1-Butene

H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, and P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.1% (2 of 1383) of reports.

H220 (99.6%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (65.7%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

P203, P210, P222, P280, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1383 reports by companies from 17 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 1383 reports by companies.

There are 16 notifications provided by 1381 of 1383 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.3% (1 of 399) of reports.

H220 (99.5%): Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]

H280 (95.2%): Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 399 reports by companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 399 reports by companies.

There are 3 notifications provided by 398 of 399 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated [Warning Gases under pressure]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P203, P210, P222, P264+P265, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P317, P377, P381, P403, and P410+P403 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

P203, P210, P222, P261, P271, P280, P304+P340, P319, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: CAUTION: Exposure of skin to compressed gases may result in freezing of the skin. Treatment for frostbite may be necessary. Remove the victim from the source of contamination. IMMEDIATELY wash affected areas gently with COLD water (and soap, if necessary) while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Dry carefully with clean, soft towels. If symptoms such as inflammation or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician or go to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: This compound is a gas, therefore inhalation is the first route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel long distances to an ignition source and flash back. (NTP, 1992)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary. Further information: Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, stop flow of gas.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 800 meters (1/2 mile).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. In fires involving Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) (UN1075), Butane (UN1011), Butylene (UN1012), Isobutylene (UN1055), Propylene (UN1077), Isobutane (UN1969), and Propane (UN1978), also refer to the "BLEVE - Safety Precautions" section. (ERG, 2024)

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Clean up promptly by sweeping or vacuum.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment.Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: This chemical should be used in a fume hood. If a leak should occur, the main valve of the gas cylinder should be turned off and all personnel evacuated. Do not reenter the area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly ventilated.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical at ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Contents under pressure. Storage class (TRGS 510): Gases

750 [ppm]

2900 [ppm]

17000 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 250 ppm. /Butenes, all isomers/

Peak Exposure Recommendation: Transient increases in workers' exposure levels may exceed 3 times the value of the TLV-TWA level for no more than 15 minutes at a time, on no more than 4 occasions spaced 1 hour apart during a workday, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the value of the TLV-TWA level. In addition, the 8-hour TWA is not to be exceeded for an 8-hour work period. /Butenes, all isomers/

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face positive pressure supplied-air respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). (NTP, 1992)

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Body Protection: impervious clothing, Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type AXBEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Minimum protective clothing: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. Recommended respirator: When working with this chemical, wear a NIOSH-approved full face positive pressure supplied-air respirator or a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

1-butene is a colorless gas. (NTP, 1992)

Gas Vapor; Liquid; Liquid; Gas Vapor; Other Solid

Gas Vapor; Liquid

Colorless gas

Slightly aromatic odor

Gassy, slightly aromatic odor

21 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

-6.47 °C at 760 mm Hg

-6.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-301.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

-185.33 °C

-185.3 °C

-110 °F (NTP, 1992)

Insoluble (NTP, 1992)

In water, 221 mg/L at 25 °C

Soluble in benzene; very soluble in alcohol, ether

0.6255 at 19.9 °F (NTP, 1992) - Less dense than water; will float

0.588 g/cu cm at 25 °C, 1 atm

Density of liquid 10.47 mol/L at 298.15 K; critical volume 0.240 L/mol

0.557 @25 °C

1.93 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.93 (Air = 1)

3480 mmHg at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Vapor pressure: 3480 mm Hg at 21 °C

2.253X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C

2253 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.40

Henry's Law constant = 0.233 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 0.245 atm-cu m/mole

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

723 °F (NTP, 1992)

725 °F (385 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.

-2719.1 kJ/mol at constant pressure and temp

20.31 kJ/mol at 298.15 K

0.0121 dyn/cm at 298.15 K

The substance may polymerize.

The odor threshold for butene is 54.96 mg/cu m.

Index of refraction: 1.3962 at 20 °C/D

A colorless liquified petroleum gas

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Highly Flammable

The unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 1-BUTENE, are generally much more reactive than the alkanes. Strong oxidizers may react vigorously with them. Reducing agents can react exothermically to release gaseous hydrogen. In the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators, compounds in this class can undergo very exothermic addition polymerization reactions. May react with oxidizing materials. Aluminum borohydride reacts with alkenes and in the presence of oxygen, combustion is initiated even in the absence of moisture.

mixtures with aluminum tetrahydroborate explode after an induction period.

The tetrahydroborate reacts with alkenes and, in presence of oxygen, combustion is initiated even in absence of moisture. Butene explodes after an induction period, while butadiene explodes immediately.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1-Butene is a colorless gas. It is is used for the production of a wide variety of chemicals in the gasoline and rubber processing areas. Most 1-butene is used as a comonomer for linear low-density polyethylene, which contains up to 10%. However, 1-butene is also used as a comonomer for modifying high-density polyethylene, which contains up to 4%. HUMAN STUDIES: 1-Butene is a simple asphyxiant and may be a CNS depressant in high concentrations. It has a low acute toxicity and is mildly irritating to the eye. On direct eye and skin contact liquid butene can cause burns and frostbite. The treatment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60) for 24 hr resulted in an increase of DNA damage. HL60 cells were more resistant than PBMCs to the DNA damage. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exposure to 1-butene at target concentrations of 500, 2000, 8000 ppm (approximately 1147, 4589, 18359 mg/cu m) did not induce systemic toxicity in male and female rats exposed for 28 days or in pregnant female rats exposed for 14 days pre-mating, through mating and gestation to day 19. There were no treatment-related effects on the development of pups. As an anesthetic, it is 4.5 times more potent than ethylene. Exposure of mice to concentrations of 15% butene resulted in reversible signs of incoordination, confusion, and hyperexcitability; at 20% deep anesthesia in 8 to 15 min, with subsequent respiratory failure in 2 hr; and at 30% in 2 to 4 min and 40 min, respectively. A concentration of 40% resulted in profound anesthesia in 30 sec, with no CNS symptoms but with death in 10 to 15 min. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Tomato: epinasty in petiole: 50,000 ppm, 2 days.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-musk device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. if vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds/

