acrolein (inhibited)

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.9% (36 of 1920) of reports.

H225 (98.1%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300 (84.1%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (14.1%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (97%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (98.1%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (16.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (98.1%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (98.1%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (84%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1920 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 36 of 1920 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 1884 of 1920 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Acrolein is highly irritating to skin and mucous membranes. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Acrolein Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to acrolein may be severe and include shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, pulmonary edema, and coma. Lacrimation (tearing), nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. Acrolein will irritate or burn the skin and mucous membranes. Eye contact may cause irritation, swelling, discharge, and/or corneal injury.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to acrolein may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to acrolein.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. RUSH to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to acrolein.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible (and place in plastic bag).

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. RUSH to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

In advanced or massive fires, fire fighting should be done from safe distance or from protected location. Use dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective, but should be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill has not ignited, use water spray to disperse vapors. If it is necessary to stop a leak, use water spray to protect men attempting to do so. Water spray may be used to flush spills away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable mixtures.

Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. (EPA, 1998)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use /carbon dioxide/, dry chemical, or alcohol foam.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Under fire conditions, polymerization may occur, blocking relief valves leading to tank explosion.

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1092 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 100 m (300 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 600 m (2000 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 1.3 km (0.8 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 3.5 km (2.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 6.8 km (4.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 11.1 km (6.9 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in covered containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Take up very small spills for disposal by absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, or earth and disposing in a secured landfill or combustion chamber. Alternatively, cover with sodium bisulfite, add small amount of water, and mix. Then, after 1 hr, flush with large amounts of water and wash site with soap solution. Liquid should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as a sewer, because of potential for explosion. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Initial isolation and protective action distances: Distances shown are likely to be affected during the first 30 minutes after materials are spilled and could increase with time. If more than one tank car, cargo tank, portable tank, or large cylinder involved in the incident is leaking, the protective action distance may need to be increased. You may need to seek emergency information from CHEMTREC at (800) 424-9300 or seek professional environmental engineering assistance from the US EPA Environmental Response Team at (908) 548-8730 (24-hr response line). Small spills (from a small package or a small leak from a large package): First: Isolate in all directions (feet/meters) 300/100. Then: Protect persons downwind (miles/kilometers): Day 0.7/1.1, Night 2.0/3.2. Large spills (from a large package or from many small packages): First: Isolate in all directions (feet/meters) 3000/1000. Then: Protect persons downwind (miles/kilometers): Day 7.0+/11.0+, Night 7.0+/11.0+.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate the area of spill or leak. 3. for small quantities, absorb on paper towels. evaporate in safe place (such as fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn paper in suitable location away from combustible materials. For large quantities, cover with sodium bisulfite add small amount of water, and mix. Then, after 1 hr, flush with large amt of water, and wash site with soap solution. Liquid should not be allowed to enter confined space, such as sewer, because of possibility of explosion.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic; polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases, strong acids and food and feedstuffs. Cool. Ventilation along the floor. Store only if stabilized. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Recommended storage temperature 2 - 8 °C. Store under inert gas. Handle and open container with care. Light sensitive. Heat- and air-sensitive. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

Store separately in an area isolated from flammables, combustibles, or other yellow coded materials. ... Store in a secure poison location. ... Do not store uninhibited acrolein under any circumstances. Protect against physical damage. Outside or detached storage is preferable. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Before entering confined space where acrolein may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat and light. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard.

For storage, the pH of acrolein is adjusted to 5-6 by the addition of acetic acid.

... Can be stored under oxygen-free nitrogen in dark glass bottles, in cylinders, or in black iron drums.

Must be stored in the dark, under nitrogen.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

1.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

0.030 [ppm]

0.10 [ppm]

1.4 [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m³)

0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m³)

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) ST 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m3) See Appendix C (Aldehydes)

0.1 [ppm]

TWA 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3) See Appendix G

2 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

2.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that 5.5 ppm results in intense irritation and marked lacrimation, after 60 seconds [Henderson and Haggard 1943]. Exposures to 1.8 ppm result in slight eye irritation after 1 minute and profuse lacrimation after 4 minutes [NRC 1981]. In volunteers exposed for 5 minutes, concentrations of 2 to 2.3 ppm produced severe irritation [Darley et al. 1960]. A 10-minute exposure at 8 ppm and a 5-minute exposure at 1.2 ppm elicited extreme irritation described as only just tolerable [Sim and Pattle 1957].

