Vinyl Acetate

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 2185) of reports.

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H332 (56.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (56.7%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (57.8%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H412 (28.9%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 2185 reports by companies from 39 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 2185 reports by companies.

There are 38 notifications provided by 2184 of 2185 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

Not Classified

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria by 1 of 1 companies. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H313: May be harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264+P265, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Vinyl Acetate Monomer Exposure: Vinyl acetate monomer may irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; blisters may form. Inhalation of vapors may result in dizziness or suffocation.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to vinyl acetate monomer may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to vinyl acetate monomer.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to vinyl acetate monomer.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

3. Vomiting may be induced with syrup of Ipecac. If elapsed time since ingestion of vinyl acetate monomer is unknown or suspected to be greater than 30 minutes, do not induce vomiting and proceed to Step

4.Ipecac should not be administered to children under 6 months of age.Warning: Syrup of Ipecac should be administered only if victims are alert, have an active gag-reflex, and show no signs of impending seizure or coma. If ANY uncertainty exists, proceed to Step

4.The following dosages of Ipecac are recommended: children up to 1 year old, 10 mL (1/3 oz); children 1 to 12 years old, 15 mL (1/2 oz); adults, 30 mL (1 oz). Ambulate (walk) the victims and give large quantities of water. If vomiting has not occurred after 15 minutes, Ipecac may be readministered. Continue to ambulate and give water to the victims. If vomiting has not occurred within 15 minutes after second administration of Ipecac, administer activated charcoal.

4. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

5. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) is recommended for adults.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

Wear self-contained (positive pressure if available) breathing apparatus and full protective clothing. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after the fire is out. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tank due to fire. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. Small fires: extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or alcohol foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or alcohol foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, foam, powder, carbon dioxide, fine water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide.

Evacuation: If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame--consider evacuation of 0.5 (1/2) mile radius. If material leaking (not on fire) consider evacuation from downwind area based on amount of material spilled, location & weather conditions. /Vinyl acetate, inhibited/

Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Use water only in flooding quantities as fog. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

Flammable liquid. Moderate health hazard.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, sawdust, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling agent to immobilize spill. Apply fluorocarbon-water foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.

Environmental considerations: water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use surface active agent (eg detergent, soaps, alcohols), if approved by EPA. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon @ ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Notify local health and wildlife officals /in case of spill/. Notify operaters of nearby water intakes /in case of spill/.

Environmental considerations--air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vinyl acetate: Concentration process: Activated Carbon.

Do not empty into drains.

Vinyl acetate is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amt of water or soap & water. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

If material not on fire & not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, & other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources & sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors & dilute standing pools of liquid.

Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious); polymerization hazard]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, acids and bases. Keep in the dark. Well closed. Store only if stabilized. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

It can be stored in steel, aluminum, or stainless steel containers under nitrogen. It is not necessary to add stabilizers at lower temperatures. If the vinyl acetate is to be warmed, stabilizers, such as hydroquinone, hydroquinone monomethyl ether, or diphenylamine are added. The quantity of stabilizer used is small, e.g., 3 -20 ppm hydroquinone, so that it does not generally need to be removed during the later polymerization.

Storage Temperature: Ambient. Inert Atmosphere: No requirement.

Take precautionary measures against static discharges.

Vinyl acetate shall be stored at temperatures less than 37.8 °C (100 °F) in well-ventilated areas and kept away from ignition sources such as heat and direct sunlight. No heating apparatus capable of exceeding 80% of the autoignition temperature of vinyl acetate (427 °C) shall be used in vinyl acetate storage areas. The storage of vinyl acetate in glass containers should not be in the same areas as oxidizing agents or other incompatible chemicals. Containers of vinyl acetate shall be kept tightly closed when not in use and shall be stored so as to minimize accidental ruptures and spills.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

Level of Distinct Odor Awareness (LOA) = 0.25 ppm

AEGLs Status: Final

6.7 [ppm]

36 [ppm]

180 [ppm]

4 ppm (15 mg/m³), [15 minutes]

C 4 ppm (15 mg/m3) [15-minute]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

10.0 [ppm]

15.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 15 ppm.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

10 ppm as TWA; 15 ppm as STEL; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

10 ppm [1992]

15 ppm [1992]

17.6 mg/m

Intermediate Inhalation: 0.01 ppm (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Do not use dry chemical extinguishers to control fires involving nitromethane (UN1261) or nitroethane (UN2842).