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Butene is a simple asphyxiant and classified as nontoxic. At concentrations above the flammability range, it is an anesthetic.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ as an anesthetic, it is 4.5 times more potent than ethene.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ It has a low acute toxicity and is mildly irritating to the eye. On direct eye and skin contact liquid butene can cause burns and frostbite.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exert their carcinogenic activity through the production of epoxide metabolites. Because of their high reactivity some epoxides are also produced in the chemical industry for the synthesis of other compounds. Therefore, human exposure to VOCs epoxides does occur and may be an important human health concern. In this study, the in vitro genotoxic potential of epoxides originating from 1,3-butadiene (3,4-epoxy-1-butene: EB; 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane: DEB), isoprene (3,4-epoxy-2-methyl-1-butene: IO), styrene (styrene-7,8-oxide: SO), propylene (propylene oxide: PO) and 1-butene (1,2-epoxy-butane: BO) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL60) was measured with the comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis, SCGE). The effect of inclusion of fetal calf serum (FCS, 5%) in the cell-culture medium and different durations of exposure (2 hr, 24 hr) were also investigated. All epoxides tested produced DNA damage in a concentration range that did not reduce cell viability. HL60 cells were more resistant than PBMCs to the DNA damage induced by the different epoxides. With the exception of IO, the treatment for 24 hr resulted in an increase of DNA damage. FCS slightly protected PBMCs from the genotoxic effects induced by IO and BO, whilst no such effect was noted for the other compounds. Overall, the dose-dependent effects that were seen allowed us to define a genotoxicity scale for the different epoxides as follows: SO>EB>DEB>IO>PO>BO, which is in partial agreement with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification of the carcinogenic hazards.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Exposure to 1-butene at target concentrations of 500, 2000, 8000 ppm (approximately 1147, 4589, 18359 mg/cu m) did not induce systemic toxicity in male and female rats exposed for 28 days or in pregnant female rats exposed for 14 days pre-mating, through mating and gestation to day 19. No treatment-related effects on body weight, clinical chemistry, organ weights or histopathology were found. Neurotoxicity screening also showed no effects on motor activity or functional observation battery. The NOAECs were at the highest concentration level tested

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ Male and female rats were exposed to 1-butene at target concentrations of 500, 2000, 8000 ppm (1147, 4589, 18359 mg/cu m) for two weeks prior to breeding, during breeding and until day 19 of gestation. The dams were then allowed to deliver their litters, which were retained until post-natal day 4. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity in the parents.There were no effects on mating behavior, fertility and gestation indices, the number of implantation sites and corpora lutea per dam, numbers of pups delivered, viability of pups at and after birth and the pup sex ratio when compared to the control group. Based on these data, the NOAEC for reproductive toxicity was the highest concentration tested (18359 mg/cu m). There were no treatment-related effects on the development of pups. There were no effects on body weight gain or observed during macroscopic examination of pups at post mortem. Based on these data, the NOAEC for developmental toxicity was also the highest concentration tested (18359 mg/cu m).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Exposure of mice to concentrations of 15% butene resulted in reversible signs of incoordination, confusion, and hyperexcitability; at 20% deep anesthesia in 8 to 15 min, with subsequent respiratory failure in 2 hr; and at 30% in 2 to 4 min and 40 min, respectively. A concentration of 40% resulted in profound anesthesia in 30 sec, with no CNS symptoms but with death in 10 to 15 min.

/PLANTS/ Tomato: epinasty in petiole: 50,000 ppm, 2 days.

1-Butene's production and use as a comonomer for low and high-density linear polyethylene compounds and in gasoline and rubber may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Butene has been detected in the volatile emissions from mixed deciduous forests and in the volatile organic fraction of heated soybean, rapeseed, peanut and canola oil. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2250 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-butene will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-butene is expected to be rapidly oxidized by both photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone. The half-life for these processes are 12 and 22 hrs, respectively. Night-time degradation by the reaction with nitrate radicals is not expected to be a significant removal process. 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-butene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Butene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids. If released into water, 1-butene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 18 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 1-butene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-butene is produced or used. In particular, workers in the petroleum field are likely to be exposed to 1-butene by inhalation of gasoline fumes during the production, transport or dispensing of motor fuels. Due to its high volatility and occurrence in combustion fuels and automobile exhaust, the most likely pathway by which the general public may be exposed to 1-butene is via inhalation of ambient air and inhalation during the use of gasoline products containing 1-butene. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-butene via ingestion of some food oils, although this pathway is considered minor when compared to inhalation. Exposure may also occur from smoking cigaretttes. (SRC)

In general butenes are considered anthropogenic compounds and not known to occur naturally(1). However, 1-butene is a reported plant emission from mixed deciduous forests(2).

