1,2-dibromoethane

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (26.7%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (94.2%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (99.2%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H411 (100%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 120 reports by companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361f: Suspected of damaging fertility [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1605 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Ventilation. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. If in liq form, collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material. 3. If in solid form, collect ... in most convenient and safe manner for reclamation.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use appropriate foam to blanket release and suppress vapors. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U067, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Ethylene dibromide is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, powdered metals and food and feedstuffs. See Chemical Dangers. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Light sensitive. May darken on storage.

Store in a cool, dry, dark, well-ventilated location. Separate from oxidizing materials, alkali metal, ammonia.

Protect from light.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

17 [ppm]

24 [ppm]

46 [ppm]

0.045 ppm

0.13 ppm [15 minutes]

Ca TWA 0.045 ppm C 0.13 ppm [15-minute] See Appendix A

20.0 [ppm], Ceiling(OSHA) = 30 ppm (50 ppm for 5-min peak per 8-hour shift)

30 ppm [5 minutes]; 50 ppm (Peak) [5 minutes for 8 hr shift]

TWA 20 ppm C 30 ppm 50 ppm [5-minute maximum peak]

46 ppm ; A potential occupational carcinogen. (NIOSH, 2024)

100.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Exposures above 100 ppm for an hour or less or by longer exposures at lower concentrations (e.g., 75 ppm) have resulted in gastrointestinal discomfort, vomiting, and respiratory involvement [Ott et al. 1980].

NIOSH considers ethylene dibromide to be a potential occupational carcinogen. [100 ppm]

Ca [46 ppm]

See: 2020-125

Skin. A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

(skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

0.8 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

East Germany (1977): 7 ppm; Poland (1977): 14 ppm.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the liver and kidneys. This may result in tissue lesions. Exposure at high concentrations could cause lowering of consciousness and death. The effects may be delayed.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys, resulting in impaired functions. This substance is probably carcinogenic to humans. Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Ethylene Dibromide; Revocation of Tolerances: This document revokes pesticide tolerances for ethylene dibromide (EDB) resulting from its use as a soil and post-harvest fumigant. EPA is taking this action because uses have been cancelled.

Ethylene dibromide appears as a clear colorless liquid with a sweetish odor. Density 18.1 lb /gal. Slightly soluble in water. Soluble in most organic solvents and thinners. Noncombustible. Very toxic by inhalation, skin absorption or ingestion. Used as a solvent, scavenger for lead in gasoline, grain fumigant and in the manufacture of other chemicals.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 50 degrees F) with a sweet odor. [fumigant] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR. TURNS BROWN ON EXPOSURE TO LIGHT.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 50 °F) with a sweet odor.

Colorless liquid or solid (below 50 °F) with a sweet odor. [fumigant]

Heavy liquid

Colorless liquid or solid (below 50 degrees F)

Chloroform odor

Sweetish odor

268 to 270 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

131.3 °C

131.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

49.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 4,310 mg/L at 30 °C

In water, 3.91X10+3 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in about 250 parts water

Soluble in diethyl ether, ethanol and most organic solvents. Miscible with non-alkaline organic liquids

For more Solubility (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.34 (poor)

2.18 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

2.16832 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 2.2

2.1683 @25 °C

6.48 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

6.48 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 6.5

11 mmHg at 68 °F ; 17.4 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

11.2 [mmHg]

11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.5

7.5 [mm Hg] @18 °C

11 mmHg (@ 77 °F)

log Kow = 1.96

Henry's Law constant = 6.50X10-4 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

/1,2-Dibromomethane/ is stable and nonflammable.

Not flammable (USCG, 1999)

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen bromide gas.

At 240-270 °C in a glass vessel, ethylene bromide decomposes into vinyl bromide & hydrogen bromide.

Slightly soluble in water. May react slowly with moisture.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE slowly decomposes in the presence of light and heat. Turns brown upon exposure to light. Corrosive to iron and other metals. May decompose upon contact with alkalis. Incompatible with oxidizing agents. Reacts with sodium, potassium, calcium, powdered aluminum, zinc, magnesium and liquid ammonia. May attack some plastics, rubber and coatings. May poison platinum catalysts [Hawley]. Reacts as an alkylating agent (NTP, 1992).

