2) FOR SMALL QUANTITIES, SWEEP ONTO PAPER OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL, PLACE IN APPROPRIATE CONTAINER & BURN IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). LARGE QUANTITIES MAY BE RECLAIMED; HOWEVER, IF ... NOT PRACTICAL, DISSOLVE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZE IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U197, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Biodegradation: Diluted waste waters may be purified by biological means with specially adjusted activated sludge. Biodegradation is greatly facilitated if the quinone wastes are reduced to hydroquinone prior to discharge. Suitable reducing agents are sodium sulfite and sulfur dioxide. Concentrated wastes are disposed of in special waste incinerators, whereby attention has to be given to the fact that quinone sublimes. Recommendable methods: Incineration, landfill, discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Dissolve in a suitable solvent before combustion. Small amt: landfill or well dilute and discharge to sewer. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,4-BENZOQUINONE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from combustible substances, reducing agents and food and feedstuffs. Cool. Dry.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1.2 [ppm]

50 [ppm]

300 [ppm]

TWA 0.4 mg/m3 (0.1 ppm)

0.1 [ppm]

100 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: The chosen IDLH is based on the mouse LCLO of 320 mg/m3 [Zabolevanii 1962 cited by NIOSH 1976]. No other data on acute inhalation toxicity are available on which to base the IDLH. . . . Basis for revised IDLH: No inhalation toxicity data are available on which to base an IDLH for quinone. Therefore, the revised IDLH for quinone is 100 mg/m3 based on acute oral toxicity data in animals [Woodward et al. 1949]. This may be a conservative value due to the lack of relevant acute toxicity data for workers.

100 mg/cu m

100 mg/m3

See: 106514

0.1 [ppm], TLV-Surface Limit = 5 ug/100 cm2

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.1 ppm as TWA.

sensitization of skin (SH); carcinogen category: 3; germ cell mutagen group: 3B

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the eyes. Exposure far above the OEL could cause respiratory failure and death.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the skin and eyes. This may result in discolouration, inflammation and injury of the corneal epithelium.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Quinone:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

Benzoquinone appears as a yellowish-colored crystalline solid with a pungent, irritating odor. Poisonous by ingestion or inhalation of vapors. May severely damage skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Used to make dyes and as a photographic chemical.

Dry Powder

Pale-yellow solid with an acrid, chlorine-like odor; [NIOSH]

YELLOW CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR. CAN SUBLIME EVEN AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

Pale-yellow solid with an acrid, chlorine-like odor.

YELLOW MONOCLINIC PRISMS FROM WATER OR PETROLEUM ETHER

Greenish-yellowish solid

Pale-yellow solid.

PENETRATING ODOR RESEMBLING THAT OF CHLORINE

Acrid, chlorine-like odor.

SUBLIMES (NTP, 1992)

Sublimes

240.3 °F (NTP, 1992)

115.7 °C

Heat of fusion at melting point = 1.845X10+7 J/kmol

559 °F (NTP, 1992)

100-200 °F (38-93 °C) (CLOSED CUP)

38-93 °C

100-200 °F

Slightly soluble (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ALKALIES, HOT PETROLEUM ETHER

> 10% in ether

> 10% in ethanol

Water solubility = 1.113X10+4 mg/l @ 18 °C

11.1 mg/mL at 18 °C

Solubility in water: poor

1.318 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.318 AT 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density of the vapour/air-mixture at 20 °C (air = 1): 1.0

1.318 @ 20°C

3.7 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

0.1 mmHg at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

0.1 [mmHg]

0.1 MM HG AT 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 12

(77 °F): 0.1 mmHg

Log Kow = 0.20

May darken on standing.

1040 °F (USCG, 1999)

Soluble in water and denser than water. If moist it may decompose spontaneously above 140 °F. This has occurred in drums, causing over-pressurization.

Strong Oxidizing Agent

BENZOQUINONE acts as an oxidizing agent (NTP, 1992).

