1-bromopropane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H360FD: May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (85.4%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336 (99.4%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H360 (95.8%): May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (99.9%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 720 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P337+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H360Fd: May damage fertility; Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth.

Call a physician.

EYES: Flush with running water for at least 15 minutes.

SKIN: Remove contaminated clothing and shoes, flush affected areas with water for at least 15 minutes.

INHALATION: Move to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

INGESTION: Do nothing except keep victim warm. (USCG, 1999)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Bromopropanes/

To fight fire, use water, foam, CO2, dry chemical.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly. Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves, hair covering & overshoes. ... Clothing should be changed daily but ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/ workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves & gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Operations connected with synth & purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood. Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Ventilation along the floor.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as practical to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ... should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases.

1.5 [mg/m3]

260 [mg/m3]

1500 [mg/m3]

0.1 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm.

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

0.5 mg/m

0.1 ppm [2013]

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 2

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in lowering of consciousness.

The substance may have effects on the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. This may result in impaired functions. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans. May cause toxicity to human reproduction or development.

Approved respirator, rubber gloves, chemical safety goggles, other protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Do NOT expose to heat, friction or shock.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

1-bromopropane appears as a colorless liquid. Slightly denser than water and slightly soluble in water. Flash point below 75 °F. When heated to high temperatures may emit toxic fumes. Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic fumes of Hydrogen Bromide (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid; [ACGIH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID.

A flammable or combustible colorless liquid.

Colorless liquid

Sweet odor

160 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

71 °C at 760 mm

159.6 °F

71 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-166 °F (USCG, 1999)

Liquid molar volume = 0.09143 cu m/kmol; IG heat of formation = -8.7864X10+7 J/kmol; Heat fusion at melting point = 6.5270X10+6 J/kmol

78 °F (USCG, 1999)

22 °C (72 °F) - closed cup

22 °C c.c.

71.6 °F (closed cup)

In water, 2,450 mg/L at 20 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Soluble in acetone, ethanol, ether, benzene chloroform, carbon tetrachloride

Solubility in water, g/l at 20 °C: 2.5 (slightly soluble)

1.3537 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.353 at 20 °C/20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.35

1.35 @ 20°C

4.25 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 4.3

274.01 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

111.0 [mmHg]

110.8 mm Hg at 20 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 18 °C: 13.3

274.01 mmHg

110.8 [mm Hg] @18 °C

log Kow = 2.10

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

914 °F (USCG, 1999)

914 °F (490 °C)

Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, hydrogen bromide gas.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen bromide/.

0.489 mPa.s at 25 °C

Index of refraction: 1.4343 at 20 °C/D

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

Halogenated aliphatic compounds, such as 1-BROMOPROPANE, are moderately or very reactive. Halogenated organics generally become less reactive as more of their hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Low molecular weight haloalkanes are highly flammable and can react with some metals to form dangerous products. Materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. Emits toxic fumes of bromine when burned.

Materials in this group are incompatible with strong oxidizing and reducing agents. Also, they are incompatible with many amines, nitrides, azo/diazo compounds, alkali metals, and epoxides. /Halogenated aliphatic compounds/

