Methyl formate

H224: Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.4% (11 of 764) of reports.

H224 (98.6%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H301+H311+H331 (18.6%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (26.6%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (72%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (26.6%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319 (98.6%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (26.8%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (71.7%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (98.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H370 (26.6%): Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 764 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 764 reports by companies.

There are 21 notifications provided by 753 of 764 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Rest. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish unless flow can be stopped. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Do not use water on material itself.

Water may be ineffective. /Use/ alcohol foam.

Vapors are heavier than air (vapor density, 2.07) and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. Large quantities can be reclaimed or collected and atomized in a suitable combustion chamber.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Methyl formate may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.

Fire hazard is avoided by use with carbon dioxide.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for METHYL FORMATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Seperate from alkalis, oxidizing materials, and moisture. Outside or detached storage is prefered.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

50.0 [ppm]

100 [ppm]

750 [ppm]

4500 [ppm]

100 ppm (250 mg/m³)

150 ppm (375 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (375 mg/m3)

100.0 [ppm]

TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/m3) See Appendix G

4500 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

4500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: No adverse effects were found in humans after exposure to 1,500 ppm for 1 minute [Schrenk et al. 1936].

4500 ppm

See: 107313

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 100 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 150 ppm.

50 ppm as TWA; 100 ppm as STEL; (skin).

50 ppm [2014]

100 ppm [2014]

125 mg/m

120 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Yugoslavia: 100 ppm (1971); West Germany: 100 ppm (1976); Poland: 44 ppm (1976); Romania: 61 ppm (1975)

Australia TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/cu m); STEL 150 ppm (375 mg/cu m)

Austria TWA 100 ppm (250 mg/cu m)

Belgium TWA 100 ppm (246 mg/cu m); STEL 150 ppm (369 mg/cu m)

Methyl formate appears as a clear colorless liquid with an agreeable odor. Flash point -27 °F. Less dense than water Vapors heavier than air.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. [Note: A gas above 89 degrees F.] [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. [Note: A gas above 89 °F.]

Colorless liquid [Note: A gas above 89 degrees F].

Agreeable

Pleasant odor.

88.7 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

31.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-147.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

-99.8 °C

-26 °F (NTP, 1992)

-2 °F (-19 °C) (Closed Cup)

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992)

28.35 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Soluble in ether, chloroform; miscible with ethanol

In water, 230,000 mg/L at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 30 (good)

0.977 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.987 at 15 °C/15 °C

DENSITY OF SATURATED AIR: 1.83 (AIR= 1)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.97

0.975 @ 20°C

2.07 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.07 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.1

400 mmHg at 61 °F ; 476 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

585.7 [mmHg]

585.7 mm Hg at 25 °C /Extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 64

476 mmHg

400 [mm Hg] @16 °C

log Kow = 0.03

Henry's Law constant = 2.23X10-4 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

853 °F (USCG, 1999)

840 °F (449 °C)

When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

0.325 mPa-s at 25 °C

972.6 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Highly flammable. Water soluble. Reacts slowly with water to give formic acid, a corrosive material, and methanol, a flammable liquid. Both products are dissolved in the water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Highly Flammable

METHYL FORMATE reacts with acids to liberate heat along with alcohols and acids. Strong oxidizing acids may cause a vigorous reaction that is sufficiently exothermic to ignite the reaction products. Heat is also generated with caustic solutions. Flammable hydrogen is generated by mixing with alkali metals and hydrides.

Strong oxidizers [Note: Reacts slowly with water to form methanol and formic acid].

Strong oxidizers [Note: Reacts slowly with water to form methanol & formic acid.]

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Shortness of breath. Headache. Drowsiness.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Sore throat. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose; chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty); visual disturbance; central nervous system depression; In Animals: pulmonary edema; narcosis

Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

LC50 (rat) = 5,200 mg/m3/4H

LD50 Rat oral 1500 mg/kg bw

LC50 Rat inhalation >5.2 mg/L/4 hr

LD50 Rat dermal >4000 mg/kg bw /98% pure/

LD50 Rabbit oral 1622 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for METHYL FORMATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Removal to fresh air, immediate removal of contact lenses and contaminated clothing and washing of the skin followed by adequate rest is recommended. Respiratory irritation may be ameliorated by inhalation of a mist of a 5% sodium bicarbonate solution. If pulmonary edema develops, medical advice should be sought. Oxygen should be administered if the patient exhibits signs of respiratory failure.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and minimize all external stimuli. Treat seizures if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Methyl Alcohol and Related Compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Start an IV with lactated Ringer's to support vital signs. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Treat seizures with diazepam ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Hyperventilation may be beneficial for treating acidosis. Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Methyl Alcohol and Related Compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Methyl formate was most probably responsible for causing irritation of eyes and tearing which affected ten out of fifteen women ... /in factory in which boiling methyl formate and other esters were employed/.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Recently exposure of human volunteers at 100 ppm was shown to be associated with an increase in the subjective feeling of fatigue without impairment of neurobehavioral performance. A study of exposure and neurobehavioral endpoints was recently reported in a foundry. Although the measured exposure exceeded the MAC value of 400 ppm on some occasions, there were no measurable neurobehavioral changes in this group of 10 workers.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ...In an exposure chamber, 20 subjects were exposed to methylformate at 100 ppm [Swiss maximum allowable concentration (MAC)] for 8 hr. The same number of subjects with the same ages (between 20 and 30 years), gender and education level (university) were examined by the same procedure as a control group. The subjects did not know if they were exposed or not. Three times (morning, noon, evening) during these 8 hr, mood [Profile of Mood States (POMS)], neurobehavioral performance (reaction, Stroop, nonverbal learning, determination, tracking; Wiener Test System), vision (visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color sensitivity) and postural sway were tested. During an undemanding test (POMS) and a demanding performance task (determination test), pulse, electromyography (EMG) of the forehead and of the neck were recorded. In the morning and evening spirometry [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced one-second expiration volume (FEV1), medium expiration flow (MEF) and peak expiration flow (PEF)] and the odor perception threshold were measured. In the evening, in the exposed group, fatigue was significantly increased and the EMG of the forehead during a demanding task showed a different development during exposure. The other tests showed no significant solvent effect, but 16 of 43 test parameters showed a significant effect of time. ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are eye and nose irritation; chest tightness, dyspnea; visual disturbance; CNS depression.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for METHYL FORMATE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...Five Sprague-Dawley rats of each sex /were exposed to/ doses of 464, 681, 1000, 1470, or 2150 mg/kg. All high-dose animals died, 2/5 males and 2/5 females died in the 1470 mg/kg dose groups. Surviving rats gained weight and did not appear to have delayed effects. All deaths occurred within one hour of dosing. The time course of death, clinical observations and post-mortem findings are consistent with solvent /caused CNS depression/ resulting from the bolus dose of methyl formate overwhelming the hydrolytic capability of the test animals, being the cause of death.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Inhalation of approximately 10000 ppm (1.02%) methyl formate for 2 to 3 hr caused pulmonary edema and death in cats. Even at 1600 ppm inflammation of lungs resulted after 1 hr. Guinea pigs, apparently more resistant, succumbed after inhaling methyl formate at a 25000 ppm concentration.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Symptoms, in order of occurrence, in guinea pigs exposed to methyl formate at 1500 to 50000 ppm: ocular and upper respiratory tract irritation, retching, incoordination, /CNS depression/ and death. A concentration of 50000 ppm (5%) was found to be fatal in 20-30 min; ... Pulmonary irritation of lungs was observed after guinea pigs inhaled non-fatal concentrations, but this condition resolved 4 to 6 days after exposure ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... In high concentrations may cause ... dyspnea, convulsions, coma and death in experimental animals. In these conditions, the lungs were most affected organs (congestion, emphysema and edema), while hyperemia occurred in kidneys, adrenals, liver and meninges.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for METHYL FORMATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Leuciscus idus (Ide) about 120 mg/L/96 hr; static /97.7% pure/

EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea; immobilization) >500 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae; cell multiplication inhibition) 240 mg/L/72 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae; cell multiplication inhibition) 190 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Pseudomonas putida (aquatic bacteria; cell multiplication inhibition) >10,000 mg/L/17 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Threshold /CNS depressant/ concentration to tadpoles (Rana pipiens): 240 mmol/L at room temperature.

Methyl formate's production and use as a food additive, solvent, and organic synthesis intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Methyl formate's use as a fumigant and larvicide will result in its direct release to the environment. Methyl formate was identified as a flavor component in tomato fruit, as an aroma substance in apples, in the volatiles of chicken, beef, and pork flavor, and in brewed, roasted, and dried coffee. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methyl formate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl formate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 71 days. Methyl formate did not undergo direct photolysis when irradiated with UV light >300 nm. If released to soil, methyl formate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Methyl formate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, methyl formate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.3 hours and 4.0 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important fate process under environmental conditions with estimated half-life values of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to methyl formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl formate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl formate via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

Methyl formate was identified as an aroma substance in apples(1).

