1-Bromo-2-Chloroethane

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (90.6%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (25%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (90.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (96.9%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H350 (82.8%): May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 64 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P264, P270, P301+P316, P321, P330, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Harmful concn of the vapors of halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons should not be allowed to build up in the atmosphere in which operators are working & if this is unavoidable ... adequate personal protective equipment must be provided & appropriate safety measures adopted. ... An appropriate ventilation system must be /provided/. ... /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons/

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials and strong bases. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

1-chloro-2-bromoethane is a clear colorless liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odor. (NTP, 1992)

Colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor; [HSDB]

Colorless liquid

Chloroform-like odor

225 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

2.1 °F (NTP, 1992)

-16.7 °C

5 to 10 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, chloroform.

0.69 g/100 g water @ 30 °C; 0.7 g/100 g water @ 80 °C

In water, 6,900 mg/l @ 25 °C

1.7392 at 68 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.7392 @ 20 °C/4 °C

4.94 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

40 mmHg at 85.5 °F ; 20 mmHg at 60.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

33.1 [mmHg]

33.1 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Henry's Law constant = 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

When heated to decomposition, emits toxic fumes of /chloride and bromide/.

Index of refraction: 1.4908 @ 20 °C/D

Wt/g= 14.9 lb @ 0 °C; volatile

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Dielectric constant

Excess enthalpy

Fusion temperature

Heat of solution

Heat of sublimation

Internuclear distance

Melting temperature

Mixing enthalpy

Molecular structure

Optical coefficient

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Slightly water soluble.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

1-CHLORO-2-BROMOETHANE is incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents and magnesium (NTP, 1992).

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

1 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

6 x 10^-5 mg/m^3

6 x 10^-4 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Archive

SCREEN Current

PPRTV Current

LD50 Rat oral 64 mg/kg

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations as needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Minimize physical activity and provide a quiet atmosphere. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) and related compounds/

In periodic medical examinations particular attention should be devoted to the organs and systems at risk. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons/

Headache, gastric discomfort, pallor, mucous membranes irritation, lowering of blood pressure & body temperature, & ultimately coma have been described as signs of acute ethylene chlorobromide intoxication.

In chronic exposure injury to the liver, kidneys & eyes may occur.

HAZARDOUS BY ALL ROUTES, INCLUDING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION. MAY PRODUCE ANESTHESIA & LIVER AND KIDNEY INJURIES.

A CLOSED, INERT INCUBATION SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED FOR TESTING THE MUTAGENICITY OF 10 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS, ONE OF WHICH WAS 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE. THE CONTAINMENT PROPERTIES OF THIS SYSTEM WERE TESTED USING (14)C-LABELED 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE. THE RECOVERY OF THIS SOLVENT WAS ABOUT 95% FOLLOWING 48 HR INCUBATION AT 37 °C. THE AMES SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM/MAMMALIAN MICROSOME MUTAGENICITY ASSAY WAS ALSO USED TO DETERMINE THE MUTAGENIC POTENCY OF THESE HALOGENATED ALKANE SOLVENTS. ONLY 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE AND 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE GAVE POSITIVE RESULTS IN THE STANDARD TEST PROCEDURE, WHEREAS 7 OF THE 10 COMPOUNDS TESTED, GAVE POSITIVE RESULTS IN THE CLOSED SYSTEM. A MINIMUM OR THRESHOLD RESPONSE LEVEL FOR EACH SOLVENT WAS CALCULATED.

TREATMENT OF MALE RATS WITH 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE RESULTED IN A DECREASE IN CYTOCHROME P-450 CONTENT & ALTERATIONS IN RELATIVE CONTENT OF FATTY ACIDS IN HEPATIC MICROSOMES. A HIGH CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN LOSS OF CYTOCHROME P450, DECR IN ARACHIDONIC ACID AND INCR IN LINOLEIC AND OLEIC ACIDS.

ON A MOLAR BASIS, THE RELATIVE MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY ON CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS OF ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE:ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE:ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE WAS APPROXIMATELY 100:6:1. CELL SURVIVAL WAS REDUCED TO 50% BY ABOUT 6 MMOLE OF ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE AND DECLINED PRECIPITOUSLY WITH INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS OF THE HALOETHANES. WHEN ASSAYED IN THE PRESENCE OF S9, THERE WAS A 5- TO 25-FOLD INCR IN CYTOTOXICITY; ETHYLENE BROMOCHLORIDE SHOWED A CONCOMITANT 4-FOLD INCREASE IN MUTAGENICITY.