1-Butene's production and use as a comonomer for low and high-density linear polyethylene compounds(1) and in gasoline and rubber compounds(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Butene has been widely detected in the exhaust gas of vehicles using gasoline(3) and diesel(4) and from jet engines(5). It may also be released into the environment from fluid catalytic units in petroleum refineries(6), through the burning of waste plastics(7), as a volatile emission from gasoline(8) and from the burning of wood(9). 1-Butene has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke(10). 1-Butene has also been detected in the volatile organic fraction emitted during the heating of soybean, rapeseed, peanut, and Canola oils(11).

1-Butene occurs in oil and coal gas(1). Anthropogenic sources include diesel exhaust gas (1.8%), expected ground level concentrations in US urban air are 1-20 ppb, in exhaust of gasoline engines 6.0 vol%, in evaporate from gasoline fuel tank 4.6 vol%, and evaporate from carburetors 0-0.3 vol%(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.40(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-butene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-butene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1-Butene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2250 at 25 °C(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.40(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-butene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 18(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-butene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-butene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(5). Products from this reaction are formic and propionic acid(6). Based on a half-life of 149 hours, from and average rate constant of 5.4X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(7,8), night-time degradation by the reaction with nitrate radicals is not expected to be a significant removal process. 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(9) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1-Butene, present at 2.64 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 1 drop/L in the Japanese MITI test(1), suggesting that 1-butene is not readily biodegradable.

PURE CULTURE: Alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes(1). These include the oxidation of a terminal methyl group leaving the double bond intact and resulting in unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or oxidation of the double bond resulting in the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(1). Cell free extracts and suspensions of microorganisms isolated from soil or water and acclimated to ethylene were found to epoxidize 1-butene to butene-1,2-epoxide(2,3). Methanotrophic bacteria isolated from water were found to epoxidize 1-butene(4). Pure cultures of Pseudomonas oleovorans grown on octane oxidized 1-butene to 1-butene-3-ol(5). Bacteria isolated from soil and water and acclimated to propane were found to epoxidize 1-butene(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been calculated as 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). Products from this reaction are formic and propionic acid(4). Rate constants for the gas-phase reaction of 1-butene with nitrate radicals in the range 1.1X10-14 to 9.7X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec at room temperature have appeared in the literature(5,6). Using an average value of 5.4X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(6) and a nitrate radical concentration of 2.4X10+8 molec/cu cm(7), a half-life of 149 hours can be calculated(SRC), indicating that this process will not be an important night-time removal mechanism. Products from this reaction include propionaldehyde, ethyloxirane and 1-nitroxy-2-butanone(8). The rate constant for the estimated OH radical reaction of 1-butene with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 7.0X10+9 L/mol-sec(9); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 115 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(10). 1-Butene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(11). 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(11) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 18 was calculated in fish for 1-butene(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.40(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1-butene is estimated as 120(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.40(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-butene is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-butene is 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-butene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). 1-Butene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Butene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 2.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

1-Butene was detected at concentrations ranging from 30-58 ppb in the smoke of a wood stove burning oak(1). 1-Butene was detected in the gas phase of smoke emissions from a residential chimney upon combustion of pine firewood at 90.7 mg/kg of wood burned(2). 1-Butene was detected in 16 of 16 various fuel/stove combinations using coal, wood, residues and gas as fuel sources with emission rates ranging between 0.023-113 mg/kg dry fuel(3). 1-Butene was detected at 360 ug/cu m in emissions from the incineration of waste-plastics using a medium-scale waste incinerator(4). In a paper published in 1998, 1-butene was detected with isobutene at a combined concentration of 0.92 ppmv in landfill gas monitored at the Fresh Kills Landfill in New York(5). In December 2011, 1-butene was detected at less than 1% of all gaseous pollutants profiled at 3 process-locations in a municipal solid waste biological treatment plant(6).

1-Butene has been detected in automobile exhaust at 380 ppb(1). The exhaust gas from 10 small four-stroke lawn mowers using two different gasolines was studied(2). When a 1990 national average blend of gasoline was used, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust gas as 0.33% of the total organic gases emitted while when a California Phase 2 gasoline was used, 1-butene was identified as 0.29% of the total organic gases released(2). The average concentration of 1-butene in the exhaust of 67 Australian gasoline vehicles was 0.9% w/w of non-methane hydrocarbons(3). 1-Butene was detected as an emission from jet engines operating under simulated high-altitude supersonic flight conditions(4) and as a stack emission from a waste incinerator(5).