See: 107028

Ceiling limit: 0.1 ppm, skin.

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

(ceiling value): 0.1 ppm as STEL; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

0.05 mg/m

carcinogen category: 3.

Acute Inhalation: 0.003 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.00004 ppm (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 2 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Acrolein, stabilized appears as a colorless to yellow volatile liquid with a disagreeable choking odor. Flash point below 0 °F. Initially irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Very toxic by inhalation. Less dense than water (7.0 lb / gal). Vapors heavier than air. Used to make other chemicals, plastics, and as a herbicide. Rate of onset: Immediate Persistence: Minutes to hour Odor threshold: 1 ppm Source/use/other hazard: Herbicide; tox and corrosive fumes.

Colorless or yellow liquid with a piercing, disagreeable odor; [NIOSH]

YELLOW-TO-COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless or yellow liquid with a piercing, disagreeable odor.

Colorless or yellowish liquid

Extremely sharp; extremely acrid, pungent, burnt sweet; hot fat

Disagreeable choking odor

126 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

BP: 17.5 °C at 200 mm Hg; 2.5 °C at 100 mm Hg; -7.5 °C at 60 mm Hg; -64.5 °C at 1.0 mm Hg

52.00 to 53.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

52.6 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-126 °F (EPA, 1998)

-87.8 °C

-87.7 °C

-15 °F (EPA, 1998)

-29 °C (-20 °F) - closed cup

-15 °F (closed cup); -26 °C (closed cup)

<0 °F (open cup); -18 °C (open cup)

-26 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 2.11X10+5 mg/L at 20 °C

Soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone; slightly soluble in chloroform

Soluble in oxygenated solvents

Miscible with lower alcohols, ketones, benzene, diethyl ether and other common organic solvents

212 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 20 (freely soluble)

0.8389 to 0.8621 at 32 to 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

0.8389 at 20 °C

Bulk density: 7.03 lb/gal at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8

0.841 @ 20°C

1.94 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.94 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.9

135.71 to 210 mmHg at 50 to 68 °F (EPA, 1998)

274.0 [mmHg]

VP: 217.5 mm Hg at 20 °C; 442.5 mm Hg at 38 °C

274 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 29

210 mmHg

Highly flammable. A dangerous fire risk [Hawley]. Water soluble. Reacts slowly and exothermically with water to give 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. Water solutions of mineral acids (even weakly acidic solutions) and metal ions can initiate polymerization. A hazard can develop from this reaction if acrolein is stored over a layer of water.

Aldehydes

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Water-Reactive

CSL00016

ACROLEIN + HYDROQUINONE

Warning - This reagent combination was observed internally to build significant pressure, resulting in the failure of a sealed tube apparatus. Please consider using a solvent such as Xylenes or running the reaction at lower temperature.

Gas Under Pressure

ALDEHYDE

User-Reported

CSL00018

ACROLEIN + METHYL ACRYLATE

ACROLEIN can react violently with oxidizing agents. Polymerizes exothermically on contact with small amounts of acids (including sulfur dioxide), alkalis, volatile amines and pyridines, salts, thiourea, oxidizing agents (air) and on exposure to light and heat. Polymerization initiated by amines and pyridines occurs after a deceptive induction period. Water solutions of mineral acids and metal ions can initiate polymerization. The inhibitor (usually hydroquinone) greatly reduces tendency to polymerize. Undergoes Diels-Alder reaction with itself to give acrolein dimer. This can become a runaway reaction at 90 °C [Kirk-Othmer, 4th Ed, Vol. 1]. Mixing in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine [NFPA 1991].

Incompatible materials: Oxidizing agents, oxygen, bases, strong acids.

Incompatible with amines, /sulfur dioxide/, metal salts, oxidants, (light + heat). Violent polymerization reaction on contact with strong acid, strong base, weak acid conditions (e.g., nitrous fumes, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide), thiourea, or dimethylamine.

Mixing acrolein and oleum in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.

