propionitrile

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300+H310 (59.8%): Fatal if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H300 (98.9%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (98.3%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (97.7%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (60.9%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (34.5%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H412 (59.8%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 174 reports by companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Warning: Effects, including skin reactions, may be delayed. Caution is advised. Vital signs should be monitored closely. Heart palpitation may begin within minutes after exposure.

Note: Propionitrile is very readily absorbed through the skin.

Signs and Symptoms of Propionitrile Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to propionitrile may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cherry-red mucous membranes and blood, cardiac arrhythmias, and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) is not a consistent finding. Tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate) may be followed by respiratory depression. Lung hemorrhage and pulmonary edema may also occur. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, and giddiness may be followed by combative behavior, convulsions, paralysis, protruding eyeballs, dilated and unreactive pupils, and coma. Propionitrile is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Excessive salivation, nausea, and vomiting may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to propionitrile may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to propionitrile.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with propionitrile-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning.

3. Rush to a health care facility.

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to propionitrile.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; usea forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with propionitrile-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning.

4. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Wash exposed skin areas thoroughly with water.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with propionitrile-contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self-poisoning.

2. Rush to a health care facility.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, and foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Cool containers that are exposed to flames with water from the side until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. (EPA, 1998)

Use powder, foam, carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

TO FIGHT FIRE, USE WATER SPRAY, FOAM, MIST, CARBON DIOXIDE, DRY CHEMICAL.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Consult an expert! Evacuate danger area! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P101 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for propionitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

Treatment and Disposal Method: Recommendable: Incineration, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, discharge to sewer. Not recommendable: Evaporation. Add by stirring excessive sodium hydroxide. After one hour, evaporate alcohol and add sufficient calcium hypochlorite. After 24 hours, drain into a sewer with abundant water. Peer review: Incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

No eating or smoking in work areas.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Adequate ventilation and protectors. No eating and no smoking in work areas. Apply ear plugs to personnel with split eardrums. Avoid one-man work.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for PROPIONITRILE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Separated from strong oxidants, acids and food and feedstuffs.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.27 [ppm]

3.0 [ppm]

9.1 [ppm]

TWA 6 ppm (14 mg/m3)

See: IDLH INDEX

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is moderately irritating to the eyes and skin. The vapour is irritating to the upper respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cellular respiration. This may result in metabolic acidosis, central nervous system depression, cardiac disorders and death. Medical observation is indicated.

The substance may have effects on the blood. This may result in anaemia. Ingestion may cause effects on the gastrointestinal tract. This may result in ulceration. The substance may have effects on the kidneys, liver and thyroid. This may result in impaired functions.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Propionitrile:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the workshift.

Provide: QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear long rubber gloves and protective clothing. ... /Wear/ self-contained breathing apparatus.

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Propionitrile appears as a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor. Density 0.683 g / cm3. Flash point 61 °F. Toxic by inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion. Vapors are heavier than air. Used as a solvent, and to make other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweetish, ethereal odor; Note: Forms cyanide in the body; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, sweetish, ethereal odor. [Note: Forms cyanide in the body.]

Colorless liquid

Pleasant, sweetish, ethereal odor.

207 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

97.2 °C @ 760 mm Hg

97.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-133 °F (EPA, 1998)

-91.8 °C

-103.5 °C

35.6 °F (EPA, 1998)

36 °F (2 °C) (Closed Cup)

16 °C (Open Cup)

2 °C c.c.

50 to 100 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with ether, alcohol

In water, 1.03X10+5 mg/l @ 25 °C.

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 10 (good)

0.802 at 32 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

SP GR: 0.7818 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Density of saturated air: 1.05 @ 22 °C (air= 1)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.78

0.783 @25 °C

1.9 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

1.9 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.9

40 mmHg at 71.6 °F (EPA, 1998)

47.4 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 40 mm Hg @ 22 °C

47.4 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 5.2

35 [mm Hg] @20 °C

log Kow= 0.16

Henry's Law constant = 3.70X10-5 atm cu m/mole @ 25 °C

When heated to decomp it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides and cyanides/.

