2-chloroethanol

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 3.7% (11 of 299) of reports.

H226 (76.6%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H290 (68.2%): May be corrosive to metals [Warning Corrosive to Metals]

H300 (96.3%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (96.3%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318 (72.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (96.3%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (55.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

H412 (12.4%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P234, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P390, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P406, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 299 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 299 reports by companies.

There are 10 notifications provided by 288 of 299 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Chloroethanol Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to chloroethanol may include weakness, dizziness, confusion, visual disturbances, incoordination, shock, seizures, and coma. Dyspnea (shortness of breath), pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, and respiratory failure may occur. Weak pulse, hypotension (low blood pressure), and cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) may be observed. Nausea, vomiting, and hematuria (bloody urine) may be seen after exposure. Liver and kidney damage may also occur. Chloroethanol is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chloroethanol may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chloroethanol.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to chloroethanol.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas THOROUGHLY with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Do not breathe fumes from burning material. Air purifying respirator or self-contained breathing apparatus, coat, pants, gloves, and boots should be worn. No skin surface should be exposed. Bands around legs, arm and waist should be provided.

Water spray may be used to extinguish the fire because the material can be cooled below its flash point. Alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, and dry chemical may be used. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Water, alcohol foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Vapors are heavier than air and may flash back to a source of ignition.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1135 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Ethylene chlorohydrin should not be allowed to enter a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Clothing contaminated with liquid ethylene chlorohydrin should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of ethylene chlorohydrin from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the ethylene chlorohydrin, the person performing the operation should be informed of ethylene chlorohydrin's hazardous properties.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong bases, oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Dry. Well closed.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

2.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data.

AEGLs Status: Final

0.11 [ppm]

1.2 [ppm]

3.5 [ppm]

1 ppm (3 mg/m³)

C 1 ppm (3 mg/m3) [skin]

5.0 [ppm]

5 ppm (16 mg/m³)

TWA 5 ppm (16 mg/m3) [skin] See Appendix G

7 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

7.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: Rats exposed for 15 minutes a day at concentrations of 900 to 1,000 ppm died within a few days [Goldblatt and Chiesman 1944]. Repeated 1­hour exposures (not defined) to 2 ppm can be fatal to rats [Ambrose 1950]. \\ Human data: Death has resulted from a 2­hour exposure at an estimated concentration of 300 ppm [Dierker and Brown 1944].

See: 107073

1.0 [ppm]

Ceiling Limit: 1 ppm, skin.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

1 ppm as STEL; (skin); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen).

6.7 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Ethylene chlorohydrin is a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. It is soluble in water and is also a combustible liquid. Its vapors are heavier than air and it is very toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. Prolonged exposure to low concentrations or short term exposure to high concentrations may result in adverse health effects.

Colorless liquid with a faint, ether-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a faint, ether-like odor.

COLORLESS GLYCERINE-LIKE LIQ

Colorless liquid.

FAINT ETHEREAL ODOR

SWEET, PLEASANT

Faint ether-like odor.

262 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

128-130 °C @ 760 MM HG

128-130 °C

128.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-89.5 °F (EPA, 1998)

-67.5 °C

140 °F (EPA, 1998)

105 °F (40 °C) (open cup)

60 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ALL PROPORTIONS IN WATER, ALC, ORG SOLVENTS; SLIGHTLY SOL IN ETHER

SOL IN VARIOUS RESINS

Infinitely soluble in aqueous solution (1X10+6 mg/l @ 25 °C)

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

1.197 (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.197 @ 20 °C/4 °C

WHEN HEATED WITH WATER TO 100 °C IT DECOMPOSES INTO GLYCOL & ALDEHYDE; WHEN HEATED TO 184 °C, IT DECOMPOSES INTO ETHYLENE CHLORIDE & ACETALDEHYDE; DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.011 @ 20 °C; 1.022 @ 30.3 °C; PERCENT IN SATURATED AIR: 0.644 @ 20 °C; 1.32 @ 30.3 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.2

1.44 @ 20°C

2.78 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.78 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.78

4.9 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

7.18 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 7.18 mm Hg @ 25 °C

4.9 MM HG @ 20 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.65

4.9 [mm Hg] @20 °C

log Kow = -0.06

Henry's Law constant = 7.61X10-7 atm-cu m/mole (est from vp/wsol).

Flammable. It is soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Mixing ethylene chlorohydrin in equal molar portions with any of the following substances in a closed container caused the temperature and pressure to increase: chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, and sodium hydroxide, [NFPA 1991]. Ethylenediamine reacts violently with ethylene chlorohydrin. (Lewis, R.J., Sr. 1992. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 8th Edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 1554.).

... WILL REACT WITH WATER OR STEAM TO PRODUCE TOXIC & CORROSIVE FUMES ... .

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions. Contact with strong caustics may cause formation of flammable ethylene gas.

Strong oxidizers, strong caustics, water or steam.