Mixing acrolein and 70% nitric acid in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Oxidizers, acids, alkalis, ammonia, amines [Note: Polymerizes readily unless inhibited--usually with hydroquinone. May form shock-sensitive peroxides over time.]

Acrolein

D: Other compounds that may form peroxides

Several violent polymerizations have been recorded. Some may be due to incompatible chemical interactions. See Bretherick's.

Bond, J., Loss Prev. Bull., 1985, (065), 26

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Acrolein is a colorless or yellowish liquid. Acrolein is a biocide currently registered as an herbicide to control aquatic weeds in irrigation canals, as a burrow fumigant to control rodents, and as a microbiocide to eliminate slime-forming microbes in oil drilling operations, pulp and paper mills, and in industrial cooling towers. It has activity as a molluscicide, but is not currently registered for use against mollusks. It is an intermediate for synthetic glycerol, polyurethane and polyester resins, methionine, and pharmaceuticals. In World War I, it was used as a tear gas under the name Papite. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: The threshold levels of acrolein causing irritation and health effects are 0.7 mg/ cu m for odor perception, 0.13 mg/cu m for eye irritation, 0.3 mg/cu m for nasal irritation and eye blinking, and 0.7 mg/cu m for decreased respiratory rate. Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin and mucous membranes; decreased pulmonary function; delayed pulmonary edema; chronic respiratory disease. Intense lacrimation and nasal irritation ordinarily give adequate warning of inhalation, but exposed patients should be observed for 24 hr for a slowly developing pulmonary edema. Acrolein is ciliastatic and capable of causing direct tissue damage similar to that reported for formaldehyde. Acrolein has a relatively short half-life and exerts its greatest effects on the upper and lower respiratory tract. Acrolein is also a weak sensitizer and may elicit asthma-type reactions. Accidental exposure to vapors of acrolein produced burns of the cheeks and eyelids in a male subject. ANIMAL STUDIES: Exposure of rats to airborne concentrations of acrolein of 100-40,000 ppm for short periods of time (<1 hour) caused death ranging from minutes to 11 days. Death was attributed to obstruction of trachea and bronchi, pulmonary edema, or hemorrhage. In animals and humans the reactivity of acrolein effectively confines the substance to the site of exposure, and pathological findings are also limited to these sites. Acrolein reacts directly with protein and non-protein sulfhydryl groups and with primary and secondary amines. Acrolein is a cytotoxic agent. In vitro cytotoxicity has been observed as low as 0.1 mg/liter. The substance is highly toxic to experimental animals and humans following a single exposure via different routes. The vapor is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Liquid acrolein is a corrosive substance. At higher single exposure levels, degeneration of the respiratory epithelium, inflammatory sequelae, and perturbation of respiratory function develop. In general, body weight gain reduction, decrement of pulmonary function, and pathological changes in nose, upper airways, and lungs have been documented in most species exposed to concentrations of 1.6 mg/cu m or more for 8 hr/day. Pathological changes include inflammation, metaplasia, and hyperplasia of the respiratory tract. Significant mortality has been observed following repeated exposures to acrolein vapor at concentrations above 9.7 mg/ cu m. In experimental animals acrolein has been shown to deplete tissue glutathione and in in vitro studies, to inhibit enzymes by reacting with sulfhydryl groups at active sites. There is limited evidence that acrolein can depress pulmonary host defenses in mice and rats. The reduction in removal of bacteria from the alveolar spaces may result from the destruction of functionality of alveolar macrophages present in the respiratory epithelium. Inhalation studies with acrolein revealed that this aldehyde has significant cardiovascular activity at concentrations below those which might be encountered in cigarette smoke. Predominant effect of inhaled acrolein at these doses was an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Long-term oral exposure to acrolein, at an amount within the range of human unsaturated aldehyde intake, induces a phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy in the mouse. Acrolein can induce teratogenic and embryotoxic effects if administered directly into the amnion. Acrolein has been shown to interact with nucleic acids in vitro and to inhibit their synthesis both in vitro and in vivo. Without activation it induced gene mutations in bacteria and fungi and caused sister chromatid exchanges in mammalian cells. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Acrolein is very highly toxic (LD50 <10 mg/kg) to birds on an acute oral exposure basis. Acrolein is very toxic to aquatic organisms. Acute EC50 and LC50 values for bacteria, algae, crustacea, and fish are between 0.02 and 2.5 mg/liter, bacteria being the most sensitive species. A number of fish kills have been reported for acrolein.