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires & explosions.

Strong oxidizers.

Strong oxidizers

Quinone is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of 1,4-benzoquinone were available. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1,4-benzoquinone. Overall evaluation: 1,4-Benzoquinone is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

para-Quinone

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 15: (1977) Some Fumigants, the Herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain. Skin discoloration. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Brown staining.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Vomiting.

Eye irritation, conjunctivitis; keratitis (inflammation of the cornea); skin irritation

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

Eyes, skin

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

LD50 Rat oral 130 mg/kg

LD50 Rat iv 25 mg/kg

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

THE INFLUENCE OF P-BENZOQUINONE ON POTASSIUM UPTAKE BY EXCISED SUGAR BEET & WHEAT ROOTS WAS STUDIED. WHEN P-BENZOQUINONE WAS ADDED TO NUTRIENT SOLUTION, IT ENHANCED ABSORPTION RATES OF BOTH SPECIES AT VERY LOW CONCN WHILE INHIBITION OCCURRED FOR HIGHER CONCN.

Careful examination of eyes, incl visual acuity & slit lamp examinations, should be done during placement & periodic examinations. Also evaluate skin.

Carry out medical examination for the workers every year, especially on eyes and skin. Workers must be /protected/ against eye and skin irritation.

ULCERATION OF CORNEA HAS RESULTED FROM ONE BRIEF EXPOSURE TO HIGH CONCN OF VAPOR OF QUINONE, AS WELL AS FROM REPEATED EXPOSURES TO MODERATELY HIGH CONCN. FOLLOWING DISCONTINUATION OF EXPOSURE, RECOVERY OCCURRED PROMPTLY & SPONTANEOUSLY ... THERE WERE NO SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OR CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF BLOOD OR URINE.

CAN CAUSE DERMATITIS WITH DISCOLORATION, ERYTHEMA, FORMATION OF PAPULES & VESICLES. IN SEVERE CASES THERE CAN BE NECROTIC CHANGES IN SKIN. VAPORS ACTING ON EYE CAN CAUSE SERIOUS DISTURBANCES, INCL CONJUNCTIVITIS ... DISCOLORATION OF CONJUNCTIVA & CORNEA HAVE BEEN REPORTED.

... Ocular disturbance without acute reaction was observed in numerous workers who were exposed chronically to vapors of benzoquinone or dust of hydroquinone. These workers developed in course of 2 years a brownish tinge overlying the sclera in the palpebral fissure. At this stage, the conjunctival surface appeared slightly dry, & deeper layers of conjunctiva had a light brownish stain visible biomicroscopically, but no discrete colored particles. After another 2 or 3 years, the conjunctiva appeared more thickened & more dry, with superficial white flecks & brown stain. In deeper layers, brown discoloration was ... seen ... as discrete brown granules or globules. Pigment was observed to begin to migrate from limbus into cornea.

... In several cases /of chronic exposure to quinone/ vision became seriously reduced from permanent fine opacities & much astigmatism & irregularity in the cornea. After exposure to quinone vapor was discontinued, the discoloration decreased, but the visual disturbance was permanent. Many years later in such cases a Hudson-Stahli pigment line in the epithelium & severe astigmatism from formation of facets in cornea have been observed.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,4-BENZOQUINONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A GROUP OF MICE WERE PAINTED WITH A 0.25% SOLN OF P-QUINONE IN BENZENE EVERY 1 OR 2 DAYS. OF 44 MICE THAT SURVIVED MORE THAN 200 DAYS, 3 DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMAS, 1 DEVELOPED A SKIN CARCINOMA & 5 DEVELOPED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS. WHEN 0.1% SOLN WAS USED, 41 MICE SURVIVED MORE THAN 200 DAYS, & 6 DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMAS, 2 DEVELOPED SKIN CARCINOMAS & 10 DEVELOPED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS (P < 0.05). OF 46 SURVIVING CONTROLS TREATED WITH BENZENE, 1 DEVELOPED SKIN PAPILLOMA, & 2 DEVELOPED LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS (THE WORKING GROUP NOTED THAT THE SEX & STRAIN OF ANIMALS & DURATION OF EXPT WERE NOT SPECIFIED).