Incompatible materials: Alkali metals, oxidizing agents, magnesium.

Incompatible with calcium, liquid ammonia, zinc, sodium, potassium, and strong oxidizers.

If a mixture of liquid ammonia and ethylene bromide is allowed to reach room temperature, an explosion may result with formation of ethylene diamine and higher homologs.

Reaction between magnesium and 1,2-dibromoethane may become violent and release air-sensitive Grignard compounds.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemically-active metals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, hot aluminum & magnesium; liquid ammonia; strong oxidizers

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Ethylene dibromide (1,2-Dibromoethane) is a colorless liquid. Historically, the primary use of 1,2-dibromoethane has been as a lead scavenger in antiknock mixtures added to gasolines. Another major past use of 1,2-dibromoethane was as a pesticide and an ingredient of soil and grain fumigants and for post-harvest application. 1,2-Dibromoethane has been used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of resins, gums, waxes, dyes, and pharmaceuticals and as a high-density, nonflammable solvent. HUMAN STUDIES: 1,2-Dibromoethane has produced oral ulcerations, followed by liver and renal toxicity. Cases of fatal poisoning have been reported. It was a DNA damaging agent when tested in human lymphocytes, but positive results were noted only after metabolic activation. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dogs exposed for 1 to 1.5 hr to vapor of 1,2-dibromoethane developed clouding of corneas several hours after removal from the exposure chamber. Rats tolerated exposure to 25 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane in air over 7 hr/day for 151 days, but 63 similar exposures to levels of 50 ppm were lethal to 20-50% of animals. Deaths from acute exposure were usually due to lung congestion and hemorrhage although liver and kidney damage, as well as corneal injury, were also observed. 1,2-Dibromoethane caused tumors in rats and mice at several different tissue sites and by several different routes of exposure. Inhalation exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane caused cancer of the nasal cavity and the blood vessels in rats of both sexes and in female mice; benign or malignant lung tumors in mice of both sexes and in female rats; and benign or malignant mammary gland tumors in females of both species. It also caused testicular tumors in male rats and cancer of the subcutaneous tissue in female mice. Dermal exposure to 1,2-dibromoethane caused lung and skin tumors in female mice. In mice, administration of 1,2-dibromoethane in the drinking water caused forestomach tumors in both sexes and benign tumors of the esophagus in females. Some of the male reproductive effects of ethylene dibromide in the human have been modelled in the rabbit, although the rabbit appears not to be as sensitive, since semen parameters were affected only at doses close to the LD50 (55 mg/kg). When given ip at dose of 10 mg/kg on 5 successive days to rats it damaged spermatogenic cells. Two to three weeks after start of oral treatment of bulls with 4 mg/kg bw 1,2-dibromoethane on alternate days, abnormal spermatozoa were observed, indicating interference with spermatogenesis and with maturation of spermatozoa in epididymis. Fetal abnormalities were observed when pregnant rats and mice were exposed at 31.6 ppm 1,2-dibromoethane for 23 hr a day during the 6th-15th days of gestation. 1,2-Dibromoethane bound covalently to liver DNA of rats treated in vivo. It was selectively lethal to DNA-repair-deficient bacteria, and provoked DNA repair in cultured mammalian cells. It was mutagenic to bacteria, fungi, vascular plants, insects and cultured mammalian cells in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system. It induced chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges in cultured mammalian cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: 1,2-Dibromoethene showed low toxicity to most aquatic species tested. It was phytotoxic for green plants and germinating seed.