Acrolein rapidly and irreversibly binds to lysine moieties and sulfhydryl groups found on many cellular molecules forming thiol ethers. By this mechanism acrolein can bind to messenger compounds to produce direct cytotoxic effects or secondary effects from interrupted cell signaling pathways. Perturbation of inflammatory responses in bronchial epithelial cells was demonstrated by direct action of acrolein on the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B (IκB) kinase, which inhibits activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor and suppresses interleukin 8 (IL-8) production. Rapid binding of acrolein to neural receptors in the corneal and nasal mucosa results in rapid depolarization of the associated neurons to produce ocular and nasal irritation. Acrolein also binds rapidly to glutathione, which may be inhibitory to the enzyme glutathione peroxidase and result in a lower level of cellular protection against oxygen radical toxicity. Further, the adduction of glutathione generates GS-propionaldehyde, which produces oxygen and possibly hydroxy radicals via cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase. Acrolein inhibits thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase, which disrupts the cellular thiol redox balance necessary for cell survival. It interferes with normal reverse cholesterol transport by high density lipoprotein (HDL) by modifying specific sites in apolipoprotein A-I. Acrolein also inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenases and activates the transient receptor potential cation channel. (L121, A84, A85, A86)

Acrolein

Respiratory

5 x 10 ^-4 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-5 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Under the Draft Revised Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 1999), the potential carcinogenicity of acrolein cannot be determined because the existing "data are inadequate for an assessment of human carcinogenic potential for either the oral or inhalation route of exposure." There are no adequate human studies of the carcinogenic potential of acrolein. Collectively, experimental studies provide inadequate evidence that acrolein causes cancer in laboratory animals. Specifically, two inhalation bioassays in laboratory animals are inadequate to make a determination because of protocol limitations. Two gavage bioassays failed to show an acrolein-induced tumor response in 2 species of laboratory animals. Suggestive evidence of an extra-thoracic tumorigenic response in a drinking water study in female rats was not supported in the reanalysis of data by an independently-convened pathology working group. Questions were also raised about the accuracy of the reported levels of acrolein in the drinking water from this study. A skin tumor initiation-promotion study was negative, and the findings from an intraperitoneal injection study were of uncertain significance. Although acrolein has been shown to be capable of inducing sister chromatid exchange, DNA cross-linking and mutations under certain conditions, its highly reactive nature and the lack of tumor induction at portals of entry make it unlikely that acrolein reaches systemic sites at biologically-significant exposure levels. The observations of positive mutagenic results in bacterial systems occurred at high concentrations near the lethal dose. This evaluation replaces the cancer assessment for acrolein added to the IRIS database in 1988. Under the Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) applied at that time, acrolein was classified as a possible human carcinogen (Category C). The 1988 classification for acrolein was based on the increased incidence of adrenal cortical adenomas in female rats and carcinogenic potential of an acrolein metabolite, its mutagenicity in bacteria, and its structural relationship to probable or known human carcinogens. The updated cancer characterization considered new study results and reevaluated previous studies.

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of acrolein. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acrolein. Overall evaluation: Acrolein is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 128: (2021) Acrolein, Crotonaldehyde, and Arecoline

2021 online

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Acrolein is a severe pulmonary irritant and lachrymatory agent. Breathing large amounts of acrolein damages the lungs and could cause death. (L121, L122)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion. Serious local effects by all routes of exposure.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L121) ; inhalation (L121) ; dermal (L121)

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Nausea. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain. Blisters. Skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Burning sensation in the throat and chest. Convulsions. Nausea.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; decreased pulmonary function; delayed pulmonary edema; chronic resp disease

Ingestion of acrolein causes stomach irritation, vomiting, stomach ulcers and bleeding. Breathing acrolein may cause eye watering, burning of the nose and throat and a decreased breathing rate. (L121)

Gastrointestinal (Stomach and Intestines, part of the digestive system), Ocular (Eyes), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, heart

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 2: International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies chemicals as probable (2a), or possible (2b) human carcinogens.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

/The National Academy of Sciences/ estimated the ADI for man to be 15.6 ug/kg or 1.09 mg/man, assuming a 70 kg body weight.