Methyl formate's production and use as a food additive, solvent, and organic synthesis intermediate(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Methyl formate's use as a fumigant and larvicide(2,3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that methyl formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of methyl formate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Methyl formate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg(5). Methyl formate is expected to undergo hydrolysis in moist soil. A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 16 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(6); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6).

LC50 Leuciscus idus (Ide) about 120 mg/L/96 hr; static /97.7% pure/

EC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea; immobilization) >500 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae; cell multiplication inhibition) 240 mg/L/72 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae; cell multiplication inhibition) 190 mg/L/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50 Pseudomonas putida (aquatic bacteria; cell multiplication inhibition) >10,000 mg/L/17 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Threshold /CNS depressant/ concentration to tadpoles (Rana pipiens): 240 mmol/L at room temperature.

Methyl formate's production and use as a food additive, solvent, and organic synthesis intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Methyl formate's use as a fumigant and larvicide will result in its direct release to the environment. Methyl formate was identified as a flavor component in tomato fruit, as an aroma substance in apples, in the volatiles of chicken, beef, and pork flavor, and in brewed, roasted, and dried coffee. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates methyl formate will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl formate will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 71 days. Methyl formate did not undergo direct photolysis when irradiated with UV light >300 nm. If released to soil, methyl formate is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 25. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Methyl formate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, methyl formate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.3 hours and 4.0 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important fate process under environmental conditions with estimated half-life values of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to methyl formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl formate is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl formate via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

Methyl formate was identified as an aroma substance in apples(1).

Methyl formate's production and use as a food additive, solvent, and organic synthesis intermediate(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Methyl formate's use as a fumigant and larvicide(2,3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that methyl formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of methyl formate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Methyl formate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg(5). Methyl formate is expected to undergo hydrolysis in moist soil. A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 16 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(6); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 25(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.03(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that methyl formate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5.3 hours and 4.0 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Hydrolysis is expected to be an important fate process for methyl formate. A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 16 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(7); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), methyl formate, which has a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase methyl formate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 71 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Methyl formate did not undergo direct photolysis when irradiated with UV light >300 nm(4).

ANAEROBIC: Methyl formate was listed as amenable to anaerobic microbial metabolism(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of methyl formate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.3X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 71 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 16 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(3); this corresponds to half-lives of 5.1 and 12 days at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(3). Methyl formate did not undergo direct photolysis when irradiated with UV light >300 nm(4).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for methyl formate(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.03(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of methyl formate is estimated as 25(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.03(1)and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that methyl formate is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for methyl formate is 2.2X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that methyl formate is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5.3 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4.0 days(SRC). Methyl formate's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of methyl formate from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.9X10+2 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Methyl formate was qualitatively detected in drinking water samples collected in Seattle, WA(1).

The amount of methyl formate detected in exhaust gases from the combustion of various hydrocarbon fuels ranged from <0.1 to 0.7 ppm(1).

RURAL/REMOTE: Methyl formate was qualitatively detected in vapor-phase ambient air samples collected in the Kanawha Valley, WV in Sept 1977(1).

Methyl formate was detected in the volatiles of chicken, beef, and pork flavor(1). Methyl formate was identified as a volatile constituent in brewed, roasted, and dried coffee(2). It has also been detected as an aroma substance in apples(3).

Methyl formate is detected in cigarette smoke and gasoline engine exhaust(1). It is present in wastewater from urea-formaldehyde resin manufacturing plants(1). Methyl formate is released in vent effluents during the commercial production of methanol(2). It can be released in waste streams from its commercial manufacture and use in the production of formamide(3). Methyl formate has been detected in exhaust gases from the combustion of various hydrocarbon fuels(4).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 7,738 workers (1,402 of these are female) are potentially exposed to methyl formate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to methyl formate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where methyl formate is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to methyl formate via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Methyl formate may be disposed of by atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for METHYL FORMATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1243; METHYL FORMATE

IMO 3.1; METHYL FORMATE

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F+, Xn; R: 12-20/22-36/37; S: (2)-9-16-24-26-33

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I