0.454 cP @ 15 °C; 0.389 cP @ 30 °C

0,44 mPa*s at 20 °C

-1910.62 kJ/mol @ 25 °C (liquid)

Highly flammable. Soluble in water.

Nitriles

Highly Flammable

PROPIONITRILE is incompatible with strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents and strong reducing agents. After refluxing for 24 hours at 221 °F, a mixture of this compound with N-bromosuccinimide exploded. (NTP, 1992)

Strong oxidizers & reducing agents, strong acids & bases [Note: Hydrogen cyanide is produced when propionitrile is heated to decomposition].

Poisonous ... on contact with acids.

After refluxing for 24 hr at 105 °C, a mixture /with N-bromosuccinimide/ exploded, possibly due to dehydrohalogenation of the bromonitrile to acrylonitrile, and polymerization of the latter.

Strong oxidizers & reducing agents, strong acids & bases [Note: Hydrogen cyanide is produced when propionitrile is heated to decomposition.]

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Headache. Sore throat. Chest tightness. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Lethargy. Unconsciousness. Respiratory and cardiac arrest. Symptoms may be delayed.

EASILY ABSORBED! Redness.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; nausea, vomiting; chest pain; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); stupor, convulsions; In Animals: liver, kidney damage

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

LCLo (rat) = 500 ppm/4h

LD50: 50 mg/kg (Intravenous, Rabbit) (T14)

LD50: 35 797 ug/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T14)

LD50: 100 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Rabbit) (T88)

LD50: 210 mg/kg (Dermal, Rabbit) (T88)

LC50: 500 ppm over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T88)

LD50 Rat oral 39 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 28 mg/kg

LC50 Mice inhalation 163 ppm/60 min

LD50 Rat inhalation 500 ppm/4 hr

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PROPIONITRILE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

WHEN SODIUM THIOSULFATE WAS GIVEN IN MULTIPLE INJECTIONS, IT PROTECTED MICE AGAINST DEATH BY PROPIONITRILE.

Dose- and time- response studies have been performed with dopamine agonists and antagonists using the cysteamine and propionitrile duodenal ulcer models in the rat. The experiments demonstrate that the chemical induced duodenal ulcer is prevented by bromocriptine, lergotrile mesylate and reduced by apomorphine or L-dopa.

Acute toxicity, in vitro metabolism, and structure-toxicity relations of aliphatic mononitriles were examined in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride. The LD50 in mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride was increased in most nitriles compared to that in untreated animals with different degrees among compounds. Microsomal metabolism of nitriles to cyanide was completely inhibited when microsomes were prepared from livers of mice pretreated with carbon tetrachloride. Log(1/LD50-carbon tetrachloride)= -0.371 log p -0.152, and the equation was significant, provided aceto- and 3-hydroxypropionitrile were omitted from the analysis. These two compounds seem to be different from the others in exerting their biological effect.

The effect of ethanol on metabolism of 20 nitriles (including propionitrile) was studied in vivo and vitro in mice. The hepatic microsomal metabolizing activity for nitrile was at a maximum 13 hr after ethanol dosing (4.0 g/kg). Using microsomes from mice pretreated with ethanol under the above conditions, enhancement of the in vitro metabolism of nitriles was 1.00-1.83 compared with the glucose-treated control. When mice were orally given nitriles 13 hr after dosing with either ethanol (4.0 g/kg) or glucose (7.0 g/kg), the hepatic metabolizing activity of nitriles for the ethanol-treated group was always higher than that for the glucose group, although no change in the content of hepatic microsomal p450 was observed between the two groups. However, ethanol added to the induction mixture inhibited the in vitro metabolism of most nitriles. The results in the present study suggest that pretreatment with ethanol can enhance the acute toxicity of nitriles.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for PROPIONITRILE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Rapid support of respiration and circulation is essential to successful treatment of cyanide intoxication. Massive cyanide overdoses have survived with only good supportive care. Immediate attention should be directed toward assisted ventilation, administration of 100% oxygen, insertion of intravenous lines, and institution of cardiac monitoring. Obtain an arterial blood gas immediately and correct any severe metabolic acidosis (pH below 7.15). Oxygen (100%) should be used routinely in moderate or severely symptomatic patients even in the presence of a normal pO2, since 100% O2 increases O2 delivery, may reactivate cyanide-inhibited mitochondrial enzymes, and potentiates the effect of thiosulfate. /Cyanides/