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1-Bromopropane (1-BP) is a colorless liquid. 1-BP is used primarily as a solvent cleaner in vapor and immersion degreasing operations to clean optics, electronics, and metals and as a solvent vehicle in industries using aerosol-applied adhesives, such as foam cushion manufacturing. HUMAN STUDIES: Occupational exposure to 1-BP has been linked to neurological illnesses. Exposure to 1-BP could adversely affect peripheral nerves or/and the central nervous system. A 43-year-old male industrial worker developed muscle weakness, pain, numbness, and gait disturbance. Neurological examination indicated sensory ataxic neuropathy associated with mild impairment of upper motor neurons. He had used 1-BP as a cleaning agent for metal parts at his workplace without appropriate protection. Another case study reported that a 19-year-old male experienced weakness of the lower extremities and the right hand, numbness, and difficulty swallowing and urinating after 2 months of occupational exposure to a degreasing solvent based on 1-BP. 1-BP is cytotoxic but not corrosive, based on results from a cultured reconstructed human epidermal model (EpiDerm Skin Corrosivity Test). 1-BP can induce DNA damage in vitro in human leukocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: 1-BP did not produce cutaneous reactions in guinea pigs attributable to skin sensitization. Inhalation exposure to 1-BP caused skin tumors in male rats, large intestine tumors in female and male rats, and lung tumors in female mice. Also noted was that 1-BP, either directly or via reactive metabolites, caused molecular alterations that typically are associated with carcinogenesis, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and glutathione depletion. It is unclear whether induction of immunotoxicity by 1-BP plays a role in tumor development. 1-BP caused immunosuppression in rodents. In particular, it reduced the numbers of T cells and T-cell subpopulations. In addition, there is evidence that 1-BP caused an inflammatory response. In rats, exposure to 1-BP did not affect memory function or motor coordination but muscle strength decreased dose-dependently. Dose-dependent increases in spontaneous locomotor activity and open-field behavior indicated that 1-BP has excitatory effects on the CNS of male rats. Rats exposed at 1000 and 1500 ppm 1-BP for 4 to 7 weeks exhibited decreases in body weight and motor nerve conduction velocities, increased distal latency of peripheral nerves, and neuronal dysfunction in the dentate gyrus of the brain. In two-generation study, 7-week-old rats were exposed 6 hours/day, 7 days/week for 70 days prior to mating at 0, 100, 250, 500, or 750 ppm 1-BP. Females were not exposed on postnatal day 0 to 4 and only they, not their litters, were exposed during postnatal days 5 to 21. F1 rats began direct exposure at weaning. Dose-related increases in estrous cycle length at >/=250 ppm, and follicular cysts and interstitial hyperplasia of ovaries at 500 ppm were observed in F0 and F1 females. Reduced fertility and litter size was observed in the F0 and F1 generations at >/=250 ppm. Prenatal 1-BP exposure in dams can cause delayed adverse effects on excitability of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of offspring. 1-BP was mutagenic with or without metabolic activation toward Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA1535 and TA100 when tested in a closed system, but it was not mutagenic toward strains TA1537, TA1538, or TA98. However in other studies, 1-BP was not mutagenic in either of two independent bacterial mutagenicity assays, each conducted with and without metabolic activation. Bacterial strains tested included Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA1535, and Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA/pKM101. 1-BP was not mutagenic in vivo when tested in mice and rats.

Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. Alkylation of DNA by alkylbromides may also lead to mutations. 1-bromopropane reacts quickly with hepatic glutathione (GSH) leading to its rapid depletion and subsequent liver damage. Long-term exposure to 1-bromopropane decreases neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus which may contribute to the neurotoxicity. Downregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor and glucocoritoid receptor mRNA expression and low hippocampal norepinephrine levels might contribute, at least in part, to the reduced neurogenesis.

1-Bromopropane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.

A3: Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of 1-bromopropane. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of 1-bromopropane. Overall evaluation: 1-Bromopropane is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

1-Bromopropane

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume 115: (2018) Some Industrial Chemicals

TR-564: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 1-Bromopropane (CASRN 106-94-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 (Inhalation Studies) (2011 )

11/19/09

Some Evidence

Clear Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1-bromopropane in male F344/N rats based on the occurrence of rare adenomas of the large intestine and increased incidences of epithelial neoplasms of the skin (keratoacanthoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell neoplasms). Increased incidences of malignant mesothelioma and pancreatic islet adenoma may also have been related to 1-bromopropane exposure. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1-bromopropane in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of adenoma of the large intestine. Increased incidences of neoplasms of the skin may also have been related to 1-bromopropane exposure. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 1-bromopropane in male B6C3F1 mice exposed to concentrations of 62.5, 125, or 250 ppm 1-bromopropane. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activityof 1-bromopropane in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar neoplasms.

Exposure to 1-bromopropane resulted in increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions in the nose of rats and mice, the larynx of rats and male mice, and the trachea and lung of female rats and male and female mice. Suppurative inflammatory lesions with Splendore-Hoeppli material were present primarily in the nose and skin of male and female rats exposed to 1-bromopropane.

Not listed by IARC.