PDF Document

ATSDR Draft

IRIS Current

9.17137014314929e-05

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck) male, 3-5 months old; oral 9.11 mg/kg (95% confidence limit 6.32 mg/kg) /Sample purity 92%/

LD50; Species: /Anas platyrhynchos/ (Mallard duck) oral 28 mg a.i./kg bw (18-38 mg/kg) /95.09% acrolein/

LD50; Species: Colinus virginianus (Northern bobwhite) age 16 wk; oral 19 mg/kg (95% confidence interval: 16-22 mg/kg) /92% acrolein/

EC50; Species: Anabaena flosaquae (Blue-green algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 36 ug/L for 5 days (95% confidence interval: 33-40 ug/L); Effect: population, abundance /95.03% purity/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (50 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of ... /toxicity in mallard ducks given oral doses of acrolein included/ regurgitation, reluctance to leave the swimming pond, slow responses, ataxia, geotaxia, imbalance, phonation, wing tremors, running and falling, asthenia, myasthenia, and withdrawal. Treatment levels as low as 3.33 mg/kg /orally/ produced /these/ signs /in mallards/. Signs appeared as soon as 10 min and persisted up to 36 days after treatment. Mortalities occurred as soon as 32 min; However, several mortalities occurred several days after treatment. /Sample purity: 92%/

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Acrolein is very highly toxic (LD50 <10 mg/kg) to birds on an acute oral exposure basis. The acute oral toxicity of acrolein to the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginiana) was assessed in separate single-dose studies. Male mallard ducks were dosed with 92% acrolein, which resulted in a LD50 of 9.1 mg/kg a.i. with sub-lethal effects including weakness, withdrawal, muscular debility, and imbalance. Sublethal effects were also observed at 3.3 mg/kg treatment intervals. Another acceptable mallard duck study via oral dosing with 95.09% acrolein resulted in a LD50 of 28 (18-38) mg a.i./kg-bw. Sub-lethal effects were noted such as lethargy, labored breathing, tremors, anorexia among others. Body weight and food consumption reductions were also noted. In addition, data in a supplemental study for the oral toxicity of 92% acrolein to bobwhite quail resulted in a LD50 of 19 mg/kg.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ There are acceptable data that indicate that acrolein is very highly toxic to freshwater fish and aquatic invertebrates. Acrolein is highly toxic to estuarine fish and arthropods, but it is very highly toxic in one study on oysters. The 22 ppb LC50 for bluegill sunfish is the lowest LC50 value established in testing done to support registration, but test data from the literature indicate LC50 values of 14 ppb for the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni)and the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).

Table: Acute Toxicity of Acrolein to Aquatic Organisms [Table#667]

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Non-standard data include: at 10,000 ppb, 98% of adult snails, Australorbis glabratus, and 100% of embryo snails died in 24 hours; 32% mortality of rainbow trout occurred when exposed to 48 ppb for 48 hours; the incipient LC50 for six days in fathead minnow was 84 ppm; avoidance by rainbow trout fry occurred in 1 hour at 100 ppb; this was above the median lethal concentration; less than 50% mortality of the snail, Aplexa hypnorum, and the midge, Tanytarsus dissimilis, occurred at 151 ppb for 96 hrs; there was 100% mortality of 3 species of freshwater snails after exposure at 25,000 ppb for 3.5-4 hr; 7. 100% of the common mussels (Mytilus edulis) detached from cooling water systems of power plants after 29 hr of exposure at 600 ppb.

For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1.40e-01

6.00e-01

2.10e-02

8.80e-02

4.20e-02

5.00e-04

Volatile

2.27e+04

4.30e-01

1.80e+00

6.30e-02

2.60e-01

1.20e-01

The substance is very toxic to aquatic organisms.

