chloroacetaldehyde

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (69.1%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301+H311 (69.1%): Toxic if swallowed or in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (98.2%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (100%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H330 (100%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351 (100%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 55 reports by companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting. Thus, the risk of increasing the medical problems by inducing vomiting of a volatile corrosive chemical is very high. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately flush the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/

In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/

In fire fighting conditions use a self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or positive pressure mode.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2232 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 60 m (200 ft)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.2 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.7 km (0.4 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 1.1 km (0.7 mi)

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an effluent gas cleaning device.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, acids, metals and food and feedstuffs.

Safe Storage: Separated from strong oxidants, acids, metals and food and feedstuffs. /Chloroacetaldehyde (40% Solution)/

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

1.3 [ppm]

2.2 [ppm]

9.9 [ppm]

1 ppm (3 mg/m³)

C 1 ppm (3 mg/m3)

45 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

45.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: Volunteers found 45 ppm to be very disagreeable and conjunctival irritation was observed [Dow 1962].

See: 107200

1.0 [ppm]

Ceiling Limit: 1 ppm.

1 ppm as STEL.

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached very quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Corrosive. The vapour is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of high concentrations of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Chloroacetaldehyde:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

2-chloroethanal appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point about 190 °F. Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. It is very toxic by inhalation.

Colorless liquid with an acrid, penetrating odor; Note: Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution; [NIOSH]

CLEAR COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with an acrid, penetrating odor. Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution.

Colorless liquid with an acrid, penetrating odor. [Note: Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution.]

Colorless liquid [Note: Typically found as a 40% aqueous solution]

Acrid, penetrating odor

185 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

Platelets from water; bp: 85.5 °C with decomposition into water and chloraldehyde; mp 43-50 °C; soluble in water, alcohol, ether /Chloroacetaldehyde hemihydrate/

85-100 °C (40% solution)

85.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

3 °F (USCG, 1999)

-16.3 °C

16 °C (40% solution)

3 °F (40% solution)

-3 °F (40% solution)

190 °F (NTP, 1992)

190 °F (87.7 °C) CLOSED CUP

88 °C c.c.

190 °F (40% solution)

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible in all proportions with water

Soluble in ether

Soluble in acetone and methanol

Solubility in water: miscible

Miscible

1.19 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.19 g/cu cm at 25 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.19 (40% solution)

1.19 (40% solution)

1.19 @25 °C

2.7 (40% aqueous solution) (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.7

100 mmHg at 113 °F (40% aqueous solution) (NTP, 1992)

64.3 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 13.3

100 mmHg

100 [mm Hg] @20 °C

The anhydrous substance polymerizes on standing, but reverts to the monomer on distillation.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

Soluble in water. Forms an insoluble hemihydrate at greater than 50% concentration.

Aldehydes

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Polymerizable Compounds

Polymerizable

2-CHLOROETHANAL polymerizes on standing. At greater than 50% concentration in water, it forms an insoluble hemihydrate. Sensitive to heat. Reacts with oxidizing agents. Incompatible with acids and water (NTP, 1992). Burns to give poisonous and irritating gases.

Oxidizers, acids.

Oxidizers, acids

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Serious skin burns. Pain. Blisters.

Redness. Pain. Loss of vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation.

irritation skin, eyes, mucous membrane; skin burns; eye damage; pulmonary edema; skin, respiratory system sensitization

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

2-Chloroacetaldehyde

PDF Document

Suggestive evidence of carcinogenic potential

SCREEN Current

LC50 (rat) = 650 mg/m3/1H

LD50 Guinea pig ip 0.636 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal 67.0 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit ip 1.39 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 2.0 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Aggressive airway management may be necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Intubation should be considered at the first sign of upper airway obstruction caused by edema. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aldehydes and Related Compounds/