The metabolite 2-bromoacetaldehyde produces liver damage by binding to cellular proteins. S-(2-bromoethyl)glutathione, another metabolite, exerts genotoxic and carcinogenic effects by binding to DNA. Antispermatogenic effects of 1,2-dibromoethanes metabolites may be caused by their covalent binding to thiol groups of nucleoproteins in nuclei of spermatozoa. Such adduct formation interferes with DNA, causing improper packing of the chromatin. (L120)

1,2-Dibromoethane

Endocrine

Gastrointestinal

Reproductive

Respiratory

9 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

9 x 10 ^-3 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

Synonym Ethylene dibromide

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group B2 Probable Human Carcinogen

CLASSIFICATION: "likely to be carcinogenic to humans". BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: This is based on the consistent findings of several studies reporting increased incidences of a variety of tumors in rats and mice of both sexes by different routes of administration at both the site of application and at distant sites, it can be concluded that there is strong evidence of the carcinogenicity of 1,2-dibromoethane in animals. The available evidence further supports a conclusion that 1,2-dibromoethane is a genotoxic carcinogen based on evidence from a variety of in vitro and in vivo test systems. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ethylene dibromide. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ethylene dibromide. Overall evaluation: Ethylene dibromide is probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). In making the overall evaluation, the Working Group took into consideration that ethylene dibromide is genotoxic in a broad range of in vitro and in vivo assays and binds covalently with DNA in vivo.

1,2-Dibromoethane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

Ethylene dibromide

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 15: (1977) Some Fumigants, the Herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, Chlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

NB Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 2A with supporting evidence from other relevant data

TR-210: Carcinogenesis Bioassay of 1,2-Dibromoethane (CASRN 106-93-4) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Study) (1982 )

06/27/80

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of this bioassay, 1,2-dibromoethane was carcinogenic for F344 rats, causing increased incidences of carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, adenomas of the nasal cavity, and hemangiosarcomas of the circulatory system in males and females; mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis and adenomatous polyps of the nasal cavity in males; and fibroadenomas of the mammary gland and alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and carcinomas (combined) in females. 1,2-Dibromoethane was carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice, causing alveolar/bronchiolar carcinomas and alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas in males and females; and hemangiosarcomas of the circulatory system, fibrosarcomas in the subcutaneous tissue, carcinomas of the nasal cavity, and adenocarcinomas of the mammary gland in females.

TR-086: Bioassay of 1,2-Dibromoethane for Possible Carcinogenicity (CASRN 106-93-4) (1978 )

04/26/78

Under the conditions of this bioassay, 1,2-dibromoethane was carcinogenic to Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. The compound induced squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach in rats of both sexes, hepatocellular carcinomas in female rats, and hemangiosarcomas in male rats. In mice of both sexes the compound induced squamous-cell carcinomas of the forestomach and alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas.Note: 1,2-dibromoethane was subsequently studied by inhalation in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice (See TR-210, reported 1982).

2A, probably carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Long term exposure can result in liver, kidney, and reproductive system damage. 1,2-Dibromoethane is also known to have adverse effects on the brain. (L120)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L120) ; inhalation (L120) ; dermal (L120)

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Vomiting. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Drowsiness.

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 5 day neonate; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 20000 ug/L for 60 min; Effect: biochemistry, decreased fluorescence

LC50; Species: Ceriodaphnia dubia (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 3610 ug/L for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 3260-3990 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C; Concentration: 6500 ug/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 5 days; Conditions: freshwater, renewal, 25 °C; Concentration: 4300 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 4010-4620 ug/L)