In the companion paper we demonstrated that hepatic vitamin E in rats becomes depleted and extrahepatic pools of vitamin E are altered by treatment with 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE). Vitamin E depletion may be dependent upon initial steps of DBE metabolism that are either oxidative (cytochrome p450 dependent) or conjugative (glutathione transferase dependent). That the liver content of glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E, the plasma concentration of vitamin E, and the serum activities of AST and ALT may be influenced by cytosolic metabolism of DBE was assessed by comparison of findings from rats treated with either 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) or 1-bromo-2-chloroethane (BCE). The extent of oxidative metabolism was diminished by the use of tetradeutero-DBE (d4-DBE), and the availability of GSH for conjugative metabolism was diminished by pretreatment of rats with L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) prior to treatment with DBE. Our results indicate that neither DCE nor BCE provokes a liver vitamin E depletion in rats, that d4-DBE treatment hastens but does not enhance the observed hepatic vitamin E depletion by comparison to animals treated with an equimolar dose of DBE, and that BSO pretreatment prevented the hepatic vitamin E depletion observed from animals treated with DBE alone. These results indicate that hepatic vitamin E depletion is the unique sequelae to conjugation of GSH with DBE, and we suggest the reactive episulfonium ion intermediate or a macromolecular adduct of this ion derived from DBE may play a role in liver vitamin E depletion associated with exposure to DBE.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-BROMO-2-CHLOROETHANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Persons with existing damage or suspected of being susceptible to damage of the /liver or kidney should be protected from exposure/. Alcoholism and liver diseases are the most frequent contraindications of this sort. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons/

3.50e-01

1.50e+00

6.30e-02

2.60e-01

1.20e-01

1.00e+01

1.00e-04

Volatile

2.38e+03

1.10e+00

4.60e+00

1.90e-01

7.90e-01

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's production and use as solvent and former use as a fumigant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-bromo-2-chloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromo-2-chloroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 42 days. If released to soil, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 34. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 122 hours, respectively. An estimated BCF of 4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3 and 32 years at pHs 8 and 7, respectively, indicate that hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process. Occupational exposure to 1-bromo-2-chloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is produced or used. (SRC)

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's production and use as a solvent(1) and former(2) use as a fumigant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

3.50e-01

1.50e+00

6.30e-02

2.60e-01

1.20e-01

1.00e+01

1.00e-04

Volatile

2.38e+03

1.10e+00

4.60e+00

1.90e-01

7.90e-01

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's production and use as solvent and former use as a fumigant may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-bromo-2-chloroethane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromo-2-chloroethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 42 days. If released to soil, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 34. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 122 hours, respectively. An estimated BCF of 4 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3 and 32 years at pHs 8 and 7, respectively, indicate that hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process. Occupational exposure to 1-bromo-2-chloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is produced or used. (SRC)

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's production and use as a solvent(1) and former(2) use as a fumigant(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg(4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 34(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2 and 122 hours, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 4(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-bromo-2-chloroethane, which has a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 42 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 42 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 6.7X10-3 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 3 and 32 years at pH values of 8 and 7, respectively(2), indicating that hydrolysis is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 4 was calculated for 1-bromo-2-chloroethane(SRC), using a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l at 25 °C(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is estimated as 34(SRC), using a water solubility of 6,900 mg/l at 25 °C(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is 9.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 122 hours(SRC). 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromo-2-chloroethane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 33.1 mm Hg(1).

DRINKING WATER: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane has been identified, but not quantified in drinking water(1).

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was found in water samples collected from a geographical area associated with the bromine industry(1).

SURFACE WATER: In a sampling of 204 surface waters near major industrial areas across the continental USA, 1-bromo-2-chloroethane was detected, but not quantified, at 1 site(1). 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was not detected or found at concentrations <0.1 ug/L in 42 raw and 42 treated water samples at 10 potable water treatment plants along the Great Lakes(2).

SEDIMENT: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was found in sediment samples collected from a geographical area associated with the bromine industry(1).

SOURCE AREAS: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was detected at a median and maximum concentration of 6.1 and 1,100 parts per trillion(1), respectively, in three source areas: Edison, NJ; El Dorado, AK; and Magnolia, AK (74 samples). 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was not found in three routine EPA field ambient air monitoring samples(2).

RURAL/REMOTE: 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane was not detected in atmospheric volatile organic chemical sampling at the Grand Canyon, AZ(1).

HAZARDOUS BY ALL ROUTES, INCLUDING PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION.

Occupational exposure to 1-bromo-2-chloroethane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromo-2-chloroethane is produced or used. (SRC)

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.