Butyric Acid

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

P260, P264, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P321, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (15.5%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (99%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (14.2%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2131 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P280, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P321, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or CO2. Use water to keep fire-exposed containers cool. On large fires, solid streams of water may not be effective.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. ... Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Cautiously neutralize remainder with soda lime. Then wash away with plenty of water.

Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area to contain liquid or solid material /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Neutralize with agricultural lime (slaked lime), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate.

Water spill: Neutralize with agricultural lime (slaked lime), crushed limestone, or sodium bicarbonate. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concn. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.

Eliminate all ignition sources ... Protect personnel, and dilute spill to form nonflammable mixtures. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal ...

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Resin adsorption.

Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. ... Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water, or soap and water.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong bases and food and feedstuffs.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location, away from any area where fire hazard may be acute.

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Separate from oxidizing materials, heat, oxidizers, and sunlight.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

6.0 [mg/m3]

66 [mg/m3]

400 [mg/m3]

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

Self-contained breathing apparatus; rubber gloves; vapor- proof plastic goggles; impervious apron and boots (USCG, 1999)

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus; wear goggles if eye protection is not provided.

Wear boots and protective gloves. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear full protective clothing.

Wear special protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

NO open flames. Above 72 °C use a closed system and ventilation.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Butyric acid appears as a colorless liquid with a penetrating and unpleasant odor. Flash point 170 °F. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Density 8.0 lb /gal.

Liquid; CBI

Colorless, oily liquid with an unpleasant, rancid odor; [HSDB]

COLOURLESS OILY LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless liquid/strong, rancid, butterlike odour

Oily liquid

Colorless liquid

Unpleasant, rancid odor

Penetrating and obnoxious odor

Butter-fat taste

326.3 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

163.5 °C

163.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

17.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

170 °F (NTP, 1992)

161 °F (72 °C) (Closed cup)

72 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with ethanol, ether; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

In water, 6.00X10+4 mg/L at 25 °C

60.0 mg/mL

Solubility in water: miscible

miscible with alcohol, most fixed oils, propylene glycol, water

(in ethanol)

0.958 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.959 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.96

0.952-0.956

0.959 @25 °C

3.04 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.04 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3

0.43 mmHg at 68 °F ; 1.4 mmHg at 86 °F (NTP, 1992)

1.65 [mmHg]

1.65 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 57

1.65 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow= 0.79

It has good stability

842 °F (USCG, 1999)

Water soluble.

Acids, Carboxylic

BUTYRIC ACID can react with oxidizing agents. Incandescent reactions occur with chromium trioxide above 212 °F. Also incompatible with bases and reducing agents. May attack aluminum and other light metals (NTP, 1992).

May attack aluminum or other light metals with formation of flammable hydrogen gas.

/Butyric acid/ can react with oxidizing materials.

A mixture of chromium trioxide and butyric acid became incandescent on heating to 100 °C. /Chromium trioxide/

Butyric acid is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Blisters. Skin burns.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns. Loss of vision.

Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.

Symptoms of low dose exposure include excessive salivation and eye-watering. Acute dose symptoms include severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Hypertension, hypoglycemia, anxiety, headache, tremor and ataxia may also result.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

LC (rat) > 500 mg/m3

LD50 Rat oral 8.79 g/kg

LD50 Mouse iv 800 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse ip 3180 mg/kg /From table/

LD50 Mouse sc 3180 mg/kg /From table/

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for n-BUTYRIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If the compound has been ingested, rapid gastric lavage should be performed using 5% sodium bicarbonate. For skin contact, the skin should be washed with soap and water. If the compound has entered the eyes, they should be washed with large quantities of isotonic saline or water. In serious cases, atropine and/or pralidoxime should be administered. Anti-cholinergic drugs work to counteract the effects of excess acetylcholine and reactivate AChE. Atropine can be used as an antidote in conjunction with pralidoxime or other pyridinium oximes (such as trimedoxime or obidoxime), though the use of '-oximes' has been found to be of no benefit, or possibly harmful, in at least two meta-analyses. Atropine is a muscarinic antagonist, and thus blocks the action of acetylcholine peripherally.