Amyl nitrite perles are designed to produce 3% to 5% methemoglobinemia while an iv line is established for iv sodium nitrite. As a temporizing measure, the patient inhales the vapors until the sodium nitrite is ready. Because of the variability in methemoglobin production and the potential for cardiovascular collapse, this step may be omitted if sodium nitrite is readily available and the patient is not in extremis. Adequate ventilation and oxygenation are more important than administration of amyl nitrite. One perle ... is crushed and inhaled ... until iv nitrite is given. Sodium nitrite is administered iv slowly ... to produce a 20% methemoglobin level in adults. ... Administer sodium nitrite doses to children on the basis of body weight, since fatal methemoglobinemia has occurred in children. /Cyanides/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider vasopressors to treat hypotension without signs of hypovolemia ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

SYMPTOMATOLOGY: 1. Massive doses may produce, without warning, sudden loss of consciousness & prompt death from respiratory arrest. With smaller but still lethal doses, the illness may be prolonged for 1 or more hr. 2. Upon ingestion, a bitter, acrid, burning taste is sometimes noted, followed by a feeling of constriction or numbness in the throat. Salivation, nausea & vomiting are not unusual ... 3. Anxiety, confusion, vertigo, giddiness, & often a sensation of stiffness in the lower jaw. 4. Hyperpnea & dyspnea. Respirations become very rapid & then slow & irregular. Inspiration is characteristically short while expiration is greatly prolonged. 5. The odor of bitter almonds may be noted on the breath or vomitus ... 6. In the early phases of poisoning, an incr in vasoconstrictor tone causes a rise in blood pressure & reflex slowing of the heart rate. Thereafter the pulse becomes rapid, weak, & sometimes irregular ... . A bright pink coloration of the skin due to high concn of oxyhemoglobin in the venous return may be confused with that of carbon monoxide poisoning. 7. Unconsciousness, followed promptly by violent convulsions, epileptiform or tonic, sometimes localized but usually generalized. Opisthotonos & trismus may develop. Involuntary micturition & defecation occur. 8. Paralysis follows the convulsive stage. The skin is covered with sweat. The eyeballs protrude, & the pupils are dilated & unreactive. The mouth is covered with foam, which is sometimes bloodstained ... . The skin color may be brick red. Cyanosis is not prominent in spite of weak & irregular gasping. In the unconscious patient, bradycardia & the absence of cyanosis may be key diagnostic signs. 9. Death from respiratory arrest. As long as the heart beat continues, prompt & vigorous treatment offers some promise of survival. /Cyanide/

... /IT IS/ AN EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS LIQUID WHICH IS RAPIDLY ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN. THE VAPORS ARE ALSO HIGHLY TOXIC. THIS IS ONE OF THE MOST TOXIC ORGANIC CYANIDES KNOWN.

Hydroxocobalamin admin with sodium thiosulfate in experimental poisoning results in excretion of thiocyanate as a primary urinary detoxification product. When hydroxocobalamin is admin alone, the primary elimination product is cyanocobalamin. Although up to 50% of hydroxocobalamin is excreted unchanged in the urine, it may be effective in cyanide detoxification by binding cyanide (forming cyanocobalamin), which is later given up to rhodanese for complexing with sulfone (producing thiocyanate & regenerating hydroxocobalamin).