GROUP OF 25 MICE (SEX & STRAIN UNSPECIFIED) WERE EXPOSED /BY INHALATION/ TO 5 MG PARA-QUINONE IN 130 L CHAMBER FOR 1 HR, 6 TIMES/WK; 25 MICE WERE UNTREATED ... . IN 11 TREATED MICE THAT SURVIVED MORE THAN 100 DAYS, 2 LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS WERE OBSERVED. AMONG 12 CONTROLS THAT DIED AFTER MORE THAN 100 DAYS, 2 LUNG ADENOMAS WERE OBSERVED. IN ANOTHER EXPT CARRIED OUT UNDER SAME CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE, 2 LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS WERE FOUND IN 25 TREATED MICE, COMPARED WITH 1 LUNG ADENOMA AMONG 25 CONTROLS. THE SAME EXPT WAS REPEATED & 2 LUNG ADENOCARCINOMAS WERE OBSERVED IN 25 MICE & 1 LUNG ADENOMA IN 25 CONTROLS.

A GROUP OF 24 RATS (15 WISTAR STRAIN & 9 HYBRIDS), WEIGHING ABOUT 200 G EACH, WERE INJECTED SC WITH 0.5 ML SOLN OF P-QUINONE IN PROPYLENE GLYCOL AT WEEKLY INTERVALS. CONCN GIVEN DURING THE FIRST 53 DAYS WAS 1%; THIS WAS REDUCED TO 0.2% FROM DAYS 54-173 & AGAIN INCREASED TO 0.4% AFTER 173 DAYS. 17 RATS SURVIVED THE INJECTION PERIOD OF 394 DAYS & RECEIVED A TOTAL OF 32 INJECTIONS (P-QUINONE 81 MG, PROPYLENE GLYCOL 16.5 ML) DURING THIS PERIOD. INJECTION SITE FIBROSARCOMAS DEVELOPED IN 2 RATS. NO LOCAL TUMORS WERE OBSERVED AMONG 11 RATS OF SAITAMA MIXED STRAIN INJECTED WEEKLY WITH 1 ML PROPYLENE GLYCOL FOR 15 MO, THEN 0.5 ML, & SURVIVING 300 OR MORE DAYS (P > 0.05).

ASPHYXIA APPEARS TO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLE IN TERMINAL /CASES/ ... BECAUSE OF PULMONARY DAMAGE RESULTING FROM EXCRETION OF QUINONE INTO ALVEOLI & BECAUSE OF CERTAIN NOT TOO WELL-DEFINED EFFECTS OF QUINONE UPON HEMOGLOBIN. URINE OF SEVERELY POISONED ANIMALS MAY CONTAIN PROTEIN, BLOOD /&/ CASTS ... .

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,4-BENZOQUINONE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,4-Benzoquinone was examined for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535, TA98, TA1537, TA100 in the presence and absence of metabolic activation provided by Aroclor-induced rat liver S9 fraction. The test article was not mutagenic at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 32 ug/plate in the absence of activation, or from 0.1 to 100 ug/plate in the presence of activation. Cytotoxicity data was not reported.

Benzoquinone was examined for DNA modifying activity in Escherichia coli strains W3110 polA+ and P3478 polA- (DNA repair deficiency assay ). The test article was administered to cells by the preincubation method at concentrations of 0.01, 0.032, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.1 ug/plate in the absence of metabolic activation. The test article induced differential toxicity, as indicated by a decrease in the survival index (percent pol A- survivors divided by the percent pol A+ survivors) from 1.02 at 0.01 ug/plate to 0.07 at 0.05 ug/plate. Extreme toxicity was observed at concentrations >= 0.1 ug/ml in both E. coli strains.