Mixing ethylene chlorohydrin & chlorosulfonic acid in a closed container caused the temperature & pressure to increase.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROETHANOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers, strong caustics, water or steam

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

2-Chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin)

TR-275: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of 2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene Chlorohydrin) (CASRN 107-07-3) in F344/N Rats and Swiss CD-1 Mice (Dermal Studies) (1985 )

07/27/84

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenicity of 2-chloroethanol for male and female F344/N rats given 50 or 100 mg/kg per day or for male and female Swiss CD-1 mice given 7.5 or 15 mg per animal per day.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Vomiting.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

See Inhalation.

irritation mucous membrane; nausea, vomiting; dizziness, incoordination; numb; visual disturbance; headache; thirst; delirium; low blood pressure; collapse, shock, coma; liver, kidney damage

respiratory system, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, cardiovascular system, eyes

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

2-Chloroethanol

2 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

2 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

Ethylene Chlorohydrin

Children

General Population

Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides - 2021 Update

LC50 (rat) = 290mg/m3

LD50 Rat oral 58 mg/kg

LD50 Rat sc 72 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal 67.8 mg/kg

LD50 Rat dermal 84 mg/kg

Simultaneous administration of ethyl alcohol increased the LD50 of ethylene chlorohydrin regardless of the route of administration (peroral or percutaneous). Necrotic lesions produced in the liver and kidney by ethylene chlorohydrin were also reduced in number and extent by ethanol. Blood concn of the chlorohydrin were raised by ethanol administration, which suggests that the protective effect is due to competitive inhibition of chlorohydrin metabolism to chloroacetaldehyde.

2-Chloroethanol is thought to interfere with the detoxification mechanisms of the alkaloids. Chickens were administered monocrotaline after separate groups were pretreated with BHA and 2-chloroethanol. There was an apparent deleterious effect of monocrotaline in 2-chloroethanol-pretreated chickens, similar to that in non-pretreated birds, with respect to growth rates, morbility, mortality, and hepatic histopatholoqy. Monocrotaline pyrrole formation was measured in chickens pretread with BHA and 2-chloroethanol by means of the Erlich reagent reaction spectrophotometric assay. There was a significant difference in pyrrole production between the treatment groups. The 2-chloroethanol plus-monocrotaline (40 mg/kg), BHA (500 mg/kg) plus monocrotaline, nonocrotaline, BHA (100 mg/kg) plus monocrotaline (20 mg/kg), and BHA (500 mg/kg) plus 2-chloroethanol and monocrotaline groups had decreasing amounts of pyrrole metabolite formation respectively.

The following medical procedures should be made available to each employee who is exposed to ethylene chlorohydrin at potentially hazardous levels: ... A complete history and physical examination. ... Examination of the respiratory system, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system should be stressed. The skin should be examined for evidence of chronic disorders. ... A profile of liver function should be obtained by using a medically acceptable array of biochemical tests. ... Since kidney damage has been observed from exposure, a urinalysis should be obtained to include at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, and microscopic /examination/ of centrifuged sediment. ... The aforementioned medical examinations should be repeated on a semi-annual basis for the first two years and annually thereafter.

... A fatal case of ethylene chlorohydrin poisoning in a man resulting from a 2 hr exposure at a est conc of 300 ppm /was reported/. /Investigators/ described one fatal and several non-fatal cases of ethylene chlorohydrin poisoning in industrial workers. The autopsy showed severe damage to the liver and brain and changes in many other organs. The survivors had nausea, vomiting, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and lungs. The exposure conc (for unspecified periods) were est at between 300 and 500 ppm.

It can induce ... dizziness, visual disturbances, weakness ... dyspnea, shock, cyanosis and coma. Several fatal cases with brain edema and lung edema have been reported from indust exposure to this cmpd by inhalation or by the dermal route.

A 23 MO OLD BOY DRANK 1-2 ML OF ETHYLENE CHLOROHYDRIN AND DIED. CLINICAL COURSE OF HIS ILLNESS & NECROPSY FINDINGS ARE DESCRIBED.

The acute poisoning, by ingestion of film cement, in two children was discussed.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 83.7 mg/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 75.0-93.4 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.0 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.1 mg/l, hardness 52.3 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 44.2 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.22.

1.60e+03

2.30e+04

4.00e+02

1.00e+02

8.10e-02

2.00e-02

Volatile

1.11e+05

4.70e+03

7.00e+04

1.20e+03

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

2-Chloroethanol may be released to the environment during its production, transport, storage, disposal and use. Formerly 2-chloroethanol was a major industrial precursor for ethylene oxide. However, this process for manufacturing ethylene oxide has been almost entirely supplanted. It is also formed during the fumigation of foodstuffs with ethylene oxide. If released on soil, 2-chloroethanol would be expected to leach because of its estimated very low adsorptivity to soil and may biodegrade. It should not volatilize from moist soil, but may evaporate from dry soil and other surfaces. 2- Chloroethanol's fate in the aquatic environment is not clear. Based on data from screening tests, it may biodegrade. It would not be expected to volatilize from surface waters, adsorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. 2-Chloroethanol reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere, as a result of which its half-life in the atmosphere will be approximately 11.5 days. 2-Chloroethanol is soluble in water and would be washed out of the air by rain. Occupational exposure to 2- chloroethanol would be via inhalation and dermal contact. The general population may be exposed via ingestion of food containing residues of 2- chloroethanol. (SRC)