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus; Concentration: 18 mg/L for 48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane or EDB) was primarily used in the United States as an additive in leaded gasoline and as a soil and grain fumigant for worm and insect control until it was banned in 1983. Historical releases of EDB have resulted in detectable EDB in groundwater and drinking wells, and recently concentrations up to 16 ug/L were detected in ground water at two fuel spill plumes in the vicinity of the Massachusetts Military Reservation Base on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Because the ground water in this area is used to flood cranberry bogs for the purposes of harvesting, the U.S. Air Force sponsored the development of aquatic screening benchmarks for EDB. Acute toxicity tests with Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow), Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia were conducted to provide data needed for development of screening benchmarks. Using a closed test-system to prevent volatilization of EDB, the 48-hr LC50S (concentration that kills 50% of the test organisms) for P. promelas, D. magna, and C. dubia were 4.3 mg/L, 6.5 mg/L, and 3.6 mg/L, respectively. The screening benchmark for aquatic organisms, derived as the Tier II chronic water quality criteria, is 0.031 mg EDB/L. The sediment screening benchmark, based on equilibrium partitioning, is 2.45 mg EDB/kg of organic carbon in the sediment. The screening benchmarks developed here are an important component of an ecological risk assessment, during which perhaps hundreds of chemicals must be evaluated for their potential to cause ecological harm.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ As part of a larger study investigating the fate and effects of brominated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in contaminated groundwaters discharging to surface waters, the toxicity of 1,2 dibromoethene (DBE) and 1,1,2-tribromoethene (TriBE) to freshwater aquatic biota was investigated. Their toxicity to bacteria (Microtox(R)), microalgae (Chlorella sp.), cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia), duckweed (Lemna sp.) and midges (Chironomus tepperi) was determined after careful optimization of the test conditions to minimize chemical losses throughout the tests. In addition, concentrations of DBE and TriBE were carefully monitored throughout the bioassays to ensure accurate calculation of toxicity values. 1,2-Dibromoethene showed low toxicity to most species, with concentrations to cause 50% lethality or effect (LC/EC50 values) ranging from 28 to 420 mg/L, 10% lethality or effect (LC/EC10 values) ranging from 18 to 94 mg/L and no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs) ranging from 22 to 82 mg/L. 1,1,2-Tribromoethene was more toxic than DBE, with LC/EC50 values of 2.4 to 18 mg/L, LC/EC10 values of 0.94 to 11 mg/L and NOECs of 0.29 to 13 mg/L. Using these limited data, together with data from the only other published study on TriBE, moderate-reliability water quality guidelines (WQGs) were estimated from species sensitivity distributions. The proposed guideline trigger values for 95% species protection with 50% confidence were 2 mg/L for DBE and 0.03 mg/L for TriBE. The maximum concentrations of DBE and TriBE in nearby surface waters (3 and 1 ug/L, respectively) were well below these WQGs, so the risk to the freshwater environment receiving contaminated groundwater inflows was considered to be low, with hazard quotients <1 for both VOCs.

/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic for green plants and germinating seed.

3.60e-02

1.60e-01

4.70e-03

2.00e-02

7.50e-03

5.00e-02

2.00e+00

6.00e-04

9.00e-03

Volatile

1.34e+03

3.60e+00

1.60e+01

4.70e-01

7.50e-01

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Ethylene dibromide's production and use as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis, as a specialty and general solvent, in waterproofing preparations and as a gauge fluid may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Ethylene dibromide's former uses as a pesticide and antiknock agent in gasoline resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Monitoring of ethylene dibromide in ocean water and ocean air suggests that ethylene dibromide may be formed naturally in the ocean as a result of macro algae growth. Phaeophyta (brown algae) are known to produce ethylene dibromide at 20-30 ng/g wet algal weight per day. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates ethylene dibromide will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylene dibromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 64 days. Ethylene dibromide does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, ethylene dibromide is expected to have high to very high mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 14 to 160. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.50X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Ethylene dibromide is expected volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process. Biotransformation lifetimes in soil can be as short as several days in surface soils and as long as many months in aquifer materials. In one laboratory screening study using 100 soils, half-lives ranged from 1.5 to 18 weeks. The field dissipation half-life has been reported to range from 28-180 days. If released into water, ethylene dibromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Microbial degradation rates in water can vary greatly with observed half-lives ranging from roughly a week to 350 days. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.9 hours and 6.0 days, respectively. BCFs ranging from <1 to 14.9 suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Ethylene dibromide hydrolyzes very slowly in pure water with half-life of 6.4 years at 25 °C. However hydrolysis catalyzed by the presence of various natural substances (such as hydrogen sulfide ion, half-life in 1-2 months) may have some importance as a degradation mechanism. Occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ethylene dibromide is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to ethylene dibromide via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

Monitoring of ethylene dibromide in ocean water and ocean air suggests that ethylene dibromide may be formed naturally in the ocean as a result of macro algae growth(1,2); various types of macro algae were found to contain dibromomethane and bromoethane, although ethylene dibromide (dibromoethane) was not specifically identified in frozen samples(1). The release of ethylene dibromide by polar algae (brown, red and green) was investigated at 0 °C under a laboratory setting(3). Phaeophyta (brown algae) produced ethylene dibromide at 20-30 ng/g wet algal weight per day while red and green algae produced negligible amounts(3).