Skin irritation if contacts skin, redness and itching of skin and eyes. Acute exposure may lead to coughing, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, vomiting. Chronic exposure can lead to damage of the blood, liver and CNS. Neurotoxicity can arise due to chronic exposure through inhalation or skin. Human cases of 1-bromopropane (1-BP) toxicity exhibit ataxic gait and cognitive dysfunction, whereas rat studies showed pyknotic shrinkage in cerebellar Purkinje cells and electrophysiological changes in the hippocampus. Inhalation exposure to 1-bromopropane causes skin tumors in male rats, large intestine tumors in female and male rats, and lung tumors in female mice. 1-bromopropane, either directly or via reactive metabolites, can cause molecular alterations that typically are associated with carcinogenesis, including genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and glutathione depletion. Hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity have been noted in rodent studies.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Reported symptoms to overexposure include confusion, dysarthria, dizziness, paresthesias, and ataxia; unusual fatigue and headaches, development of arthralgias, visual disturbances (difficulty focusing), paresthesias, and muscular twitching. Symptoms may persist over one year after termination of exposure. Vapors may cause dizziness and suffocation. Inhalation of high concentrations may affect behavior/central nervous system (CNS depression) characterized by nausea, headache, dizziness, somnolence, unconsciousness and coma. It may also cause liver and kidney damage, lung injury, weight loss/ anorexia, bone marrow changes, and blood abnormalities.

Cancer, Neurological (Nervous System)

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

NTP Carcinogen - Reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

ATSDR Final

LC50 (rat) =253,000 mg/m3/30 min

LD50: 2.5 g/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T29)

LC50: 7000 ppm over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T43)

LD50 Mouse ip 2.5 g/kg

LD50 Rat ip 2.9 g/kg

LC50 Rat inhalation 253 g/cu m/ 30 minutes

LC50 Rat inhalation 7000 ppm/4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) age 30 days; Conditions: freshwater, flow through; Concentration: 67300 ug/L for 96 hr /99% purity/

1.60e+00

7.10e+00

7.60e-01

3.30e+00

1.50e+00

8.0E+01(G)

4.60e-04

1.00e-01

Volatile

9.66e+02

1.60e+02

7.10e+02

7.60e+01

3.30e+02

1.50e+02

8.0E+01 (G)

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

1-Bromopropane's production and use as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, insecticides and other compounds may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use in vapor and immersion degreasing operations for cleaning metals, plastics and electronic and optical components and use in dry cleaning and former use in aerosol solvents will result in its direct release to the environment. 1-Bromopropane is also produced naturally by at least 6 species of marine macroalgae and may be transported from the algae to the surrounding environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 111 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates that 1-bromopropane will exist solely in the vapor-phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromopropane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days. 1-Bromopropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-bromopropane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 37. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Bromopropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 70% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil or water. A number of pure culture studies have shown that various microorganisms are capable of degrading 1-bromopropane. If released into water, 1-bromopropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.4 hours and 4.4 days, respectively. The hydrolysis half-life of 1-bromopropane is about 26 days at pH 7 and 25 °C. An estimated BCF of 11 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 1-bromopropane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromopropane is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-bromopropane via inhalation of ambient air at locations where 1-bromopropane is used as dry cleaning agent, degreaser or solvent. (SRC)

1-Bromopropane was detected in the tissue of six species of temperate marine macroalgae; it is proposed that this compound is produced by the hydrolysis of monohalo- and dihalo-oxo-fatty acids. It is possible that 1-bromopropane is transported from the algae to the marine environment(1).

1-Bromopropane's production and use as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, insecticides and other compounds(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use in vapor and immersion degreasing operations for cleaning metals, plastics and electronic and optical components and use in dry cleaning and former use in aerosol solvents will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromopropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-bromopropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from a vapor pressure of 111 mm Hg(3) and water solubility of 2450 mg/L(4). 1-Bromopropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure(SRC). A 70% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(5) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). A number of pure culture studies(6-9) have shown that microorganisms are capable of degrading 1-bromopropane.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromopropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.3X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from a vapor pressure of 111 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 2450 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.4 hours and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 11(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.10(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of 1-bromopropane is approximately 26 days at pH 7 and 25 °C(8). A 70% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(9) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). A number of pure culture studies(10-13) have shown that microorganisms are capable of degrading 1-bromopropane.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-bromopropane, which has a vapor pressure of 111 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromopropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.06X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1-Bromopropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1-Bromopropane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 70% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5).