Acrolein's production and use as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid, methionine and many other compounds and as a biocide in the control of algae, weeds, and mollusks in recirculating process water systems may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Its use as an aquatic herbicide and slimicide in drilling muds will result in its direct release to the environment. Acrolein is release to the environment from combustion sources such as residential fireplaces, burning of coal, oil, and natural gas in power plants, automobile exhaust, overheated vegetable and animal fats, tobacco and marijuana smoke. Acrolein is found naturally in the body in very small amounts as a product of lipid oxidation and the metabolism of alpha-hydroxyamino acids and occurs in the environment as a product of fermentation and ripening processes. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 274 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates acrolein will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase acrolein will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone, and nitrate radicals; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 19 hours, 38 days, and 98 days, respectively. Acrolein absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Based on measured quantum yields, the half-life for direct photolysis of acrolein in the atmosphere has been estimated to be approximately 10 days in the lower troposphere and <5 days in the upper troposphere. Acrolein has been detected in rainwater, indicating that it may be removed by wet deposition. If released to soil, acrolein is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1.0. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.22X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Acrolein may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. It has been reported that acrolein is metabolized easily in soil, being mineralized to carbon dioxide. In a laboratory study conducted in an aerobic sandy loam soil, acrolein was completely gone within 8 hours in the nonsterile soils and within 115 hours in the sterilized soil; the biotransformation half-life in the nonsterile soil was calculated to be 4.2 hours. In field dissipation studies, acrolein had a half-life of 7.5 to 10.2 hours. If released into water, acrolein is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Results of biodegradation studies in aquatic systems suggest that acrolein, at low concentrations, is subject to aerobic biodegradation. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.6 hours and 4.6 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Although acrolein has no hydrolyzable functional group, the simple and reversible hydration of acrolein to form 3-hydroxypropan-1-al is known to proceed by first order kinetics. Half-lives in buffers at pH 6-8 were 1.7 to 2.3 days. Hydrolysis half-lives of 3.5 days (pH 5), 1.5 days (pH 7), and 4 hours (pH 10) have also been reported. Dissipation half-lives of <1 to 3 days have been reported for acrolein in surface water (combined effect of degradation and volatilization). Acrolein dissipation half-lives of 150 hours (pH 5), 120-180 hours (pH 7), and 5-40 hours (pH 9) in water have also been reported. Occupational exposure to acrolein may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where acrolein is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to acrolein via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and smoking cigarettes, e-cigarettes or marijuana. (SRC)

Acrolein is found naturally in the body in very small amounts as a product of lipid oxidation and the metabolism of alpha-hydroxyamino acids(1). Acrolein occurs in the environment as a product of fermentation and ripening processes(2). Acrolein can be formed in the atmosphere as a result of photooxidation of isoprene and 1,3-butadiene(3).

Acrolein's production and use as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid, methionine and many other compounds and as a biocide in the control of algae, weeds, and mollusks in recirculating process water systems(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Acrolein's use as an aquatic herbicide(3) and use as a slimicide in drilling muds for petroleum injecting wells(4) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). A source of acrolein release to the environment is incomplete organic combustion(5). Specific point sources include residential fireplaces, burning of coal, oil, and natural gas in power plants, automobile exhaust, overheated vegetable and animal fats, tobacco and marijuana smoke, and structural and vegetative fire smoke(5,6). Acrolein has been identified as a volatile component of essential oil extracted from the wood of oak trees. Acrolein has been detected in sugar cane molasses, souring salted pork, the fish odor of cooked horse mackerel, the volatiles from white bread, the volatile components of chicken-breast muscle, the aroma volatiles of ripe arctic bramble berries and the products from heating animal fats and vegetable oils(7).