1) Initial Medical Screening: Employees should be screened for history of certain medical conditions ... which might place the employee at increased risk from chloroaldehyde exposure. /The medical conditions are/: eye disease ... skin disease ... chronic respiratory disease ... kidney disease ... liver disease ... Periodic Medical Examination: Any employee developing the above-listed conditions should be referred for further medical examination.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ During low exposures, the initial discomfort generally abated after 5 or 10 minutes but recurred if exposure resumed after interruption. Any vapor concentration producing even slight irritation in humans was believed to be potentially injurious on single, prolonged or repeated exposure. Eye contact by a 40% aqueous solution presented a serious hazard of injury, including tissue destruction.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... The low-molecular-weight aldehydes and the halogenated aldehydes, such as chloroacetaldehyde, were particularly irritating and presented a serious hazard from exposure to the vapors. The mucous membranes of the nasal and oral passages and the upper respiratory tract were affected, producing a burning sensation, an increased ventillation rate, bronchial constriction, choking, and coughing. The eyes teared and a burning sensation was noted on the skin of the face.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) reacts with DNA bases, forming hydroxyethano derivatives of different stability, which are subsequently converted into etheno (epsilon) adducts: epsilon A, epsilon C, epsilon G. DNA polymerase fingerprint analysis was used to study the distribution of CAA-induced modifications in the p53 sequence. A plasmid bearing cDNA containing the human p53 gene was reacted in vitro with CAA, then dehydrated for conversion of hydroxyethano into etheno adducts, and primer extension by T7 DNA polymerase in the presence of four dNTPs was performed. The DNA repair enzymes methylpurine-DNA glycosylase and Escherichia coli exonuclease III were used to convert epsilon A residues in the template into DNA strand breaks, which enabled precise localization of the epsilon A residues within the p53 gene. Hydroxyethano derivatives of adenine and cytosine in a template blocked T7 DNA polymerase and caused premature chain termination opposite adenine or one base before cytosine. After dehydration, both epsilon A and epsilon C were much more easily by-passed by T7 DNA polymerase. Formation of epsilon G was identified as 'stop bands' one base before guanine residues. Modification of cytosine and guanine was additionally recognized by weakening or disappearance of non-specific stops on an undamaged template, probably due to steric hindrance by the tertiary DNA structure for polymerase. Etheno adduction of cytosine and guanine relaxed the compact DNA structure and enabled DNA polymerase to by-pass. In exons 5-8 of p53, 143 out of 500 sites appeared to be damaged by CAA, with four particularly densely modified regions between codons 135-147, 218-222, 234-255 and 284-292. The pattern of modification followed the pattern of p53 mutations found in vinyl chloride-associated liver angiosarcomas in humans and rats, but only in regions that showed 100% homology with the human sequence. ...