Ethylene dibromide's production and use as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis, as a specialty and general solvent, in waterproofing preparations and as a gauge fluid(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Ethylene dibromide is used as a chemical intermediate for producing pharmaceuticals, herbicides and dyes(3). It is used as a nonflammable solvent for resins, gums and waxes(3). The largest single application of ethylene dibromide was its former use in leaded gasolines as an antiknock agent, but this use declined dramatically starting in 1974 due to regulation of lead content in gasoline by the EPA(3). The second-largest traditional use of ethylene dibromide was an insect fumigant and soil nematocide; however, in 1983, the EPA banned this use in most agricultural applications(3). Ethylene dibromide's former use as a pesticide resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

Evaporative losses of ethylene dibromide are associated with the use, storage, and transport of leaded gasoline in which it was used as a lead scavenger(1,2). These sources include spills and leaking storage tanks for leaded gasoline and exhaust from vehicles using leaded gasoline(1,2). At sites impacted in the past by petroleum fuel releases of fuels containing ethylene dibromide, vapor releases of ethylene dibromide to the surrounding ambient air may still occur(3).

Ethylene dibromide is generally present in the air in the USA ... Levels near groups of /gasoline/ stations and along well-travelled highways were around 11 ug/cu m.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 14-160(2,3) indicate that ethylene dibromide is expected to have high to very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of ethylene dibromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.50X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(2). Ethylene dibromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Biodegradation can be a primary degradation process in soil(2,5). A review of biodegradation data pertaining to ethylene dibromide concluded that ethylene dibromide can be biotransformed fairly readily in the environment(5); lifetimes can be as short as several days in surface soils and as long as many months in aquifer materials(5). Persistence can vary greatly from soil to soil. In one laboratory screening study using 100 soils, half-lives ranging from 1.5 to 18 weeks were determined(6). In one field, ethylene dibromide was detected in soil 19 years after its last known application(7); the long persistence was the result of entrapment in intraparticle micropores of the soil(7). The field dissipation half-life of ethylene dibromide has been reported to range from 28-180 days(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 14-160(2), indicate that ethylene dibromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.50X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.9 hrs and 6.0 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), BCFs ranging from <1 to 14.9 (5,6), suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Degradation screening studies have demonstrated that ethylene dibromide is predominately biodegraded in aquatic conditions via comparison of sterile versus non-sterile conditions(7,8). Degradation rates can vary greatly. Three day die-away tests using Japanese river and seawater observed moderate degradation (21-35% degradation)(9). Microbial degradation in microcosms using shallow aquifer material and groundwater found ethylene dibromide degraded aerobically in all samples with half-lives ranging from 35-350 days(10). Biodegradation in a methanogenic aquifer at 17 °C (and 194 ug/L) had a half-life of two weeks with bromoethanol was detected as a metabolite(11). Ethylene dibromide hydrolyzes very slowly in pure water with half-life of 6.4 years at 25 °C(12). However hydrolysis catalyzed by the presence of various natural substances (such as hydrogen sulfide ion, half-life in 1-2 months) may have some importance as a degradation mechanism(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethylene dibromide, which has a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase ethylene dibromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 64 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.50X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The transformation products from the reaction of ethylene dibromide with hydroxyl radical in the atmosphere includes formaldehyde, bromoethanol, hydrogen bromide, and formyl bromide(4). Ethylene dibromide does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). It did not directly photolyze when exposed to UV light between 300 and 400 nm(6).