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

ERPG-1: 5 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

ERPG-2: 75 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 2 = impaired ability to take protective action [AIHA]

ERPG-3: 500 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 3 = life threatening health effects [AIHA]

Vinyl acetate appears as a clear colorless liquid. Flash point 18 °F. Density 7.8 lb / gal. Slightly soluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Vapors irritate the eyes and respiratory system. May polymerize if heated or contaminated. If polymerization occurs inside a container, the container may violently rupture. Used to make adhesives, paints, and plastics.

Liquid; Other Solid; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor. [Note: Raw material for many polyvinyl resins.]; [NIOSH] Polymerizes when exposed to light; [ACGIH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor.

Colorless liquid with a pleasant, fruity odor. [Note: Raw material for many polyvinyl resins.]

COLORLESS, MOBILE LIQUID

Clear, colorless liquid

An initially pleasant odor which quickly becomes sharp and irritating ... Not unpleasant , sweetish smell in small quantities

162 to 163 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

72.50 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

72.8 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-136 °F (EPA, 1998)

-93.2 °C

18 °F (EPA, 1998)

-8 °C, closed cup

-8 °C, 18 °F (CLOSED CUP)

0.5-0.9 °C (open cup)

-8 °C c.c.

2 % (NIOSH, 2024)

Sol in ethane, acetone, chloroform

Soluble in organic liquids

> 10% in ethyl ether; > 10% in ethanol; > 10% in benzene

At 20 °C, a saturated solution of vinyl acetate in water contains 2.0-2.4 wt % vinyl acetate, whereas a saturated solution of water in vinyl acetate contains 0.9-1.0 wt % water; at 50 °C, the solubility of vinyl acetate in water is 0.1 wt % more than at 20 °C, but the solubility of water in vinyl acetate doubles to about 2 wt %

For more Solubility (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

20 mg/mL at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 2 (poor)

0.932 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

0.932 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.93

0.9256 @25 °C

3 (EPA, 1998) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.0 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.0

83 to 140 mmHg at 68 to 86 °F (EPA, 1998)

115.0 [mmHg]

90.2 mm Hg at 20 °C /extrapolated/

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 11.7

75 [mm Hg] @16.2 °C

log Kow = 0.73

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Esters, Sulfate Esters, Phosphate Esters, Thiophosphate Esters, and Borate Esters

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Polymerizable Compounds

Highly Flammable

Polymerizable

Strong Reducing Agent

Peroxidizable Compound

VINYL ACETATE may undergo spontaneous exothermic polymerization on exposure to light. Reacts with air or water to produces peroxides that initiate explosively violent polymerization. Reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form explosive peracetic acid. Reacts with oxygen to form explosive peroxides. Forms explosive vinyl acetate ozonide on contact with ozone. Undergoes violent or explosive reactions with 2-aminoethanol, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, mineral acids (hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, oleum), and peroxides [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1311]. Polymerization initiated by dibenzoyl peroxide in ethyl acetate accelerated out of control, ignited and exploded [Vervalin, 1973, p. 81]. Polymerization in toluene solution has caused several large industrial explosions [MCA Case History No. 2087].

Vinyl acetate vapor may react vigorously in contact with silica gel or alumina.

Reaction with air or water to form peroxides... has caused several large industrial explosions. Reaction with hydrogen peroxide forms the explosive peracetic acid. Reacts with oxygen above 50 °Celsius... . Reacts with ozone to form the explosive vinyl acetate ozonide.... The vapor may react vigorously with desiccants (e.g., silica gel or alumina). Incompatable (explosive) with 2-amino ethanol, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, HCl, HF, HNO3, oleum, peroxides, H2SO4.

MIXING VINYL ACETATE /WITH EACH OF THE FOLLOWING CMPD, 2-AMINOETHANOL, CHLOROSULFONIC ACID, ETHYLENEIMINE, 36% HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 48.7% HYDROFLUORIC ACID, 70% NITRIC ACID, OLEUM, 96% SULFURIC ACID, & ETHYLENE DIAMINE/ IN A CLOSED CONTAINER CAUSED TEMP & PRESSURE TO INCREASE.

POLYMERIZATION OF THE ESTER WITH DIBENZOYL PEROXIDE IN ETHYL ACETATE ACCELERATED OUT OF CONTROL & LED TO DISCHARGE OF LARGE VOL OF VAPOR WHICH IGNITED & EXPLODED.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acids, bases, silica gel, alumina, oxidizers, azo compounds, ozone [Note: Usually contains a stabilizer (e.g., hydroquinone or diphenylamine) to prevent polymerization.]