1-Butene was measured directly in car exhaust from the UK at 1217 ppb but only at 10 ppb in air samples collected on a London street(1). Motor vehicle emissions were sampled in canisters beside a roadway in a tunnel-like underpass during periods of heavy traffic from Aug 23-27, 1990 in Atlanta, Georgia(2). 1-Butene and isobutylene were found to be 1.181 ppbC% of total non-methane organic compounds(2). Air samples were also collected within Atlanta's Hartsfield International Airport on August 27, 1990(2). 1-Butene and isobutylene were found to be 0.41 ppbC% of total non-methane organic compounds(2). The estimated total yearly emission for 1-butene in Belgium was 423 tons/yr in 1991(3). 1-Butene was detected from 1979-80 in urban air samples taken from Australia at 1.0 ppb(4). On August 28, 1987, the average concentration of 1-butene in the atmosphere from eight sites in the Los Angeles Air Basin was 2.56 ug/cu m(5). Average ambient concentration of 1-butene in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil from March 20, 1996-April 16, 1997 was 3.8 mg/cu m(6). In August 1995, measurements of various non-methane hydrocarbons were studied within the Vancouver's Cassiar Connector highway tunnel(7). The average mass fraction of 1-butene/isobutene detected in the tunnel was 0.031(8). The median concentration of 1-butene measured between 6 and 9 am during the summers of 1984-86 in 39 U.S. cities located between 26 deg N and 43 deg N latitude was 2.95 ppb(8). In a study to acquire a baseline concentration of volatile organic compounds found in urban air samples considered as non-industrial areas, 1-butene/isobutene was detected 76.79% of the time at a mean concentration of 0.67 ppbv from March 12, 1990 to March 11, 1991(9). In a study of light-duty vehicle emissions in the Caldecott Tunnel in San Francisco, 1-butene was detected in August and October 1994 at 0.48 and 0.43% by weight of total volatile organic compounds, respectively(10). 1-Butene/isobutene were detected in Vienna, Austria in May, 1987, Sydney, Australia from September 1979-June 1980, and in Washington D.C., U.S.A from July-August 1980 at 10.1, 9.6, and 4 ppb, respectively(11). 1-Butene was detected, average emission factor of 113.9 mg/kg, in the Maria Maluf road tunnel, located in Brazil, monitored from May 4-6, 2004(12).

1-Butene was estimated as 0.49% of all volatile organic compounds, excluding methane, released by the United Kingdom in 1990(1). The estimated annual emissions of 1-butene from gasoline powered vehicles in the UK, 1983, is 2.19 kt(2). The hydrocarbon content emitted from a two-stroke moped engine for an alkylate-based fuel and a conventional reformate-based fuel was studied(3). When the moped was operated at 30 km/hr on alkylate fuel, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust as 0.20% by weight of total non-methane hydrocarbons and when the moped used conventional reformate-based fuel, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust as 0.22% by weight of total non-methane hydrocarbons(3). Initially, the alkylate fuel did not contain 1-butene while the reformate-based fuel contained 1-butene as 0.03% of total non-methane hydrocarbons(3). Emissions from nine late-model motor vehicles with four-cylinder engines were characterized at three test temperatures to simulate summer driving(4). The vehicles were tested at temperatures of 75, 90, and 105 °F with unleaded gasoline(4). 1-Butene was detected at 0.46, 0.51, and 0.54% by weight of hydrocarbon emissions from throttle body injection vehicles at 75, 90, and 105 °F, respectively(4). Comparatively, 1-butene was detected at 0.46, 0.50, and 0.46% by weight of hydrocarbon emissions from port fuel injection vehicles at 75, 90, and 105 °F, respectively(4). 1-Butene has been detected, but not quantified, in diesel exhaust(5). A 1999 air quality study in Cairo, Egypt found 1-butene in a median concentration of 1.85 and 1.59 in an unspecified number of roadway and motorcycle emission air samples(6).

URBAN/SUBURAN: In a paper published in 1985, 1-butene was identified, but not quantified in U.S. roadside air samples(1). In winter 1986-87, the average concentration of 1-butene collected at two sites, in Boise, ID, was 1.7 ppbC(2). In 1977, 1-butene was detected at concentrations ranging from 5.0-5.5 ug/cu-m at the top of an 82-story building at noon in New York City(3). In summer 1977, the maximum concentration of 1-butene measured in 780 samples from Houston, TX, was 45 ppbC(4). In July 1973, the concentration of 1-butene in downtown Houston obtained during two day-long sampling expeditions ranged from not detected to 0.01 ppm and from not detected to 0.022 ppm in three sampling expeditions in Pasadena, TX(5). In 1965-66, the concentration of 1-butene in two rooftop samples taken in Riverside, CA, were 6.4 and 2.0 ppb, respectively(6). The percent of 1-butene measured at 6 sites along Highway 70 in Raleigh, NC, May 1983, ranged from 0.25-0.67% of the total non-methane hydrocarbons(7). On January 29, 1997, 1-butene was detected at estimated concentrations ranging from 0.1-2.1 ppbv (average = 0.9 ppbv) in air samples collected over a 1-hour period in Taipei, Taiwan(8).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 1983, the mean concentration of 1-butene in urban, rural, and polluted rural locations in NW England was 11, <0.5 and 5.0 ppbC, respectively(1). The estimated annual mean concentration of 1-butene in London, England, is 1 ug/cu m(2). The observed annual concentration of 1-butene in European cities ranged from 1.6-5.3 ug/cu m, and the observed background level in Sidney, Australia, was 2.4 ug/cu m(2). The average concentration of 1-butene in Sidney, Australia, 1979-1980, was 1.0 ppb(3). The average concentration of 1-butene in air samples taken over Tokyo, Japan, 1980, was 0.1 ppb(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1-Butene was detected from 1979-80 in rural air samples taken from Brazil at 0.47 ppb(1). During the spring of 1989, 1-butene was detected at the tropospheric boundary layer near Alert, North West Territory, Canada ranging from 1-79 parts per trillion volume (pptV) with a mean concentration of 30 pptV(2). 1-Butene was detected at an air quality monitoring site in Chao-Chou, Taiwan, at an average concentration of 5 ug/m cu, samples were collected over 5 day periods in December 1998 and May 1999(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: A fluid catalytic unit in a petroleum refinery produces an alkene-rich petrol fraction and is therefore likely to emit volatile hydrocarbons with a high proportion of alkenes to the air(1). At 100 m downwind of a fluid catalytic unit in Sweden, 1-butene was detected ranging from 1.1-2.0% by weight of all C2-C8 hydrocarbons released in 1992(1). Six service stations, two in Cincinnati, Ohio, two in Phoenix, Arizona and two in Los Angeles, California, were studied to determine the exposure level of various volatile organic compounds released during self-serve fill-up operations from October-November, 1990(2). During this investigation, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.3 mg/cu m and 0.04-5.1 mg/cu m from the two Cincinnati, Ohio service stations(2). From two Phoenix, Arizona service stations, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.7 and 0.04-0.7 mg/cu m(2). Finally, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.7 and 0.04-2.2 mg/cu m from the two service stations in Los Angeles, California(2). The concentration of 1-butene downwind of a chemical manufacturing plant in North Cheshire, England, 1978, ranged from <1-24 ppb (10 sites), downwind of a refinery <1-13 ppb (5 sites), a fertilizer plant 14 ppb (1 site), and in background areas: populated 1-21 ppb (5 sites) and rural <1-12 ppb (22 sites)(3).