Due to its high vapor pressure and water solubility, acrolein is expected to be highly mobile when released into the environment, although degradative processes are likely to limit its transport.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.0(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acrolein is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of acrolein from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.22X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). Acrolein is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 274 mm Hg(4). It has been reported that acrolein is metabolized easily in soil, being mineralized to carbon dioxide(5). In a laboratory study conducted in an aerobic sandy loam soil, acrolein was completely gone within 8 hours in the nonsterile soils and within 115 hours in the sterilized soil(6); the biotransformation half-life in the nonsterile soil was calculated to be 4.2 hours(6). In field dissipation studies, acrolein had a half-life of 7.5 to 10.2 hours(5). Results of biodegradation studies in aquatic systems suggest that acrolein, at low concentrations, is subject to aerobic biodegradation(7). In moist soil, transformation of the acrolein via hydration may occur followed by aerobic biodegradation of the hydrated product(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1.0(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that acrolein is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.22X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7.6 hours and 4.6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.01(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Although acrolein has no hydrolyzable functional group, the simple and reversible hydration of acrolein to form 3-hydroxypropan-1-al is known to proceed by first order kinetics(7). Half-lives in buffers at pH 6-8 were 1.7 to 2.3 days, and a fall in pH was detected during the decline of 3-hydroxypropan-1-al in nonsterile irrigation water(7). Hydrolysis half-lives of 3.5 days (pH 5), 1.5 days (pH 7), and 4 hours (pH 10) have also been reported for acrolein(8). A half-life for hydration of acrolein has been calculated to be 21 days based on a pseudo-first order reaction rate constant of 0.032 per day(9). Results of biodegradation studies in aquatic systems suggest that acrolein, at low concentrations, is subject to aerobic biodegradation(10). Dissipation half-lives of <1 to 3 days have been reported for acrolein in surface water (combined effect of degradation and volatilization)(10). Acrolein dissipation half-lives of 150 hours (pH 5), 120-180 hours (pH 7), and 5-40 hours (pH 9) in water have also been reported(8). The dissipation half-life of acrolein was 10.2 and 7.3 hours in weedy and non-weedy canals, respectively. In the weedy canal, 91.5% of acrolein had dissipated within 33.0 hours and in the non-weedy canal, 48% had dissipated within 7.9 hours(11).

AQUATIC FATE: Experimental data for decay of acrolein in water indicate approx 1st order kinetics. The reaction continued to completion in natural water. Data on effects of pH on decay of acrolein may be used as a conservative estimate of dissipation rate. In water flowing in 2 channels, an 8 to 10 fold discrepancy between observed and predicted rates of dissipation was attributed to major losses in volatilization and adsorption. A relatively nonvolatile reaction product (which gave a positive reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine) accumulated initially but dissipated.

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), acrolein, which has a vapor pressure of 274 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase acrolein is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 19 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Products of the reaction of acrolein with hydroxyl radicals include: carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde(4). Acrolein is degraded slowly in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone and nitrate radicals(SRC). The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated to be 38 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.01X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life for the reaction with nitrate radicals is estimated to be 98 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.280X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Acrolein absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Based on measured quantum yields, the half-life for direct photolysis of acrolein in the atmosphere has been estimated to be approximately 10 days in the lower troposphere and <5 days in the upper troposphere(5). Acrolein has been detected in rainwater, indicating that it may be removed by wet deposition(6).

AEROBIC: The half-life of acrolein in natural unsterilized water was 29 hours compared with 43 hours in sterilized (thymol-treated) water suggesting that biodegradation was partially responsible for the degradation(1). A loss of 100% was observed when 5 and 10 mg/L acrolein underwent a static incubation in the dark at 25 °C with sewage inoculum for 7 days(2). In another experiment, acrolein reached 30% of its theoretical BOD in river water after 100 hrs(3). It has been reported that acrolein is metabolized easily in soil, being mineralized to carbon dioxide(4). Results of other biodegradation screening studies also indicate that acrolein would be readily degraded by mixed microbial populations(5-7). In contrast, no BOD removal was observed during a 5-day BOD dilution test in which effluent from a biological waste treatment plant was used(8). Acrolein, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test, however, the acrolein formed 3-hydroxypropanal in the water(9) which is the hydration reaction product of acrolein in water(10). Field and laboratory studies using irrigation channels suggested that the degradation of the hydration product of acrolein, 3-hydroxypropanal, occurs after the concentration of acrolein falls below 2-3 ppm. The degradation of 3-hydroxypropanal was also preceded by a 100-hour lag period, suggesting that biodegradation was occurring through the action of acclimated cultures(11). In a laboratory study conducted in an aerobic sandy loam soil from Phoenix AZ, acrolein was completely gone within 8 hours in the nonsterile soils and within 115 hours in the sterilized soil. The biotransformation half-life in the nonsterile soil was calculated to be 4.2 hours and four products/intermediates were identified: acrylic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, 3-hydroxypropanal, and CO2(12). Transformation products (acrylic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid) were also readily biotransformed and were presumably converted to CO2 with a half-life of 29 days(12).