n-Butyrate was previously found to increase the epidermal growth factor receptor binding in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. /It was shown/ that butyrate and dexamethasone synergistically modulate the surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptors. The butyrate-induced enhancement of high-affinity epidermal growth factor binding was only slight in the absence of glucocorticoid, but was strongly and dose-dependently amplified by dexamethasone. Butyrate counteracted the inhibition by insulin of the dexamethasone-induced increase in epidermal growth factor binding. The results indicate that the glucocorticoid has a permissive effect on a butyrate- sensitive process that determines the surface expression of the high-affinity class of epidermal growth factor receptors.

Butyrate inhibited differentiation of F9 mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells in the presence of retinoic acid, when added within 8 hr of retinoic acid addition.

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Butyric acid can act as a mild skin irritant in humans ... Application to intact human skin elicits a moderate burning sensation only after 52 min, and erythema is hardly noticeable. Slight epidermal scaling may follow within 24 hr.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ No sensitization reaction, measured as a change in leukcocyte or eosinophil infiltration, was elicited in human volunteers injected subcutaneously with butyric acid for 2 wk.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ INHALATION: Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed. SKIN: Pain. redness. Blisters. Skin burns. EYES: Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns. Loss of vision. INGESTION: Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse. /from table/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ After a 90 min exposure to a butyric acid aerosol (40 mg/L), rabbits displayed increased lethargy and dyspnea. Signs of bronchial and capillary dilation and emphysema were evident upon necropsy.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:708]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... No lethalities /were reported/ when rats were exposed for 8 hr to air saturated with butyric acid vapor.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.; Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 5:708]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The role of the autonomic innervation in the control of pancreatic endocrine responses to iv infusions of butyrate was investigated in conscious 4-6 month old weaned lambs. IV butyrate produced a small rise in mean arterial plasma pancreatic glucagon concentration which was unlikely to have had any physiological effect and produced no consistent or statistically significant changes in mean plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentration in any of the groups studied. In contrast, butyrate produced an abrupt and substantial rise in mean plasma insulin concentration which rose to a peak incremental value of about 300 pico mol/L in normal control.[Bloom SR, Edwards AV; J Physiol 364: 281-8 (1985)]

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... HbF induction in response to butyrate was dependent on the dose and duration of treatment. Doses of butyrate less than 4 g/kg/d were associated with minimal toxicity (hypokalemia) and significant HbF induction in these nonanemic animals, with 1 g/kg/d producing an increase in HbF-containing reticulocytes (F reticulocytes) from 0.9% to 8.7% and an increase in HbF from 0.8% to 1.4%. A dose of 2 g/kg/d resulted in an increase in F reticulocytes from 2.1% to 27.8% and an increase in HbF from 0.7% to 2.2%. Doses of 4 g/kg/d in another animal produced an increase in F reticulocytes from 1% to 21.6% and in HbF from 1.9% to 5.3%. ... Prolonged infusions of high doses of butyrate (8 to 10 g/kg/d) were associated with peak F reticulocyte percentages reaching 38% to 64.5% and HbF reaching levels in excess of 20%.[Blau CA et al; Blood 81 (2): 529-37 (1993)]