The volatile vapor fraction emitted during the heating of four oils (rapeseed, Canola, peanut and soybean) was analyzed to determine its composition. 1-Butene was detected, concentration not specified, in all four heated oils(1).

Experiments were conducted in 1993 to monitor the hydrocarbon emissions from a mixed deciduous forest approximately 80 km northwest of Toronto, Canada(1). 1-Butene was the fourth most abundantly measured hydrocarbon above the Borden forest from April 29-June 3, 1993(1).

The weighted average of 1-butene in whole gas, 87 octane, and in 89 octane, expressed as percent of total non-methane organic compounds, was 0.128 ppb, 0.140 ppb, and 0.13 ppb, respectively(1). 1-Butene was detected in the vapor phase of both conventional petrol fuels (used for small engine machines such as power saws and lawn mowers) and a new alkylate based petrol fuel at 2.0 and 0.02 ppb of total hydrocarbons, respectively(2). 1-Butene is a component of smoke from tobacco and tobacco substitute(3).

... Air samples from experimental fires burning various materials commonly found at structural fires were collected into evacuated Summa canisters and analyzed for 144 target VOCs using cryogenic preconcentration and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MSD) methodology. The resulting chromatograms were characterized by a small number of predominant peaks, with 14 substances (propene, benzene, xylenes, 1-butene/2-methylpropene, toluene, propane, 1,2-butadiene, 2-methylbutane, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, styrene, cyclopentene, 1-methylcyclopentene, isopropylbenzene) being found in proportionately higher concentrations in all experimental fires and accounting for 65% (SD = +/-12%) by mass of total measured VOCs. ...

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 11 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1-butene in the United States may be as low as 25 workers and as high as 10,000 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 545 workers (none of these are female) were potentially exposed to 1-butene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1-butene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-butene is produced or used. In particular, workers in the petroleum field are likely to be exposed to 1-butene by inhalation of gasoline fumes during the production, transport or dispensing of motor fuels(2,3). Due to its high volatility and occurrence in combustion fuels and automobile exhaust, the most likely pathway by which the general public may be exposed to 1-butene is via inhalation of ambient air(4,5) and inhalation during the use of gasoline products containing 1-butene(6). Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-butene via ingestion of some food oils, although this pathway is considered minor when compared to inhalation. Exposure may also occur from smoking cigaretttes(SRC).

1-Butene has been detected in human expired air(1) at measured concentrations in exhaled breath up to 495 ppb, and an average emission of 36 ppb (140 ug/m cu)(2).

/PLANTS/ Tomato: epinasty in petiole: 50,000 ppm, 2 days.

1-Butene's production and use as a comonomer for low and high-density linear polyethylene compounds and in gasoline and rubber may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Butene has been detected in the volatile emissions from mixed deciduous forests and in the volatile organic fraction of heated soybean, rapeseed, peanut and canola oil. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2250 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-butene will exist solely as a gas in the atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-butene is expected to be rapidly oxidized by both photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone. The half-life for these processes are 12 and 22 hrs, respectively. Night-time degradation by the reaction with nitrate radicals is not expected to be a significant removal process. 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 1-butene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Butene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids. If released into water, 1-butene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 18 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 1-butene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-butene is produced or used. In particular, workers in the petroleum field are likely to be exposed to 1-butene by inhalation of gasoline fumes during the production, transport or dispensing of motor fuels. Due to its high volatility and occurrence in combustion fuels and automobile exhaust, the most likely pathway by which the general public may be exposed to 1-butene is via inhalation of ambient air and inhalation during the use of gasoline products containing 1-butene. Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-butene via ingestion of some food oils, although this pathway is considered minor when compared to inhalation. Exposure may also occur from smoking cigaretttes. (SRC)

In general butenes are considered anthropogenic compounds and not known to occur naturally(1). However, 1-butene is a reported plant emission from mixed deciduous forests(2).