/GENOTOXICITY/ Vinyl chloride (VC), a known human and rodent carcinogen, is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 to chloroethylene oxide (CEO), which can rearrange to chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) or undergo hydrolysis. To further understand the roles of CEO and CAA in VC mutagenesis, the types and frequencies of mutations induced at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyl-transferase (hprt) locus were examined in a human B-lymphoblastoid line constitutively expressing human cytochrome P450 2E1 (H2E1 cells). VC was toxic and mutagenic to H2E1 cells as a function of incubation time; exposure to 7.5% VC in air resulted in 75% survival and an hprt mutant frequency of 42 x 10(-6) after 48 hr, compared to 5.7 +/- 2.7 x 10(-6) for unexposed cells. The exposure of H2E1 cells to 0.8 to 15.0% VC in air produced similar mutant frequencies without a clear dose-response relationship, suggesting saturation of metabolic activation. Both CEO and CAA exhibited dose-dependent increases in cell killing and mutant frequency in H2E1 cells. Treatment with 16 uM CEO for 24 hr resulted in 75% survival and an induced mutant frequency of 23 x 10(-6), while 16 uM CAA produced 5% survival and an induced mutant frequency of 20 x 10(-6). Structural alterations at the hprt locus in independent thioguanine-resistant clones were examined by Southern blot analysis of Pst I-digested DNA with a full-length human hprt cDNA probe. Ten percent (5/50) of VC-induced and 18% (7/38) of CEO-induced mutants showed detectable deletions, compared with 45% (9/20) of CAA-induced mutants. Thus, VC and CEO displayed similar toxicity/mutation profiles and a similar frequency of large deletions, whereas CAA displayed greater toxicity and a larger frequency of deletion mutations. These results suggest that the majority of mutations induced by VC occur through its metabolite, CEO.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of guinea pigs (10 animals/group; sex and strain not given) were exposed to target concentrations of 25 (7 hr), 50 (4 hr), 100 (2 hr), and 400 ppm (0.5 hr) of chloroacetaldehyde vapor (no further details on exposure conditions or on purity were given). It was reported that the target concentrations were monitored during the experiment, but the method and actual concentrations were not given. It was not clear whether an unexposed control group was present. Only at the highest exposure level of 400 ppm for 30 min mortality (7/10) was found.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of rats (19 or 20 animals/group; sex and strain not given) were exposed to target concentrations of 10 (7 hr), 25 (7 hr), 50 (1, 3.5, and 4 hr), 100 (0.2 and 2 hr), and 400 ppm (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 hr) of chloroacetaldehyde vapor (no further details on exposure conditions or on purity were given). It was reported that the target concentrations were monitored during the experiment, but the method and actual concentrations were not given. It was not clear whether an unexposed control group was present. A dose and time-related mortality was found. No mortality was seen at the lower exposure levels of 10 ppm for 7 hr (0/20), 50 ppm for 1 hr (0/20), and 100 ppm for 0.2 hr (0/19). One animal died at 400 ppm for 0.1 hr (1/20). Almost all rats died at 25 ppm for 7 hr (19/20), 50 ppm for 3.5 hr (20/20) and 4 hr (18/20), 100 ppm for 2 hr (20/20), and 400 ppm for 0.25 hr (20/20) and 0.5 hr (19/20).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Seven groups of ten SPF-reared Borr:WISW rats (5 animals/sex/group) were exposed (whole body; individually housed) for 1 hr to mean actual concentrations of 44, 159, 203, 243, 309, 596, and 2643 ppm (0.14, 0.51, 0.65, 0.78, 0.99, 1.91, and 8.47 g/cu m, respectively) of chloroacetaldehyde (45.4% (w/w) solution; chloroacetaldehyde concentrations were monitored continuously during exposure). No unexposed control animals were present. During exposure the relative humidity was relatively high (51-91%), partly due to the high amount of water in the test material. After the 1-hr exposure, the animals were observed for up to two weeks. The observations were generally reported without always specifying the number of animals and the regarding exposure concentrations. Shortly after the start of exposure, the rats were restless and showed signs of discomfort (closed eyes, salivation, and, in the higher dose groups, wet nares and nasal discharge along with wet and soiled heads and breasts). In the highest dose group (2643 ppm), labored respiration accompanied by dyspnea and mouth breathing was detected in all animals. Mortality rates of 0% (44 ppm), 30% (159 ppm), 40% (203 ppm), and 100% (>/=243 ppm) were found. Many of the rats that died (>/=159 ppm) had bloodstains around the nose and mouth. Rats exposed to the highest chloroacetaldehyde concentrations that did not die immediately were reported to have breathed "wheezingly". Two rats exposed to 596 ppm became blind. No chloroacetaldehyde-induced effects were seen on body weight, although two animals at 159 and 203 ppm lost weight considerably. The animals that died during exposure or within the first 2 days of observation showed edema of the lungs which was accompanied in some cases by atelectasis and in most cases by hydrothorax. The latter finding could be explained by an induced hypertension. Lung edema was also observed in some animals of the three lowest concentration groups that were killed at the end of the observation period. The effects on the lung pointed to an impairment of lung functioning. In many cases, the stomachs were found to be filled with air due to mouth breathing and in some cases the intestines were also found to contain air. Also an occasional thrombus was detected in the heart area.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ A 30% chloroacetaldehyde in water solution applied to the skin or in eyes of rabbits produce severe damage.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Individuals with diseases of the eye, skin, kidney, liver, and respiratory system/ may be /at an increased risk from exposure to this chemical/.