Vinyl acetate

C: Compounds that autopolymerize due to peroxide formation if inhibitors are depleated or not present

1 sample had 0 ppm peroxide; age 3 yrs

Susceptible to polymerization and several explosions in industrial settings have been recorded. See Bretherick's.

Harmon, 1974, 2.19

Levy, L. B., Process Safety Progress, 1993,12(1), 47

Gustin, J. L. et al., Chem. Abs., 1998, 129, 264630g

Copelli, S. et al., J. Haz. Mat., 2011, 192(1), 8

Barnes, C. E. et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1950, 72, 210

Lewis, R.J. Sr. (ed) Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 11th Edition. Wiley-Interscience, Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ. 2004., p. 3672

https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+@rel+108-05-4

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Polyvinyl acetate usually contains trace amounts of its precursor, vinyl acetate. One of the metabolites of vinyl acetate, acetaldehyde, is a known animal carcinogen. Acetaldehyde can form adducts with DNA, causing damage such as cross-links. (L1304, A354)

One of the metabolites of vinyl acetate, acetaldehyde, is a known animal carcinogen. Acetaldehyde can form adducts with DNA, causing damage such as cross-links. (L1304, A354)

Vinyl acetate

Respiratory

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Acetate, Vinyl

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate. There is limited evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate. Overall evaluation: Vinyl acetate is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). In making the overall evaluation, the working group took into account the following evidence: (1) Vinyl acetate is rapidly transformed into acetaldehyde in human blood and animal tissues. (2) There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of acetaldehyde. Both vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde induce nasal cancer in rats after administration by inhalation. (3) Vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde are genotoxic in human cells in vitro and on animals in vivo.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

Volume 63: (1995) Dry Cleaning, Some Chlorinated Solvents and Other Industrial Chemicals

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans. (L135)

Vinyl acetate may affect the immune system. It may also be a carcinogen. (L1304)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L1304) ; Inhalation (L1304) ; Dermal (L1304)

Oral (L565) ; inhalation (L565) ; dermal (L565)

Sore throat. Cough. Shortness of breath.

Redness. Dry skin.

Redness.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; hoarseness, cough; loss of smell; eye burns, skin blisters

Inhalation of vinyl acetate irritates the eyes, nose, and throat. Skin contact causes irritation and blisters. (L1304)

Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Lacrimator (Lachrymator) - A substance that irritates the eyes and induces the flow of tears.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

ATSDR Draft

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LC50 (rat) = 3680 ppm/4h

LD50: 2.92 g/kg (Oral, Rat) (T55)

LC50: 2511 ppm over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rabbit) (T20)

LC50 Rat inhalation 3680 ppm/4 hr

LC50; Species: Carassius auratus (Goldfish, length 3.8-6.4 cm, weight 1-2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 18 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 42330 ug/L for 24-96 hr (95% confidence interval: 33520-53470 ug/L) /formulation/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, length 3.8-6.4 cm, weight 1-2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 18 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 18530 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 15730-22070 ug/L) /formulation/

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill, length 3.8-6.4 cm, weight 1-2 g); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 7.5, hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 18 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.8 mg/L; Concentration: 18000 ug/L for 48 and 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 15040-21540 ug/L) /formulation/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow, age 1 day); Conditions: freshwater, static, 25 °C, pH 8.2, hardness 172 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 144 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen saturated; Concentration: 14000 ug/L for 24 hr /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (36 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...Three species of Lecane, a littoral rotifer, /were analyzed/ for susceptibility to six metals and four organic toxicants using a fluorometric assay based on inhibition of activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2. The metallic toxicants that we tested included Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg (as HgCl2), and Ti; the organic toxicants included benzene, ethyl acetate, toluene, and vinyl acetate. The three species differed greatly with respect to their susceptibility to the various toxicants. Lecane quadridentata, for example, was particularly sensitive to the four organic compounds (median effective concentration values [EC50] ranged from 6.6 x 10-4 to 0.987 mg/L). Lecane luna, in contrast, seemed particularly sensitive to metals (EC50 values ranged from 2 x 10-6 to 1.92 mg/L). Lecane hamata was relatively insensitive to organic solvents (EC50 values ranged from 4.25 to 126.5 mg/L).