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-BUTYRIC ACID (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 2750 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 61 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 200 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) 5000 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ /Sodium salt/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for n-BUTYRIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

n-Butanoic acid's production and use as a material for the manufacture of perfume and flavor ingredients, in pharmaceuticals, deliming agents, disinfectants, emulsifying agents, for sweetening gasolines, for varnishes, in animal feeds, and as a decalcifier of hides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Butanoic acid has been found in butter, essential oils, strawberry aroma, vegetable oils, and animal fluids, such as sweat, tissue fluids, and milk fat. n-Butanoic acid may also arise from natural fermentation processes occurring in sediment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-butanoic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butanoic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. n-Butanoic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-butanoic acid is expected to have very high to high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 64 and experimental Koc values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 in mud, muddy sand, and sand. The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be slow based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. n-Butanoic acid may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, n-butanoic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated and experimental Koc values. n-Butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in the environment based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be slow based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 64 and 471 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-butanoic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butanoic acid is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butanoic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing n-butanoic acid. (SRC)

n-Butanoic acid is present in butter as an ester to the extent of 4-5%(1). It occurs as glyceride in animal milk fats(2). Butyric acid has been found in essential oils of: Citronella ceylon, Eucalyptus globulus, Araucaria cunninghamii, Lippia scaberrima, Monarda fistulosa, Cajeput, Heracleum giganteum, Lavender, Hedeoma pulegioides, Valerian, Nutmeg, Hops, Pastinaca sativa, and Spanish anise(3). It has also been identified in strawberry aroma(3). n-Butanoic acid is found in vegetable oils and in animal fluids, such as sweat, tissue fluids, and milk fat(4). Free n-butanoic acid is an important metabolite in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins(4). n-Butanoic acid may arise from natural fermentive processes occurring in sediment(5). It has also been detected as a volatile flavor component in the fruit of the deciduous palm Dalieb(6). n-Butanoic acid was the principal metabolite in a growth medium containing an aquatic actinomycete streptomyces species and represented the greatest potential as an odorous water pollutant under natural conditions(7).

n-Butanoic acid's production and use as a material for the manufacture of ester perfume and flavor ingredients, in pharmaceuticals, deliming agents, disinfectants, emulsifying agents, for sweetening gasolines, for varnishes, in animal feeds, and as a decalcifier of hides(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). n-Butanoic acid may also enter the environment as a result of the biological breakdown of other organic compounds(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 64(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.79(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), and experimental values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 in mud, muddy sand, and sand(4), indicate that n-butanoic acid is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82(5), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization of butyric acid from moist soil surfaces is expected to be slow(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(7). n-Butanoic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg(8). N-butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in terrestrial environments based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge(9,10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), experimental Koc values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 on a clastic mud (3.5% organic carbon), a lateritic muddy sand (1.3% organic carbon), and a fine carbonate sand (0.17% organic carbon), respectively(2), indicate that n-butanoic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82(5), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be slow(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 64 and 471 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.79(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). n-Butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in aquatic environments based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge(10,11).

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 2750 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Daphnia magna (Water flea) 61 mg/L/48 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 200 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill sunfish) 5000 mg/L/24 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/ /Sodium salt/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for n-BUTYRIC ACID (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

n-Butanoic acid's production and use as a material for the manufacture of perfume and flavor ingredients, in pharmaceuticals, deliming agents, disinfectants, emulsifying agents, for sweetening gasolines, for varnishes, in animal feeds, and as a decalcifier of hides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Butanoic acid has been found in butter, essential oils, strawberry aroma, vegetable oils, and animal fluids, such as sweat, tissue fluids, and milk fat. n-Butanoic acid may also arise from natural fermentation processes occurring in sediment. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-butanoic acid will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butanoic acid will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. n-Butanoic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-butanoic acid is expected to have very high to high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 64 and experimental Koc values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 in mud, muddy sand, and sand. The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82, indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be slow based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. n-Butanoic acid may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, n-butanoic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated and experimental Koc values. n-Butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in the environment based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be slow based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 64 and 471 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-butanoic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butanoic acid is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butanoic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing n-butanoic acid. (SRC)