1-Butene's production and use as a comonomer for low and high-density linear polyethylene compounds(1) and in gasoline and rubber compounds(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 1-Butene has been widely detected in the exhaust gas of vehicles using gasoline(3) and diesel(4) and from jet engines(5). It may also be released into the environment from fluid catalytic units in petroleum refineries(6), through the burning of waste plastics(7), as a volatile emission from gasoline(8) and from the burning of wood(9). 1-Butene has been identified as a constituent of tobacco smoke(10). 1-Butene has also been detected in the volatile organic fraction emitted during the heating of soybean, rapeseed, peanut, and Canola oils(11).

1-Butene occurs in oil and coal gas(1). Anthropogenic sources include diesel exhaust gas (1.8%), expected ground level concentrations in US urban air are 1-20 ppb, in exhaust of gasoline engines 6.0 vol%, in evaporate from gasoline fuel tank 4.6 vol%, and evaporate from carburetors 0-0.3 vol%(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.40(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-butene is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-butene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(4). 1-Butene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 2250 at 25 °C(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 2.40(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-butene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 18(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 3% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(7) indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes, resulting in the unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-butene, which has a vapor pressure of 2.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 1-butene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(4). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(5). Products from this reaction are formic and propionic acid(6). Based on a half-life of 149 hours, from and average rate constant of 5.4X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(7,8), night-time degradation by the reaction with nitrate radicals is not expected to be a significant removal process. 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(9) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 1-Butene, present at 2.64 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 1 drop/L in the Japanese MITI test(1), suggesting that 1-butene is not readily biodegradable.

PURE CULTURE: Alkenes can be utilized by a wide range of microorganisms and are catabolized via several routes(1). These include the oxidation of a terminal methyl group leaving the double bond intact and resulting in unsaturated alcohol, aldehyde and fatty acid or oxidation of the double bond resulting in the formation of epoxide, diol compounds and possibly hydroxyacids(1). Cell free extracts and suspensions of microorganisms isolated from soil or water and acclimated to ethylene were found to epoxidize 1-butene to butene-1,2-epoxide(2,3). Methanotrophic bacteria isolated from water were found to epoxidize 1-butene(4). Pure cultures of Pseudomonas oleovorans grown on octane oxidized 1-butene to 1-butene-3-ol(5). Bacteria isolated from soil and water and acclimated to propane were found to epoxidize 1-butene(6).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been calculated as 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-butene with ozone has been estimated as 1.2X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 23 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(3). Products from this reaction are formic and propionic acid(4). Rate constants for the gas-phase reaction of 1-butene with nitrate radicals in the range 1.1X10-14 to 9.7X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec at room temperature have appeared in the literature(5,6). Using an average value of 5.4X10-15 cu cm/molec-sec(6) and a nitrate radical concentration of 2.4X10+8 molec/cu cm(7), a half-life of 149 hours can be calculated(SRC), indicating that this process will not be an important night-time removal mechanism. Products from this reaction include propionaldehyde, ethyloxirane and 1-nitroxy-2-butanone(8). The rate constant for the estimated OH radical reaction of 1-butene with hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 7.0X10+9 L/mol-sec(9); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 115 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(10). 1-Butene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(11). 1-Butene does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(11) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 18 was calculated in fish for 1-butene(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.40(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1-butene is estimated as 120(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.40(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-butene is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-butene is 2.33X10-1 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-butene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3 days(SRC). 1-Butene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 1-Butene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 2.25X10+3 mm Hg at 25 °C(3).

1-Butene was detected at concentrations ranging from 30-58 ppb in the smoke of a wood stove burning oak(1). 1-Butene was detected in the gas phase of smoke emissions from a residential chimney upon combustion of pine firewood at 90.7 mg/kg of wood burned(2). 1-Butene was detected in 16 of 16 various fuel/stove combinations using coal, wood, residues and gas as fuel sources with emission rates ranging between 0.023-113 mg/kg dry fuel(3). 1-Butene was detected at 360 ug/cu m in emissions from the incineration of waste-plastics using a medium-scale waste incinerator(4). In a paper published in 1998, 1-butene was detected with isobutene at a combined concentration of 0.92 ppmv in landfill gas monitored at the Fresh Kills Landfill in New York(5). In December 2011, 1-butene was detected at less than 1% of all gaseous pollutants profiled at 3 process-locations in a municipal solid waste biological treatment plant(6).

1-Butene has been detected in automobile exhaust at 380 ppb(1). The exhaust gas from 10 small four-stroke lawn mowers using two different gasolines was studied(2). When a 1990 national average blend of gasoline was used, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust gas as 0.33% of the total organic gases emitted while when a California Phase 2 gasoline was used, 1-butene was identified as 0.29% of the total organic gases released(2). The average concentration of 1-butene in the exhaust of 67 Australian gasoline vehicles was 0.9% w/w of non-methane hydrocarbons(3). 1-Butene was detected as an emission from jet engines operating under simulated high-altitude supersonic flight conditions(4) and as a stack emission from a waste incinerator(5).