PURE CULTURE: Arthrobacter HA1 was shown to aerobically utilize 1-bromopropane with a specific growth rate of 0.12/hour and a growth yield of 4.0 g protein/mol C. 1-Bromopropane was dehalogenated by this bacterium via an inducible, soluble, hydrolytic enzyme activity leaving 1-propanol as a product of this reaction(1). Both Pseudomonas strains ES-1 and ES-2 were isolated from organobromide-rich industrial wastewater using 1-bromooctane as the only carbon source(2). Pseudomonas strain ES-2 aerobically debrominates 1-bromopropane but cannot utilize this compound for growth(1,2). Pseudomonas strain ES-1 was unable to grow or to debrominate 1-bromopropane when this compound was present as the sole carbon source(2). Acinetobacter strain GJ70, isolated from activated sludge, was able to utilize 1-bromopropane as a carbon source with a generation time of 7.4 hours. 1-Bromopropane, added to the culture medium at 2 mM concentration, was completely dehalogenated aerobically within six days with the production of 2.2 mM of the halide(3). A crude cell extract of this bacterial strain gave products of 1-propanol and bromide from 1-bromopropane; as no aldehydes were produced or oxygen consumed during this reaction, it was suggested that the mechanism for this reaction was hydrolytic dehalogenation(3). These pure culture studies suggest that 1-bromopropane may biodegrade under environmental conditions(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-bromopropane with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.06X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. An aqueous hydrolysis half-life of about 26 days was calculated based upon a neutral hydrolysis rate measured at 55 °C for 1-bromopropane at pH 7 and 25 °C from its first-order rate constant of 3.01X10-7 sec-1(2). 1-Bromopropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 11 was calculated in fish for 1-bromopropane(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 2.10(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1-Bromopropane was classified as having low bioconcentration based on fish accumulation studies (specific data not reported)(4).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-bromopropane can be estimated to be 40(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-bromopropane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-bromopropane is estimated as 7.3X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 111 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2450 mg/L at 20 °C(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-bromopropane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.4 days(SRC). 1-Bromopropane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromopropane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

1-Bromopropane was detected, not quantified in VOC emissions of household wax and liquid pastes and detergents at unreported concentrations using GC/MS(1).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 9 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1-bromopropane in the United States may be as low as 10 workers and as high as 500 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

Occupational exposure to 1-bromopropane occurs through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromopropane is produced or used(1). Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-bromopropane via inhalation of ambient air at locations where 1-bromopropane is used as dry cleaning agent, degreaser or solvent(SRC).

Occupational surveys show a wide range of exposure levels in the workplace; 1-bromopropane levels in worker breathing zones were 18-381 ppm in plants where spray adhesive containing 1-bromopropane was used, and 0.04 to 0.63 ppm where 1-bromopropane was used as a vapor degreaser. It is likely that workers were exposed to 1-bromopropane through inhalation and dermal contact(1). One survey, where 1-bromopropane was used as a solvent with a glue spray gun, showed that the daily time weighted average (TWA) air concentrations ranged from 60 to 261 ppm(1); another study, where workers cleaned and painted metal surfaces with preparations containing 1-bromopropane and other solvents, showed a geometric mean exposure of 1.42 ppm with a maximal exposure of 27.8 ppm(1). In a recent New Jersey monitoring study of 1-bromopropane in the dry cleaning industry, the highest exposure measured was a dry cleaning machine operator where exposure was 54 ppm as an 8-hr time-weighted average(2); personal breathing zone exposures ranged from 0.24 to 54.55 ppm as 8-hr time-weighted averages for clerks and operators(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds & specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... Incineration may be only feasible method for disposal of contaminated laboratory waste from biological expt. However, not all incinerators are suitable for this purpose. The most efficient type ... is probably the gas-fired type, in which a first-stage combustion with a less than stoichiometric air:fuel ratio is followed by a second stage with excess air. Some ... are designed to accept ... aqueous & organic-solvent solutions, otherwise it is necessary ... to absorb soln onto suitable combustible material, such as sawdust. Alternatively, chem destruction may be used, esp when small quantities ... are to be destroyed in laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Bromopropanes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Bromopropanes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Bromopropanes/

/GUIDE 129 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Bromopropanes/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-Bromopropane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2344; Bromopropanes

IMO 3; Bromopropanes

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Bromopropanes are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromopropanes/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Bromopropanes are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromopropanes/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II