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 550 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /50% purity formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 2200 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: general population changes, decreased population /50% purity formulation/

LC50; Species: Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoid Copepod); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1500 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1200-1800 ug/L) /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or = 7.0, dissolved oxygen > or =58%; Concentration: 15000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /50% purity formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 550 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /50% purity formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) exponential growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 2200 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: general population changes, decreased population /50% purity formulation/

LC50; Species: Nitocra spinipes (Harpacticoid Copepod); Conditions: saltwater, static; Concentration: 1500 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 1200-1800 ug/L) /formulation/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age < or =24 hr; Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH > or = 7.0, dissolved oxygen > or =58%; Concentration: 15000 ug/L for 24 hr; Effect: intoxication, immobilization /50% purity formulation/

2.60e+00

1.20e+01

2.90e-01

1.00e+03

2.70e-01

Volatile

1.18e+04

2.60e+02

1.20e+03

2.90e+01

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to water quality. This substance does enter the environment under normal use. Great care, however, should be taken to avoid any additional release, for example through inappropriate disposal.

Chloroacetaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals and as a raw material to make dyestuffs may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chloroacetaldehyde will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetaldehyde will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.3 days. Chloroacetaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, chloroacetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. Chloroacetaldehyde may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation of chloroacetaldehyde may be an important environmental fate process, based on its degradation to glycollic acid by Pseudomonas CE1r that was isolated from soil. If released into water, chloroacetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 35 hours and 13 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based upon a hydrolysis rate of 2X10-6 to 5X10-6/hr at 37 °C. Occupational exposure to chloroacetaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetaldehyde is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloroacetaldehyde via ingestion of treated drinking water. (SRC)

Chloroacetaldehyde's production and use in the manufacture of agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals and as a raw material to make dyestuffs(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde was identified as a contaminate produced during the bleaching process at pulp mills and was detected in the effluent(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloroacetaldehyde from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Biodegradation of chloroacetaldehyde may be important based on degradation studies of 2-chloroethanol which has been shown to degrade via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetate to glycollic acid by Pseudomonas CE1r that was isolated from soil(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 35 hours and 13 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde has a reported hydrolysis rate of 2X10-6 to 5X10-6/hour at 37 °C(6). Biodegradation of chloroacetaldehyde may be important based on degradation studies of 2-chloroethanol which has been shown to degrade via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetate to glycollic acid by Pseudomonas CE1r that was isolated from soil(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroacetaldehyde, which has a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroacetaldehyde is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.3 days, calculated from its rate constant of 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec(3). Chloroacetaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

PURE CULTURE: Pseudomonas CE1r, isolated from soil, degraded 2-chloroethanol via 2-chloroacetaldehyde and 2-chloroacetate to glycollic acid(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloroacetaldehyde with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 3.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 8.7X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloroacetaldehyde had a reported hydrolysis rate at 37 °C of 2X10-6 to 5X10-6/hour(2). Chloroacetaldehyde does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for chloroacetaldehyde(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of chloroacetaldehyde can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for chloroacetaldehyde is estimated as 2.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 35 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 13 days(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Chloroacetaldehyde is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 64.3 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Chloroacetaldehyde was detected in finished water after ozone/chlorine and/or ozone/chloramine treatment of Mississippi River water(1).

Chloroacetaldehyde was identified as a contaminate produced during the bleaching process at pulp mills and was detected in the effluent(1).

NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) has statistically estimated that 788 workers are potentially exposed to chloroacetaldehyde in the USA(1). Occupational exposure to chloroacetaldehyde may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloroacetaldehyde is produced or used. Limited monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloroacetaldehyde via ingestion of treated drinking water(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

...By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an effluent gas cleaning device.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Chloroacetaldehyde; 2-Chloroethanal)/

Table: Table of Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Chloroacetaldehyde; 2-Chloroethanal [Table#3950]

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLOROACETALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2232; 2-Chloroethanal

IMO 6.1; 2-Chloroethanal

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Inhalation Hazard

Unbreakable packaging. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container. Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T+, N; R: 24/25-26-34-40-50; S: (1/2)-26-28-36/37/39-45-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I; UN Pack Group: II