Ethylene dibromide degraded readily in primary sewage sludge suspensions under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions(1); under aerobic conditions, degradation occurred within days, while under anaerobic conditions, degradation took 5-6 weeks(1). In three day die-away tests using Japanese river and seawater, ethylene dibromide was observed to have moderate degradation (21-35% degradation)(2). Low concentrations of ethylene dibromide (<100 ug/L) were biotransformed completely within 2 weeks by a reductive dehalogenation under methanogenic conditions in a continuous-flow column(3); sterile controls showed that some abiotic degradation was also occurring, but microbial degradation was dominant(3). In a microcosm study simulating methanogenic conditions found in aquifer material, ethylene dibromide was found to biodegrade relatively rapidly(4); after 16 weeks of incubation, greater than 99% of initial ethylene dibromide was transformed(4); in sterile controls, only 20% was transformed after 40 weeks(4). Biodegradation of low concentrations of ethylene dibromide in groundwater microcosms was enhanced by addition of phenol(5).

AEROBIC: Microbial degradation of ethylene dibromide was examined in microcosms using shallow aquifer material and groundwater(1); ethylene dibromide degraded aerobically in all samples with half-lives ranging from 35-350 days(1); degradation in autoclaved controls was very small in comparison to non-sterile tests(1). A review of available biodegradation data pertaining to ethylene bromide concluded that ethylene dibromide is biotransformed fairly readily in the environment(2); lifetimes can be as short as several days in surface soils and as long as many months in aquifer materials(2). In about two months, ethylene dibromide was converted almost completely and quantitatively to ethylene in a soil culture at an initial concentration of 188 g/L ethylene dibromide(3). Disappearance in soil at 100 mg/kg and 20 °C under aerobic laboratory conditions: half-life =< 2.0 days(3). Ethylene dibromide, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test; however, degradation determination was affected by major removal via volatilization(4). Using a closed-bottle protocol with a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, ethylene dibromide (at 15 mg/L) was found to be not readily biodegradable with only 4.2% degradation after 28 days of incubation(5).

ANAEROBIC: Biodegradation in a methanogenic aquifer at 17 °C and initial concentration of 194 ug/L: half-life = two weeks; bromoethanol was detected as a metabolite(1). Reductive dehalogenation in anoxic sediment with 6% organic carbon: half-life = 0.8 days at 22 °C. Based upon a pseudo first-order rate coefficient for microbial degradation under anaerobic conditions, ethylene dibromide is expected to have an anaerobic degradation half-life ranging from 2 to 15 days at 25 °C(2). Microcosms simulating contaminated groundwater sites in Clemson, South Carolina measured a first-order biodegradation rate of 9.4/year for ethylene dibromide under biostimulated conditions(3) with corresponds to a half-life of about 27 days(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of ethylene dibromide with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.50X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 64 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The neutral hydrolysis rate of ethylene dibromide was experimentally determined to be 2.1X10-7/minute at 25 °C which corresponds to a half-life of 6.4 years(3). Alkaline hydrolysis studies at 25 °C found the hydrolysis rate was determined by the neutral hydrolysis(3). An extrapolated hydrolysis half-life of 13.2 years was reported for ethylene dibromide at pH 7 and 20 °C(4). The aqueous hydrolysis rate is catalyzed by the presence of phosphate buffering agents(5); in pure distilled water at 25 °C and pH 7, the half-life is 6.0 yrs while in phosphate buffer the half-life falls to 2.0 yrs(5). The presence of naturally occurring sulfur species (HS ion) dramatically increases the aqueous hydrolysis rate from several years (in pure or buffered solution at 25 °C) to 37-70 days (in the presence of HS)(5). The UV absorption spectra of ethylene dibromide indicates it does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Ethylene dibromide did not directly photolyze when exposed to UV light between 300 and 400 nm(7).