ANAEROBIC: Acrolein, at an initial concentration of 50 mg/L as organic carbon, gave no evidence of degradation when incubated for 8 weeks in a 10% anaerobic sludge inoculum(1). In buffered laboratory water, the half-lives of acrolein in anaerobic test systems treated at 15 mg/L were 10.3 hours in water and approximately 10 days in sediment(2); degradation products included 3-hydroxypropanal, acrylic acid, and allyl alcohol, which indicate that both hydrolysis and biodegradation contributed to the degradation of acrolein during this study(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrolein with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.00X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 19 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Products of the reaction of acrolein with hydroxyl radicals include carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, and glycolaldehyde(3). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrolein with ozone has been measured as 3.01X10-19 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 38 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of acrolein with atmospheric nitrate radicals is 3.280X10-16 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of approximately 98 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). In the presence of nitrogen oxides, acrolein reaction products include peroxyacetylnitrate and nitric acid(3). Acrolein absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Based on measured quantum yields, the half-life for direct photolysis of acrolein in the atmosphere has been estimated to be approximately 10 days in the lower troposphere and <5 days in the upper troposphere(5).

Although acrolein has no hydrolyzable functional group, the simple hydration of acrolein to form 3-hydroxypropan-1-al is known to proceed by first order kinetics(1). The reaction is reversible with the equilibrium constant of 21.2 being pH dependent(1,2). Half-lives in buffers at pH 6-8 were 1.7 to 2.3 days, and a fall in pH was detected during the decline of 3-hydroxypropan-1-al in nonsterile irrigation water(1). Hydrolysis half-lives of 3.5 days (pH 5), 1.5 days (pH 7), and 4 hours (pH 10) have also been reported for acrolein(3). A half-life for hydration of acrolein has been calculated to be 21 days based on a pseudo-first order reaction rate constant of 0.032 per day(2). Half-lives for acrolein reacting with singlet oxygen and alkyl peroxyl radicals in natural sunlit water have been estimated to be 8 and 23 years, respectively(4). These values are based on reaction rate constants of 1X10+7 and 3.4X10+3 L/mole-hr, respectively, a singlet oxygen concentration of 1X10-12 mole/L and an alkyl peroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-9 mole/L(4). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions is 7X10+9 L/mol-sec(5); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 115 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(6). Acrolein in hexane solvent shows moderate absorption of UV light >290 nm(4), which indicates potential for direct photolysis under environmental conditions(SRC). However, hydration of acrolein in water would destroy the chromophores which absorb light(4). As a result, the potential for direct photolysis by sunlight would be slight(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for acrolein(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.01(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Results of BCF tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to acrolein over an 8-week indicate the compound has low bioconcentration(4), however, actual BCF values were not reported(SRC). A log BCF of 2.54 (BCF = 347) was measured for acrolein in a bluegill sunfish based on the whole body weight(5). In another study, a BCF of 344 was measured for acrolein in bluegill sunfish(6). However, these measured values may be an overestimate since total (14)C was measured in the fish, which may have resulted in the measurement of acrolein metabolites(7).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of acrolein can be estimated to be 1.0(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that acrolein is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for acrolein is 1.22X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that acrolein is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7.6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC). Volatilization is likely to be the major route of acrolein's dissipation from water(3). Acrolein's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Acrolein is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 274 mm Hg(4).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (>/= 100 kg/mo) must confirm with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Incineration. Conditions are 816 °C, 0.5 s minimum for primary combustion; 1093 °C, 1.0 s for secondary combustion.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Acrolein, stabilized/

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Acrolein, stabilized ID: 1092 [Table#663]

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Acrolein, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Acrolein, stabilized/

/GUIDE 131P FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Acrolein, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ACROLEIN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1092 131P

1092 131P(inhibited)

UN 1092; Acrolein, stabilized

IMO 6.1; Acrolein, stabilized

49 064 10; Acrolein, inhibited

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Acrolein, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Acrolein, stabilized/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Acrolein, stabilized is included on the dangerous goods list. /Acrolein, stabilized/

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I