9.10e+02

3.80e+03

2.10e+02

8.80e+02

4.10e+02

3.00e+01

8.70e-02

1.00e+00

2.00e-01

Volatile

2.75e+03

2.70e+03

1.20e+04

6.30e+02

2.60e+03

1.20e+03

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Vinyl acetate's production and use as a monomer for making poly(vinyl acetate) and vinyl acetate copolymers, in the production of paints, sealants, coatings, and binders and in miscellaneous uses such as chewing gum and tablet coatings may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 90.2 mm Hg at 20 °C indicates vinyl acetate will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase vinyl acetate is expected to be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours. If released to soil, vinyl acetate is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 60. Although leaching is possible, concurrent hydrolysis will decrease its importance. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is also expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Vinyl acetate may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Polymerization may occur in sunlight. Biodegradation of vinyl acetate may be an important environmental fate process in soil under both aerobic (51 to 62% biodegradation reached in 5 day BOD test using sewage inoculum) and anaerobic conditions (nearly complete degradation in 26 hrs); reaction products of acetaldehyde and acetate are formed under both oxygen conditions. If released to water, Vinyl acetate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based on the estimated Koc value. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based on its estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 4 days, respectively. A 98% of theoretical BOD was reported using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test, suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water. An estimated BCF of 3.2 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Degradation by hydrolysis (half-life of 7.3 days at 25 °C and pH 7) and by photochemically produced oxidants will occur. Occupational exposure to vinyl acetate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where vinyl acetate is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to vinyl acetate through inhalation and dermal contact with products containing vinyl acetate; limited exposure may occur via ingestion from its use in chewing gum and tablet coatings. (SRC)

With the exception of an isolated report of an occurrence in trace quantities in plants /watercress/, it is not known whether vinyl acetate is a natural product.

Vinyl acetate's production and use as a monomer for making poly(vinyl acetate) and vinyl acetate copolymers, in the production of paints, films, sealants, lacquers, coatings, food packaging, and binders, in chewing gum and as a tablet coating(1,2) and safety glass(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Vinyl acetate can be released to the environment from industrial sources and biomass combustion(4). Waste gases from scrubbers (generated during the industrial manufacture of vinyl acetate) may contain trace levels of vinyl acetate(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.73(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that vinyl acetate is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of vinyl acetate from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 90.2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(5). However, a hydrolysis half-life of 7.3 days (25 °C and pH 7)(6) indicates that hydrolysis may occur in moist soils and is expected to attenuate leaching in the soil column(SRC). Vinyl acetate is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Vinyl acetate readily polymerizes; therefore, if vinyl acetate is released to the environment, polymerization may occur(SRC). Complete biodegradation of vinyl acetate occurred using a soil inoculum within 26 hours under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions; acetaldehyde and acetate were formed as reaction products under both oxygen conditions(7). This suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 60(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.73(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that vinyl acetate is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 90.2 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Vinyl acetate is degraded in natural water by hydrolysis with an estimated hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C and pH 7 of 7.3 days(8); the hydrolysis rate increases as the pH increases(8). Reaction with hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen in natural water may proceed with half-lives of approximately 13 and 8 days, respectively, based on rates determined for olefinic structures(9). A 98% of theoretical BOD was reported using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(10), suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), vinyl acetate, which has a vapor pressure of 90.2 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase vinyl acetate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 14 hours(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 2.50X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Vapor-phase vinyl acetate may also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(4); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3.9 days(SRC).

AEROBIC: Values of 42% and 51.3% theoretical of BOD for vinyl acetate were reached in 5 days when incubated in marine water and sewage inoculum, respectively(1). 62% and 72% of theoretical BOD values were measured in 5 and 20 days, respectively, using an acclimated sewage inoculum(2); 51 and 69% of theoretical BOD values were measured in 5 and 15 days, respectively, in marine water containing a synthetic sewage seed(2). CO2 evolution of 27 and 49% over 19 and 38 days incubation, respectively, was obtained using a non-acclimated sewage inoculum(3); 58% CO2 evolution in 22 days was obtained using an acclimated sewage inoculum(3). CO2 evolution of 42% in 10 days was measured using an acclimated sewage inoculum(4). Vinyl acetate, initial concentration of 20 mM, was readily degraded using aerobic sewage (nearly complete degradation in 7.5 hrs) with reaction products of acetaldehyde and acetate formed(5). Vinyl acetate, present at 100 mg/L, reached 98% of its theoretical BOD in two weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(6).