2-Chloroethanol may be released to the environment during its production, transport, storage, disposal and use. In past years it was produced in a large scale as an intermediate in the manufacture of ethylene oxide(1) which may have resulted in considerable releases. However, this process has been almost completely supplanted(1). 2-Chloroethanol is produced when polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastics are sterilized with ethylene oxide(1). It is also formed during the fumigation of foodstuffs with ethylene oxide(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released on soil 2-chloroethanol would be expected to leach because of its estimated very low adsorptivity to soil. In view of its low estimated Henry's Law constant, 1.04X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1), and low estimated adsortivity to soil, 2-chloroethanol would not be expected to volatilize from moist soil. However, it would be expected to volatilize from dry soil and other surfaces because it's vapor pressure is appreciable, 7.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(2). 2-Chloroethanol was readily biodegradable in screening tests and biological treatment simulations tests which suggest that it may biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released in water, the fate of 2-chloroethanol is not clear. In view of its low estimated Henry's Law constant, 1.04X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1), 2-chloroethanol would not be expected to volatilize from surface waters. It would not be expected to adsorb to sediment, bioconcentrate in fish, photolyze or hydrolyze. However, based on data from screening tests, it may biodegrade(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 2-Chloroethanol reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere and has a rate constant of 1.40X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1) for this reaction. Assuming a hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+5 per cu cm, the half-life of 2-chloroethanol in the atmosphere will be 11.5 days(SRC). 2-Chloroethanol is soluble in water(2) and would be subject to washout by rain.

2-Chloroethanol is readily biodegradable in screening tests and biological treatment simulations using sewage and activated sludge inocula(1-6). Various investigators have obtained the following results in percent of theoretical BOD in screening tests using sewage inocula: 57% in 20 days(1); 50% in 10 days(2); and 87% in 10 days(3). The results of these screening tests indicate that acclimation is important in the biodegradation process.

In two simulated biological treatment plants using activated sludge, 45% removal of 2-chloroethanol in 24 hr was obtained with about 5% due to evaporation(1) and 45% of theoretical BOD was removed in 10 days(2). Results obtained in a biodegradability test performed using process wastewater and activated sludge found a 20% COD removal in conflict to a 1% total organic carbon (TOC) removal in 24 hours(4). 2-Chloroethanol's degradation pathway is via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and monochloroacetate to glycolic acid(3).

2-Chloroethanol reacts with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere with a rate constant of 1.40X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1). Assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5X10+5 per cu cm, the half-life of 2-chloroethanol in the atmosphere will be 11.5 days(SRC). 2-Chloroethanol undergoes neutral and acid catalyzed hydrolysis with respective rate constants of 4.5X10-6 1/hr and 36 L/mol-hr at 25 °C(3). The resulting hydrolysis half-life at pH 7 is calculated to be 9.8 yr(3). Haloalcohols do not absorb UV light >290 nm(4) and therefore would not undergo direct photolysis.

Using the log octanol/water partition coefficient for 2-chloroethanol, 0.03(1), one can estimate a BCF of 0.62 using a recommended regression equation(2,SRC). Therefore, 2-chloroethanol would not be expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

The Koc for 2-chloroethanol estimated from molecular structure is 1.33(1). According to a suggested classification scheme, a Koc of this magnitude indicates that 2-chloroethanol will exhibit very high mobility in soil(2).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloroethanol is estimated to be 1.04X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). Such a low Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from rivers and lakes will not be an important fate process for 2-chloroethanol(2). In view of its low Henry's Law constant and low estimated adsorptivity to soil, volatilization from moist soil should be negligible(2). 2-Chloroethanol's vapor pressure is 7.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(3) and therefore it should readily volatilize from dry soil and other surfaces.

2-Chloroethanol and 2-chloroethanol fatty acid esters are byproducts of the ethylene oxide fumigation of foods(1). Furthermore, 2-chloroethanol fatty acid esters are hydrolyzed to 2-chloroethanol in model digestive systems(1). The level of 2-chloroethanol found in samples of black walnuts and a variety of spices (item, concn in ppm) was: allspice, 810-880; black pepper, 0.2-45; black walnuts, 1.9-4.8; chili powder, 0.8-45; cocoa, not detected; mint flakes, 0.6; mushrooms, not detected - 0.4; Nacho cheese mix, not detected - 14; nutmeg, 16-37; onion powder, not detected; paprika, not detected - 513; parsley flakes, 0.4; red pepper, 3.6-490; seafood seasoning, 33; taco seasoning, 115-117; vegetable flakes, 0.35-0.6; and white pepper, 0.78(1).

Occupational exposure to 2-chloroethanol would be via inhalation and dermal contact. The general population would be exposed via ingestion of food containing residues of 2-chloroethanol(1,SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 476 workers, including 68 females, are exposed to 2-chloroethanol in the USA(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in a secured sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY.

Table: Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for 2-Chloroethanol [Table#1242]

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-CHLOROETHANOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1135; Ethylene chlorohydrin

IMO 6.1; Ethylene chlorohydrin

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+; R: 26/27/28; S: (1/2)-7/9-28-45

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I