Vapor is irritating to eyes, nose & throat. Liquid is irritating to skin & eyes.

A 2 min inhalation of saturated vapor killed all rats. A 4 hr exposure to 5000 ppm gave a mortality of two out of six rats. Application to the skin & eyes of rabbits did not result in severe damage. ... Exposure of 9500 ppm for 1.5 hr killed all rats.

PROPIONITRILE INDUCES ACUTE DUODENAL ULCERS IN RATS. GASTRIC ACID SECRETION WAS INCREASED BY INTRAGASTRIC ADMINISTRATION WHICH APPEARS TO BE REQUIRED FOR ULCER FORMATION.

INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF PROPIONITRILE AT 0.54-1.51 MMOLE/KG (30-83 MG/KG) ON DAY 8 OF GESTATION IN THE HAMSTER INDUCED EXENCEPHALY, ENCEPHALOCELES, & RIB FUSIONS & BIFURCATIONS IN THE OFFSPRING. OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT THE TERATOGENIC EFFECTS ARE RELATED TO THE METABOLIC RELEASE OF CYANIDE.

The effects of subulcerogenic doses of cysteamine and propionitrile on alkali secretion by duodenal surface epithelium and pH at the surface of this mucosa were assessed in the duodenum of anesthetized rats. Alkali secretion was titrated in situ, using segments of duodenum just distal to the Brunner's glands area and devoid of pancreatic carbonite. Surface pH was measured by advancing pH-sensitive microelectrodes from the luminal solution to the epithelial cell surface. ... By delayed (5 hr) actions, both cysteamine and propionitrile inhibited the rise in alkali secretion in response to a 5 minute exposure to luminal acid with pH 2.00 in the rat. ... Inhibition of mechanisms mediating this response may contribute to the duodenal ulcerogenic actions of cysteamine and propionitrile.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PROPIONITRILE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1520 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 1450 - 1580 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.4 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 47.0 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 40.1 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.6.

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 1520 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 1450 - 1580 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.4 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.3 mg/l, hardness 47.0 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 40.1 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.6. Effect: loss of equilibrium.

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to aquatic organisms.

Propionitrile's production and use as a solvent, dielectric fluid, and chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Propionitrile is also present in the product of modern hydrogen cyanide manufacturing facilities and is an organic impurity in acrylonitrile manufacturing which may result in its release to the environment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 47.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates propionitrile will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase propionitrile will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 83 days. If released to soil, propionitrile is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 29. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.70X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Propionitrile may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, propionitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Propionitrile is expected to biodegrade in the environment; microorganisms hydrolyze nitriles, such as propionitrile, predominately to carboxylic acids plus ammonium ions. For example, a mixed microbial culture, isolated from an environment contaminated with organic cyanides, biodegraded propionitrile. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 hours and 8 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to propionitrile may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propionitrile is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to propionitrile via inhalation of ambient air containing propionitrile. (SRC)

An organic impurity in acrylonitrile.

Propionitrile's production and use as a solvent, dielectric fluid, and chemical intermediate(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Propionitrile may be released in fugitive or wastewater releases during its by product formation during the electro-reduction of acrylonitrile to form adiponitrile(2). It may also be emitted during shale oil processing(3,4) and from turbine combustion exhaust(5). Propionitrile is also present in the product in modern hydrogen cyanide manufacturing facilities as an impurity(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of propionitrile from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.70X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of propionitrile from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 47.4 mm Hg(5). Microorganisms hydrolyze nitriles predominately to carboxylic acids plus ammonium ions(6,7). A mixed microbial culture, isolated from an environment contaminated with organic cyanides and PCBs, utilized propionitrile as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen(8). Thus propionitrile may potentially biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 29(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.16(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that propionitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.70x10-5 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 13 hrs and 8 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Microorganisms hydrolyze nitriles predominately to carboxylic acids plus ammonium ions(7,8). A variant of a yeast strain (Candiada famata) isolated from gold mine effluent was able to grow on propionitrile as the sole nitrogen source after acclimatization(9). In another study, a mixed microbial culture, isolated from an environment contaminated with organic cyanides and PCBs, utilized propionitrile as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen(10). The mixed microbial culture was grown for 48 hrs at pH 7 with 1 g/l of propionitrile; the final pH and ammonia concn were determined to be 8.66 and 75.9 umol/ml, respectively(10). Propionitrile was rapidly metabolized by activated sewage sludge to the amide(11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), propionitrile, which has a vapor pressure of 47.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase propionitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 83 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.94X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