ANAEROBIC: 100% degradation of vinyl acetate was observed following a 3-day lag period using the Hungate Serum Bottle technique (anaerobic conditions) and enriched methane cultures(1). Vinyl acetate, initial concentration of 20 mM, was readily degraded under anaerobic conditions using soil, with nearly complete degradation observed in 26 hrs; using an anaerobic sludge inocula nearly complete degradation was observed in 5 hrs(2). Biodegradation products of acetaldehyde and acetate were formed(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of vinyl acetate with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.50X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 14 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of vinyl acetate with ozone has been measured as 2.92X10-18 cu cm/molecule-sec at 18 °C(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3.9 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(1).

The aqueous hydrolysis half-life of vinyl acetate at 25 °C and pH 7 has been reported to be 7.3 days(1); the hydrolysis rate will increase as the pH increases(1). A second-order rate constant for the basic hydrolysis of vinyl acetate in water at 25 °C was reported as 4.25 L/mole-sec(2), corresponding to a half-life of about 2 days at pH 8(SRC). The hydrolysis rate at pH 4.4 has been reported to be minimal(4). The half-lives for olefinic structures in sunlit natural waters are about 13 and 8 days with respect to reaction via hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, respectively(3). Vinyl acetate does not absorb UV light above 250 nm in ethanol solvent(4), and therefore it may not be susceptible to direct photolysis in sunlight. Vinyl acetate readily polymerizes(4,5).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for vinyl acetate(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.73(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of vinyl acetate is estimated as approximately 60(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.73(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that vinyl acetate is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for vinyl acetate is estimated as 5.1X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 90.2 mm Hg at 20 °C(1), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that vinyl acetate is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.2 days(SRC). The Henry's Law constant of vinyl acetate indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of vinyl acetate from dry soil surfaces may exist based upon its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: Vinyl acetate was detected not quantified in a river water sample from Great Britain(1).

GROUND WATER: Vinyl acetate was not detected (detection limit not reported) in groundwater samples in EPA region 1-6 and 8-10; no results were given for region 7(1).

Vinyl acetate was qualitatively detected in wastewater effluents collected from the advanced waste treatment facility in Lake Tahoe, CA in Oct 1974(1). A concentration of 50 ppm was detected in a wastewater effluent from a polyvinyl acetate plant(2). Vinyl acetate was identified in municipal landfill gas at an average concentration of 5663 ppbV(3). Vinyl acetate emission factors (based on mass of fuel consumed) were measured in smoke condensates of Ponderosa pine wood (3 g/kg, smoldering; 0.05 g/kg, flaming), needles (2.0 g/kg, smoldering), bark (1 g/kg, smoldering; 0.5 g/kg, self-substained smoldering), litter (0.7 g/kg, smoldering; 0.5 g/kg, self-substained smoldering), duff (0.15 g/kg, smoldering; 0.3 g/kg, self-substained smoldering), and humus (not detected, detection limit not specified)(4). Pulverized coal combustion emission factors using a small-scale down-fired combustor were reported as follows: not detected to 4.179X10-7 lb/10+6 Btu for baseline conditions; not detected to 4.274X10-7 lb/10+6 Btu for stoichiometric ratio conditions; and 2.081X10-8 to 3.684X10-7 lb/10+6 Btu for low NOx conditions (detection limit = 10 ng per sample)(5).

Vinyl acetate can be released to the environment from industrial sources and biomass combustion(1). Waste gases from scrubbers (generated during the industrial manufacture of vinyl acetate) may contain trace levels of vinyl acetate(2). An emission factor of 6.22 ug/g vinyl acetate from extruded ethylene-vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate copolymer (28% vinyl acetate) was determined experimentally at 435 °C under laboratory conditions. All low density polyethylene and ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers with vinyl acetate emitted >0.01 ug/g vinyl acetate at 435 °C(3).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for vinyl acetate: Concentration process: Activated Carbon.

Do not empty into drains.

Vinyl acetate is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Vinyl acetate, stabilized/

/GUIDE 129P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Vinyl acetate, stabilized/

/GUIDE 129P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Vinyl acetate, stabilized/

/GUIDE 129P: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Vinyl acetate, stabilized/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for VINYL ACETATE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1301 129P

UN 1301; Vinyl acetate, stabilized

IMO 3.2; Vinyl acetate, stabilized

49 072 70; Vinyl acetate, flammable liquid, polymerizable

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ... should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical Carcinogens/

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F; R: 11; S: (2)-16-23-29-33

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II