n-Butanoic acid is present in butter as an ester to the extent of 4-5%(1). It occurs as glyceride in animal milk fats(2). Butyric acid has been found in essential oils of: Citronella ceylon, Eucalyptus globulus, Araucaria cunninghamii, Lippia scaberrima, Monarda fistulosa, Cajeput, Heracleum giganteum, Lavender, Hedeoma pulegioides, Valerian, Nutmeg, Hops, Pastinaca sativa, and Spanish anise(3). It has also been identified in strawberry aroma(3). n-Butanoic acid is found in vegetable oils and in animal fluids, such as sweat, tissue fluids, and milk fat(4). Free n-butanoic acid is an important metabolite in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins(4). n-Butanoic acid may arise from natural fermentive processes occurring in sediment(5). It has also been detected as a volatile flavor component in the fruit of the deciduous palm Dalieb(6). n-Butanoic acid was the principal metabolite in a growth medium containing an aquatic actinomycete streptomyces species and represented the greatest potential as an odorous water pollutant under natural conditions(7).

n-Butanoic acid's production and use as a material for the manufacture of ester perfume and flavor ingredients, in pharmaceuticals, deliming agents, disinfectants, emulsifying agents, for sweetening gasolines, for varnishes, in animal feeds, and as a decalcifier of hides(1-3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). n-Butanoic acid may also enter the environment as a result of the biological breakdown of other organic compounds(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 64(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.79(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), and experimental values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 in mud, muddy sand, and sand(4), indicate that n-butanoic acid is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82(5), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization of butyric acid from moist soil surfaces is expected to be slow(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(7). n-Butanoic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg(8). N-butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in terrestrial environments based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge(9,10).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), experimental Koc values of 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7 on a clastic mud (3.5% organic carbon), a lateritic muddy sand (1.3% organic carbon), and a fine carbonate sand (0.17% organic carbon), respectively(2), indicate that n-butanoic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82(5), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be slow(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 64 and 471 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.79(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). n-Butanoic acid may be susceptible to biodegradation in aquatic environments based on the observed degradation of 72% after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge(10,11).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-butanoic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase butyric acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.40X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). n-Butanoic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4).

AEROBIC: At an initial concentration of 100 mg/L, n-butanoic acid displayed a 72% theoretical biological oxygen demand (BODT) after 5 hours when incubated with activated sludge(1,2). n-Butanoic acid at an initial concentration of 5 ppm displayed a BODT of 76.6% in fresh water and 72.4% in sea water after 5 days(3). n-Butanoic acid had a BODT of 17.4%, 23.8%, 26.2%, and 27.7% after 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours, respectively, when incubated with an activated sludge seed at an initial concentration of 500 ppm(4). In a screening study, n-butanoic acid displayed a 46%, 48%, and 58% BODT after 2, 10, and 30 days, respectively, using a sewage seed(5). In a screening study using a sewage seed, n-butanoic acid had a 5 day BODT of 72-78% and a 20 day BODT of 92-99%(6,7). Several other screening studies with activated sludge inoculum have shown that n-butanoic acid is amenable to biodegradation under aerobic conditions(8-10).