1-Butene was measured directly in car exhaust from the UK at 1217 ppb but only at 10 ppb in air samples collected on a London street(1). Motor vehicle emissions were sampled in canisters beside a roadway in a tunnel-like underpass during periods of heavy traffic from Aug 23-27, 1990 in Atlanta, Georgia(2). 1-Butene and isobutylene were found to be 1.181 ppbC% of total non-methane organic compounds(2). Air samples were also collected within Atlanta's Hartsfield International Airport on August 27, 1990(2). 1-Butene and isobutylene were found to be 0.41 ppbC% of total non-methane organic compounds(2). The estimated total yearly emission for 1-butene in Belgium was 423 tons/yr in 1991(3). 1-Butene was detected from 1979-80 in urban air samples taken from Australia at 1.0 ppb(4). On August 28, 1987, the average concentration of 1-butene in the atmosphere from eight sites in the Los Angeles Air Basin was 2.56 ug/cu m(5). Average ambient concentration of 1-butene in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil from March 20, 1996-April 16, 1997 was 3.8 mg/cu m(6). In August 1995, measurements of various non-methane hydrocarbons were studied within the Vancouver's Cassiar Connector highway tunnel(7). The average mass fraction of 1-butene/isobutene detected in the tunnel was 0.031(8). The median concentration of 1-butene measured between 6 and 9 am during the summers of 1984-86 in 39 U.S. cities located between 26 deg N and 43 deg N latitude was 2.95 ppb(8). In a study to acquire a baseline concentration of volatile organic compounds found in urban air samples considered as non-industrial areas, 1-butene/isobutene was detected 76.79% of the time at a mean concentration of 0.67 ppbv from March 12, 1990 to March 11, 1991(9). In a study of light-duty vehicle emissions in the Caldecott Tunnel in San Francisco, 1-butene was detected in August and October 1994 at 0.48 and 0.43% by weight of total volatile organic compounds, respectively(10). 1-Butene/isobutene were detected in Vienna, Austria in May, 1987, Sydney, Australia from September 1979-June 1980, and in Washington D.C., U.S.A from July-August 1980 at 10.1, 9.6, and 4 ppb, respectively(11). 1-Butene was detected, average emission factor of 113.9 mg/kg, in the Maria Maluf road tunnel, located in Brazil, monitored from May 4-6, 2004(12).

1-Butene was estimated as 0.49% of all volatile organic compounds, excluding methane, released by the United Kingdom in 1990(1). The estimated annual emissions of 1-butene from gasoline powered vehicles in the UK, 1983, is 2.19 kt(2). The hydrocarbon content emitted from a two-stroke moped engine for an alkylate-based fuel and a conventional reformate-based fuel was studied(3). When the moped was operated at 30 km/hr on alkylate fuel, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust as 0.20% by weight of total non-methane hydrocarbons and when the moped used conventional reformate-based fuel, 1-butene was detected in the exhaust as 0.22% by weight of total non-methane hydrocarbons(3). Initially, the alkylate fuel did not contain 1-butene while the reformate-based fuel contained 1-butene as 0.03% of total non-methane hydrocarbons(3). Emissions from nine late-model motor vehicles with four-cylinder engines were characterized at three test temperatures to simulate summer driving(4). The vehicles were tested at temperatures of 75, 90, and 105 °F with unleaded gasoline(4). 1-Butene was detected at 0.46, 0.51, and 0.54% by weight of hydrocarbon emissions from throttle body injection vehicles at 75, 90, and 105 °F, respectively(4). Comparatively, 1-butene was detected at 0.46, 0.50, and 0.46% by weight of hydrocarbon emissions from port fuel injection vehicles at 75, 90, and 105 °F, respectively(4). 1-Butene has been detected, but not quantified, in diesel exhaust(5). A 1999 air quality study in Cairo, Egypt found 1-butene in a median concentration of 1.85 and 1.59 in an unspecified number of roadway and motorcycle emission air samples(6).

URBAN/SUBURAN: In a paper published in 1985, 1-butene was identified, but not quantified in U.S. roadside air samples(1). In winter 1986-87, the average concentration of 1-butene collected at two sites, in Boise, ID, was 1.7 ppbC(2). In 1977, 1-butene was detected at concentrations ranging from 5.0-5.5 ug/cu-m at the top of an 82-story building at noon in New York City(3). In summer 1977, the maximum concentration of 1-butene measured in 780 samples from Houston, TX, was 45 ppbC(4). In July 1973, the concentration of 1-butene in downtown Houston obtained during two day-long sampling expeditions ranged from not detected to 0.01 ppm and from not detected to 0.022 ppm in three sampling expeditions in Pasadena, TX(5). In 1965-66, the concentration of 1-butene in two rooftop samples taken in Riverside, CA, were 6.4 and 2.0 ppb, respectively(6). The percent of 1-butene measured at 6 sites along Highway 70 in Raleigh, NC, May 1983, ranged from 0.25-0.67% of the total non-methane hydrocarbons(7). On January 29, 1997, 1-butene was detected at estimated concentrations ranging from 0.1-2.1 ppbv (average = 0.9 ppbv) in air samples collected over a 1-hour period in Taipei, Taiwan(8).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 1983, the mean concentration of 1-butene in urban, rural, and polluted rural locations in NW England was 11, <0.5 and 5.0 ppbC, respectively(1). The estimated annual mean concentration of 1-butene in London, England, is 1 ug/cu m(2). The observed annual concentration of 1-butene in European cities ranged from 1.6-5.3 ug/cu m, and the observed background level in Sidney, Australia, was 2.4 ug/cu m(2). The average concentration of 1-butene in Sidney, Australia, 1979-1980, was 1.0 ppb(3). The average concentration of 1-butene in air samples taken over Tokyo, Japan, 1980, was 0.1 ppb(4).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1-Butene was detected from 1979-80 in rural air samples taken from Brazil at 0.47 ppb(1). During the spring of 1989, 1-butene was detected at the tropospheric boundary layer near Alert, North West Territory, Canada ranging from 1-79 parts per trillion volume (pptV) with a mean concentration of 30 pptV(2). 1-Butene was detected at an air quality monitoring site in Chao-Chou, Taiwan, at an average concentration of 5 ug/m cu, samples were collected over 5 day periods in December 1998 and May 1999(3).