The fungal strain Nocardia rhodochrous LL100-21 completely hydrolyzed propionitrile to propionic acid and ammonia.

Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles has been shown to proceed by two distinct routes(1,2); a nitrilase transforms the nitriles directly into acids plus ammonium ion, or a nitrile hydratase forms the amide which is hydrolyzed to acid plus ammonium ion by amidase(1,2). A variant of a yeast strain identified as Candiada famata isolated from gold mine effluent was able to grow on propionitrile as the sole nitrogen source after acclimatization(3). In another study, a mixed microbial culture, isolated from an environment contaminated with organic cyanides and PCBs, utilized propionitrile as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen(4). The mixed microbial culture was grown for 48 hrs at pH 7 with 1 g/l of propionitrile; the final pH and ammonia concn were determined to be 8.66 and 76.9 umol/ml, respectively(4). Propionitrile was rapidly metabolized by activated sludge to the amide(5).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of propionitrile with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.94X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 83 days(SRC) at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Propionitrile is also not expected to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for propionitrile(SRC), using log Kow of 0.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of propionitrile is estimated as 29(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.16(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that propionitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for propionitrile is 3.70X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that propionitrile is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 13 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8 days(SRC). Propionitrile's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of propionitrile from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 47.4 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Propionitrile was detected but not quantified in one sample of groundwater-derived drinking water in a survey of 14 treated drinking waters from different sources(1). Propionitrile was not found in a sample from the same supply after distribution(1).

The concn of propionitrile in the off-gases from oil shale retort at Rio Blanco, Colorado was 16-26 mg/kg(1). The concn of propionitrile in condensate retort water from an oil-shale processing facility in Colorado was 8.5 mg/l(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Propionitrile was detected but not quantified (detection limit was approx 0.5-1.0 ng/ml) in the air near a shale oil wastewater facility(1). Not detected in typical urban air or rural air in the oil shale region of western Colorado/Utah(1). URBAN/SUBURBAN: An evaluated database of US air monitoring data for the years 1970-1987 contains the following data for propionitrile (concn is reported as daily median concn in selected site types): remote, rural, and suburban sites-648 samples, 0.000 ppb; urban sites-1214 samples, 0.012 ppb; source dominated sites-182 samples, 0.255 ppb(2). From EPA's VOC-AMBI database (1986), the avg concn of propionitrile in ambient air from 300 cities in the United States was 0.384 ppb (data points = 2,044)(3).

Propionitrile levels of 0.055-0.072 ug/g have been detected in machine cutting fluid emulsions(1).

Occupational exposure to propionitrile may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where propionitrile is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to propionitrile via inhalation of ambient air containing propionitrile(SRC). Propionitrile was detected but not quantified (detection limit was approx 0.5-1.0 ng/ml) in an operating pilot-scale shale oil wastewater treatment plant(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P101 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. Also, a good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. Also, a good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for propionitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

Treatment and Disposal Method: Recommendable: Incineration, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidation, discharge to sewer. Not recommendable: Evaporation. Add by stirring excessive sodium hydroxide. After one hour, evaporate alcohol and add sufficient calcium hypochlorite. After 24 hours, drain into a sewer with abundant water. Peer review: Incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PROPIONITRILE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2404; Propionitrile

IMO 3.2; Propionitrile

49 235 10; Propionitrile

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid Poison

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II