A BCF range of <3.5 to 14.9 was measured in fish for ethylene dibromide(SRC) using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a 6-week period(1). A measured fish BCF of <1 has also been reported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF range suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

A review of five different experimental studies found the Koc of ethylene dibromide to range from 12 to 134 with an average Koc of 66(1). Another review reported the measured Koc of ethylene dibromide ranged from 14 to 160(2). A median experimental Koc of 58 has been reported for ethylene dibromide(3). An adsorption study in peat soil determined a Koc of 49(4). According to a classification scheme(5), these Koc values suggest that ethylene dibromide is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for ethylene dibromide was experimentally determined to be 6.50X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethylene dibromide is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.9 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6 days. Experiments performed in a wind-wave tank yielded a half-life for evaporation of 4.26 hr from water 1 m deep with a wind speed of 8.6 m/sec(3). Ethylene bromide's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Ethylene dibromide is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

GROUNDWATER: As part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the USGS, an assessment of 60 volatile organic compounds in untreated, ambient groundwater of the United States was conducted based on samples collected from 2,948 wells between 1985 and 1995(1). The samples represent urban and rural area drinking-water wells. Ethylene dibromide was not detected in any urban wells (n = 406) and was detected in 8 of 2,542 rural wells (0.3%) at a median concentration of 0.9 ug/L. From 1971 to 1991, groundwater monitoring studies were conducted by federal state and local governments throughout the US(2). Ethylene dibromide was detected above the MCL (maximum concentration limit (MCL) = 0.05 ug/L) in 2,918 wells out of 20,221 wells sampled and analyzed for this compound. In California, 1,638 wells were sampled from 1979-89 with 45 >MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.006-4.7 ug/L); in Connecticut, 2,392 wells were sampled in 1987 with 469 >MCL and 315 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.02-8.0 ug/L); in Florida, 14,949 wells were sampled from 1979-91 with 1,552 > MCL and 411 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.01-755.0 ug/L); in Georgia, 76 wells were sampled from 1981-87 with 7 >MCL and 3 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.02-110.0 ug/L); in Hawaii, 371 wells were sampled from 1979-87 with 15 >MCL and 13 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.001-15772.4 ug/L); in Indiana, 174 wells were sampled from 1987-89 with 6 >MCL and 2 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.01-0.85 ug/L); in Massachusetts, 239 wells were sampled in 1985 with 25 > MCL and 11 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.03-6.9 ug/L); in Oregon, 161 wells were sampled from 1985-87 with 10 >MCL and 10 wells <MCL (concentrations from 0.034-0.172 ug/L; in Washington, 181 wells were sampled from 1984-89 with 21 >MCL and 2 wells <MCL (concentrations ranging from 0.018-6.3 ug/L)(2). The concentration of ethylene dibromide in groundwater has been monitored in the Fresno/Clovis CA area from 1979-1993(3). Due to extensive farming in the region, ethylene dibromide, used as a pesticide, leached into well water. The study found that the concentration of ethylene dibromide decreased in concentration in 1979-80 well water samples from 0.25 ppb to 0.15 ppb in 1992-93. During the first cycle of the National Water Quality Assessment (1992-96), groundwater in 20 of the nation's major hydrologic basins was analyzed for 90 pesticide compounds(4). Ethylene dibromide was detected in 0.27% of 1,831 sites analyzed at a maximum concentration of 1.40 ug/L. Between 1975 and 1991, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation found that ethylene dibromide had contaminated 54 wells in California at a maximum concentration of 380 ug/L and was one of the most frequently detected pesticides in groundwater(5). A Danish groundwater monitoring program conducted between 1993-2001 detected ethylene dibromide (0.01 ug/L detection limit) in 3 of 715 samples at a median concentration of 0.56 ug/L(6).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U067, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Ethylene dibromide is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration with adequate scrubbing and ash disposal facilities.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Ethylene dibromide ID: 1605 [Table#1534]

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. . For electric vehicles or equipment, GUIDE 147 (lithium ion batteries) or GUIDE 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 154 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Non-Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Ethylene dibromide (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1605; Ethylene dibromide

IMO 6.1; Ethylene dibromide

49 403 35; Ethylene dibromide

49 091 66; Ethylene dibromide-methyl bromide mixture, liquid (insecticides, agricultural, not elsewhere classified, liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Ethylene dibromide is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Ethylene dibromide is included on the dangerous goods list.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Poison Inhalation Hazard

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 45-23/24/25-36/37/38-51/53; S: 53-45-61; Note: E

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I