ANAEROBIC: In two enriched methanogenic anaerobic microflora populations of two continuous laboratory digesters feed with acetate (6 g/L) or glucose (10 g/L) as the main carbon sources, the maximum degradation rate constant for n-butanoic acid (concentration range 0.4-2.5 g/L) was calculated to be 5.10 and 23.76 mg/L/hr, respectively(1). In the acetate inoculum, complete depletion of n-butanoic acid took about 8 days(1). n-Butanoic acid, present at 30 mg-C/L, reached 100% biodegradation in 7 days using a seeding bacteria at 100 mg-C/L under anaerobic conditions(2). In a screening study, methanogenic microbes raised on acetate were found to completely remove n-butanoic acid after a 3 day lag period at a rate of 284 mg/L/day, initial concentration not provided(3). In a laboratory experiment using a flow-through methanogenic digester with a sewage sludge seed, n-butanoic acid was found to be amenable to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-butanoic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.00X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(1), 1.80X10-12 cu-cm/molec-sec(2) and 2.40X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(4). n-Butanoic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(5). n-Butanoic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(5).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for n-butanoic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.79(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of n-butanoic acid is estimated as 64(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.79(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). Experimental Koc values for n-butanoic acid on a clastic mud (3.5% organic carbon), a lateritic muddy sand (1.3% organic carbon), and a fine carbonate sand (0.17% organic carbon) were 19.1, 27.6, and 14.7, respectively(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these estimated and experimental Koc values suggest that n-butanoic acid is expected to have very high to high mobility in soil. The percent of n-butanoic acid sorbed to a kalonite or montmorillonite clay at 22 °C was 14.0% and 19.9% after 48 hours, respectively, which increased to 31.4% and 24.2%, respectively, after 144 hours(5). In a field study in which 100 ppm n-butanoic acid was injected underground, the retardation, relative to the linear ground-water velocity, was calculated to be 3%(6). N-butanoic acid is listed as a compound displaying an L-type adsorption isotherm, indicating that specific binding sites may be involved(7). Experimental studies in indicate that adsorption of n-butanoic acid to moist soil is dominated by attractive forces between the compound and soil and not by hydrophobic interactions(8). The pKa of n-butanoic acid is 4.82(9), indicating that this compound will primarily exist in the anion in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(10).

The Henry's Law constant for n-butanoic acid is measured as 5.35X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-butanoic acid is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 64 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 471 days(SRC). A pKa of 4.82(3) indicates n-butanoic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(4). n-Butanoic acid's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Butanoic acid is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.65 mm Hg(5).

GROUNDWATER: Studies near a closed wood preserving facility in Pensacola, FL found n-butanoic acid concentrations in ground water ranging from 12.87 mg/L at 6 m depth and 0.17 mg/L at 18 m depth ca. 170 m from the plant site. At ca. 330 m from the site, butyric acid was not detected at any well tested (6-24 m depth)(1). Concentrations of n-butanoic acid in groundwater 0, 24, 36, 46, 56, 66, and 90 meters downgradient of the crude-oil body in Bemidji, Minnesota in 1990 were 0.031, 0.106, 0.053, 0.033, <0.020, 0.064, and 0.027 uM, respectively(2). Groundwater samples collected in 1985 from the sand aquifer at Pensacola, Florida contaminated from a wood-preserving plant that had operated on the site for over 80 years contained n-butanoic acid at a concentration of 20.6 mg/L at a depth of 6.1 meters(3). Groundwater from a different test well downgradient from direct contamination contained n-butanoic acid at concentrations of 2.20 and 1.50 mg/L at depths of 3.3 and 5.8 meters, respectively(3).

DRINKING WATER: n-Butanoic acid was qualitatively identified in four water samples taken from a pilot plant in Evansville, Indiana, that uses various forms of chlorine dioxide treatment for the disinfection of drinking water(1).

SURFACE WATER: The concn of n-butanoic acid in the Ohio River, Little Miami River, and Tanners Creek ranged from 0.1-0.3 ug/L, 0.4-0.5 ug/L, and 0.5 ug/L, respectively(1).

n-Butanoic acid was detected at a concentration range of 0.262 to 0.97 ppbv in gasoline engine exhaust samples from five different automobiles and was also found at a concentration of 0.42 ppbv in a diesel engine exhaust sample(1). Mean emission factors of butyric acid in smoldering smoke from litter and duff and from the self-sustained smoldering smoke from bark, litter, and duff (collected from ponderosa pine in northwestern Montana) fires were 0.08, 0.035, 0.14, 0.08, and 0.039 g/kg dry mass of fuel consumed, respectively(4). No n-butanoic acid was detected in the smoldering smoke from wood, needles, bark, and humus fires(2). n-Butanoic acid was qualitatively detected in kitchen waste exudate from household waste collected in Denmark(3).