1,4-benzoquinone (CAS # 106-51-4) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity was evaluated in groups of 2, 3, 5, or 12 rats (sex and strain not reported) administered single doses of quinone by gavage at levels of 50, 100, 125, 150, and 200 mg/kg. Mortality was observed in 2 of 12 animals at 100 mg/kg, 2 of 5 at 125 mg/kg and in all animals receiving doses of 150 (2 rats) and 200 mg/kg (3 rats) (period of observation not reported); the LD50 was not reported. Clinical observations included tremors and convulsions. Gross necropsy was not reported.

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

1,4-Benzoquinone may be released to the environment in effluents during its commercial production; and use; and in waste waters from the coal industry. If released to soil it is likely to leach (estimated Koc of 30) and may volatilize and photodegrade on soil surfaces. A single degradation study found 1,4-benzoquinone to be rapidly degraded in a chernozem soil to stable metabolites. If released to the aquatic environment, it may be degraded by photolysis as it absorbs UV radiation. In water, 1,4-benzoquinone is not expected to volatilize, adsorb to particulate matter or sediment, or bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. Biodegradation in water may be important based upon the rapid degradation of 1,4-benzoquinone in soil. If released to the atmosphere, it will react rapidly in the vapor phase with both hydroxyl radicals and ozone with half- 0lives of 3.6 and 3.3 days, respectively, and may be susceptible to direct photolysis. The ambient atmospheric concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone has been reported to be less than 15 to 80 ng/cu m and benzoquinone has been detected in tobacco smoke. Inhalation appears to be the most significant route of human exposure. (SRC)

1,4-Benzoquinone occurs naturally in a variety of arthropods(1). Many insects synthesize simple benzoquinones(2).

1,4-Benzoquinone's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of hydroquinone as a photographic chemical, and a tanning agent(1) may result in its release to various waste streams(SRC). 1,4-Benzoquinone can also be released to various waste streams from the coal industry(2). It has been found in tobacco smoke(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: 1,4-Benzoquinone was degraded very fast in a chernozem soil (persistence time not reported) leaving soil-stable metabolite residues(1); the fate processes by which the 1,4-benzoquinone was degraded in this chernozem soil were not reported(SRC). Based on a log Kow value of 0.20(2), 1,4-benzoquinone should have high mobility in soil(SRC) based on a suggested classification scheme(3). 1,4-Benzoquinone on soil surfaces may be susceptible to volatilization based on a Henry's Law constant of 4.79X10-4 atm-cu m/mol(SRC) calculated from a water solubility of 1.113X10+4 mg/l(4) and a vapor pressure of 37.5 mm Hg(5). 1,4-Benzoquinone on soil surfaces may also be susceptible to photodegradation(6,7,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: 1,4-Benzoquinone released to the aquatic environment is not expected to significantly volatilize(SRC) based on a Henry's Law constant of 4.79X10-4 atm-cu m/mol(SRC) calculated from a water solubility of 1.113X10+4 mg/l(1) and a vapor pressure of 37.5 mm Hg(2). Adsorption to suspended solids and sediment should also not be important based upon the high water solubility of 1,4-benzoquinone(SRC). An estimated BCF value of 0.84(3,SRC), from an experimental Kow of 0.20(4), suggests that 1,4-benzoquinone will not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms(SRC) according to a recommended classification scheme(5). Since it absorbs UV radiation in environmentally significant wavelengths(6,7), direct photolysis is possible(SRC). Sufficient data are not available to predict the significance of biodegradation but its rapid loss in soil suggests that biodegradation may be important(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a suggested classification scheme(1), a vapor pressure of 37.5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) indicates that 1,4-benzoquinone will exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor phase 1,4-benzoquinone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone(SRC); the combined half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 33.6 minutes(3,SRC). Since it absorbs UV radiation in environmentally significant wavelengths(4,5), photolysis is also possible(SRC).