SOURCE DOMINATED: A fluid catalytic unit in a petroleum refinery produces an alkene-rich petrol fraction and is therefore likely to emit volatile hydrocarbons with a high proportion of alkenes to the air(1). At 100 m downwind of a fluid catalytic unit in Sweden, 1-butene was detected ranging from 1.1-2.0% by weight of all C2-C8 hydrocarbons released in 1992(1). Six service stations, two in Cincinnati, Ohio, two in Phoenix, Arizona and two in Los Angeles, California, were studied to determine the exposure level of various volatile organic compounds released during self-serve fill-up operations from October-November, 1990(2). During this investigation, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.3 mg/cu m and 0.04-5.1 mg/cu m from the two Cincinnati, Ohio service stations(2). From two Phoenix, Arizona service stations, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.7 and 0.04-0.7 mg/cu m(2). Finally, 1-butene was detected ranging from 0.04-2.7 and 0.04-2.2 mg/cu m from the two service stations in Los Angeles, California(2). The concentration of 1-butene downwind of a chemical manufacturing plant in North Cheshire, England, 1978, ranged from <1-24 ppb (10 sites), downwind of a refinery <1-13 ppb (5 sites), a fertilizer plant 14 ppb (1 site), and in background areas: populated 1-21 ppb (5 sites) and rural <1-12 ppb (22 sites)(3).

The volatile vapor fraction emitted during the heating of four oils (rapeseed, Canola, peanut and soybean) was analyzed to determine its composition. 1-Butene was detected, concentration not specified, in all four heated oils(1).

Experiments were conducted in 1993 to monitor the hydrocarbon emissions from a mixed deciduous forest approximately 80 km northwest of Toronto, Canada(1). 1-Butene was the fourth most abundantly measured hydrocarbon above the Borden forest from April 29-June 3, 1993(1).

The weighted average of 1-butene in whole gas, 87 octane, and in 89 octane, expressed as percent of total non-methane organic compounds, was 0.128 ppb, 0.140 ppb, and 0.13 ppb, respectively(1). 1-Butene was detected in the vapor phase of both conventional petrol fuels (used for small engine machines such as power saws and lawn mowers) and a new alkylate based petrol fuel at 2.0 and 0.02 ppb of total hydrocarbons, respectively(2). 1-Butene is a component of smoke from tobacco and tobacco substitute(3).

... Air samples from experimental fires burning various materials commonly found at structural fires were collected into evacuated Summa canisters and analyzed for 144 target VOCs using cryogenic preconcentration and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MSD) methodology. The resulting chromatograms were characterized by a small number of predominant peaks, with 14 substances (propene, benzene, xylenes, 1-butene/2-methylpropene, toluene, propane, 1,2-butadiene, 2-methylbutane, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, styrene, cyclopentene, 1-methylcyclopentene, isopropylbenzene) being found in proportionately higher concentrations in all experimental fires and accounting for 65% (SD = +/-12%) by mass of total measured VOCs. ...

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 11 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 1-butene in the United States may be as low as 25 workers and as high as 10,000 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 545 workers (none of these are female) were potentially exposed to 1-butene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1-butene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-butene is produced or used. In particular, workers in the petroleum field are likely to be exposed to 1-butene by inhalation of gasoline fumes during the production, transport or dispensing of motor fuels(2,3). Due to its high volatility and occurrence in combustion fuels and automobile exhaust, the most likely pathway by which the general public may be exposed to 1-butene is via inhalation of ambient air(4,5) and inhalation during the use of gasoline products containing 1-butene(6). Monitoring data also indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-butene via ingestion of some food oils, although this pathway is considered minor when compared to inhalation. Exposure may also occur from smoking cigaretttes(SRC).

1-Butene has been detected in human expired air(1) at measured concentrations in exhaled breath up to 495 ppb, and an average emission of 36 ppb (140 ug/m cu)(2).

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Fire or Explosion: EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. /Butylene/

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Health: Vapors may cause dizziness or asphyxiation without warning. Some may be irritating if inhaled at high concentrations. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire may produce irritating and/or toxic gases. /Butylene/

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). /Butylene/

/GUIDE 115 GASES - FLAMMABLE (Including Refrigerated Liquids)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. Always wear thermal protective clothing when handling refrigerated/cryogenic liquids. /Butylene/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-Butene (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1012; Butylene

IMO 2.1; Butylene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Butylene is included on the dangerous goods list. /Butylene/

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Butylene is included on the dangerous goods list. /Butylene/

Flammable Gas