n-Butanoic acid was detected in 1 of 7 aqueous effluent samples from energy-related processes at a concentration of 90 ppb(1). It was detected both in the primary and secondary effluent of sewage treatment plants at concentrations ranging from 17-1,540 ug/L, although the concentration was always lower in the secondary effluent(2). n-Butanoic acid was measured in the automobile exhaust at a concentration of 0.123 ppb(3). The effluent from a landfill in Norman, OK, 1972, contained n-butanoic acid at an estimated concentration of 1.5 ug/L(4,5). It was detected in solid waste leachates in the Netherlands, UK, Canada, France, and Spain representing from 0.34% to 8.5% of the volatile fatty acid fraction(6). It was also identified in the leachate from low-level radioactive waste disposal sites in KY and NY(7). n-Butanoic acid was detected in the leachate from a 1 year old simulated solid waste landfill at a concentration of 48.8 g/L, representing 65% of the acid fraction(8) and it has been detected in the leachate from a Barcelona, Spain, sanitary landfill(9). Australian oil shale retort water contained n-butanoic acid at a concentration of 174 mg/L(10).

SEDIMENT: n-Butanoic acid was detected in the sediment of Loch Eil, Scotland, at a conc ranging from trace to 160 ug/g dry weight(1). Detected at a conc of 0.273 mg/g in the sediment of Lake Biwa, Japan, 1981(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: n-Butanoic acid was detected at a concentration range of 0.009 to 0.050 ppbv in atmosphere samples collected in and around Los Angeles in Southern California in 1984(1). An average n-butanoic acid concentration of 0.58 ug/cu m was detected in the urban atmosphere across four sampling sites in Los Angeles, California during a photochemical smog episode in September 1993(2). The concentration of n-butanoic acid in Los Angeles, CA, July and September 1984, ranged from 0.014-0.083 ppb (8 samples)(3).

INDOOR: n-Butanoic acid was detected at concentrations of 0.0049 and 0.016 ppbv in air samples collected from a greenhouse at UCLA in 1984 during the night and day, respectively(1). n-Butanoic acid was qualitatively detected in 1 of 44 air samples taken from a chamber simulating indoor conditions containing wood-based furniture with different coatings(2). n-Butanoic acid was detected in indoor air samples taken from an established (more than 3 months old) school building at a mean concentration of 25 ug/cu m(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: n-Butanoic acid was detected at a mean concentration of 0.01 ug/cu m in atmosphere samples taken from San Nicolas Island, a remote site off the coast of Southern California, in September 1993(1).

n-Butanoic acid was qualitatively detected in the lipid volatile fraction of raw beef(1). Strawberry jam contained butyric acid at a concentration of 620.5 mg/kg(2). n-Butanoic acid was qualitatively identified as a flavor compound in pine sprout tea made with fresh pine sprouts for Korean red pine trees collected in May-June 1995(3). n-Butanoic acid was identified as a volatile component of baked potatoes(4). It has also been detected as a volatile flavor component in the fruit of the deciduous palm Dalieb at a concentration of 58 mg/kg pulp(5).

n-Butanoic acid was detected at a mean concentration of 243 ng/g in salt-fermented anchovy volatiles obtained from a fish market in Masan, Korea(1).

n-Butanoic acid was detected at concentrations of 0.08 and 109 ug/g (wet weight) in rotten mussels and fresh mussels, respectively, that were collected off the Oarai coast in Ibaraki, Japan in 1985(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 11,600 workers (3,391 of these are female) are potentially exposed to n-butanoic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-butanoic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butanoic acid is produced or used(SRC). n-Butanoic acid has been detected as an emission during the welding of steel coated with protective paints(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butanoic acid via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound and other products containing n-butanoic acid(SRC).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Activated carbon.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for butyric acid: Concentration process: Resin adsorption.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-BUTYRIC ACID (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2820; Butyric Acid

IMO 8.0; Butyric acid

49 314 14; Butyric acid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: C; R: 34; S: (1/2)-26-36-45

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: III