Fourteen strains of phenol-utilizing bacteria isolated from soil did not visibly grow when using 1,4-benzoquinone as a carbon source in an aqueous mineral salts media over 5 days of incubation(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 4.5X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone with atmospheric ozone has been estimated to be 3.5X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 3.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules/cu cm(1,SRC). Although 1,4-benzoquinone absorbs UV radiation between 300 nm to well over 400 nm(3,2), photolysis rate constants are not available for environmental parameters(SRC). Photolysis of 1,4-benzoquinone in aqueous solution using natural sunlight and artificial light in excess of 290 nm wavelength has yielded unidentifiable polar products(4). The major process for the removal of 1,4-benzoquinone from the atmosphere is its reaction with OH radicals with a reported atmospheric lifetime of greater than 5 days(5).

An estimated BCF value of 0.84 was calculated for 1,4-benzoquinone(SRC), using an experimental log Kow value of 0.20(1) and a recommended regression derived equation(2). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will not be an important fate process(SRC).

Based on a log Kow value of 0.20(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC), the Koc value for 1,4-benzoquinone can be estimated to be about 30(SRC). According to a suggested classification scheme(3),this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,4-benzoquinone has high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,4-benzoquinone has been estimated to be 4.79X10-4 atm-cu m/mol(SRC) from an experimental water solubility of 1.113X10+4 mg/l at 18 °C(1) and a vapor pressure of 37.5 mm Hg at 20 °C(2). This value indicates that 1,4-benzoquinone will volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 4.9 hours(3,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.5 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 4.7 days(3,SRC). 1,4-Benzoquinone's vapor pressure(2), and Henry's Law constant indicate that volatilization from dry and moist soil may occur(SRC).

SURFACE WATER: /1,4-Benzoquinone/ ... has been found as a pollutant in filtered surface ... water at a water treatment plant.

GROUNDWATER: /1,4-Benzoquinone/ ... has been found as a pollutant in filtered ... ground water at a water treatment plant.

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The ambient atmospheric concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone has been reported to be less than 15 to 80 ng/cu m(1). SOURCE DOMINATED: 1,4-Benzoquinone has been detected in tobacco smoke(1). Samples of ambient air were collected at two sites situated close to roads which had a high volume of traffic in Singapore(2). The concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone in the two samples were 0.10 and 0.13 ug/1000 cu m using a reductive electrochemical detection methods which had a detection limit in the subnanogram range(2).

... Corneal & conjuctival irritation & pigmentation have been observed many times in workmen employed in mfr of hydroquinone from aniline. Benzoquinone has been found specifically responsible for this disturbance ... .

Inhalation of contaminated air, especially near areas of use and production, may result in exposure. Inhalation exposure is possible as a result of tobacco smoking. (SRC)

Quinone can affect the body if it ... comes in contact with the eyes or skin. It can also affect the body if it is swallowed.

The following list includes some common operations in which exposure to quinone may occur ... : Use as oxidizing agent ... in photography ... in agriculture production of insecticides & fungicides; in pharmaceutical industry for production of cortisone & addition cmpd with barbiturates; use in polymer & resins industry; ... use as toner & intensifier in photographic industry; as a tanning agent for leather industry; use in mfr of quinhydrone electrodes for use for pH determinations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U197, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Biodegradation: Diluted waste waters may be purified by biological means with specially adjusted activated sludge. Biodegradation is greatly facilitated if the quinone wastes are reduced to hydroquinone prior to discharge. Suitable reducing agents are sodium sulfite and sulfur dioxide. Concentrated wastes are disposed of in special waste incinerators, whereby attention has to be given to the fact that quinone sublimes. Recommendable methods: Incineration, landfill, discharge to sewer. Peer-review: Dissolve in a suitable solvent before combustion. Small amt: landfill or well dilute and discharge to sewer. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,4-BENZOQUINONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2587; Benzoquinone

IMO 6.1; Benzoquinone

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/25-36/37/38-50; S: (1/2)-26-28-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II