Maleic Anhydride

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (2 of 4575) of reports.

H302 (> 99.9%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H314 (> 99.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317 (> 99.9%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H318 (26.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H334 (> 99.9%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]

H372 (16.8%): Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4575 reports by companies from 67 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 4575 reports by companies.

There are 66 notifications provided by 4573 of 4575 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P233, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P363, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash immediately - If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases. CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

SMALL FIRE: CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. NO powder.

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Water stream or foam may cause frothing. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or water spray.

Reacts violently with fire extinguishing agents such as powder.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.

· DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers.

· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

Small Spill

· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES /Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures/ Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust.

Ventilate area of spill. For small quantities, sweep onto paper or other suitable material, place in an appropriate container and burn in a safe place (such as fume hood). Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this is not practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such as alcohol) and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber equipped with an appropriate effluent gas cleaning device. Large quantities should be collected in the most convenient and safe manner for reclamation or disposal in a secured sanitary landfill.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U147, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Maleic anhydride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration; care must be taken that complete oxidation to nontoxic products occurs.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

/Product/ Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. /Contaminated packaging/ Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Promptly remove non-impervious clothing that becomes contaminated.

Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Store only in original container. Separated from strong oxidants, strong reducing agents and incompatible materials. Dry. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Moisture sensitive. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, corrosive hazardous materials

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from alkalies, alkali metals, amines, and oxidizing materials.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.08 [mg/m3], (can also occur as vapor and aerosol)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

0.20 [ppm]

5.0 [ppm]

20 [ppm]

0.25 ppm (1 mg/m³)

TWA 1 mg/m3 (0.25 ppm)

1.0 [mg/m3]

10 mg/m3 (NIOSH, 2024)

10.0 [mg/m3]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: In volunteers, 6 to 8 mg/m3 caused nasal irritation within 1 minute and ocular irritation after 15 to 20 minutes [Gervais 1967]. In another study, concentrations of 10 mg/m3 and higher were found to be extremely irritating [IHFA 1969].

10 mg/cu m

10 mg/m³

10 mg/m3

See: 108316

0.01 [mg/m3], Inhalable fraction and vapor

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.01 mg/cu m (inhalable fraction and vapor), dermal sensitization, respiratory sensitization.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

0.01 mg/m

0.01 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2010]

0.081 mg/m

· Note: Most foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.

CAUTION: For Acetyl bromide (UN1716), use CO2 or dry chemical only.

Small Fire

· CO2, dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

ERPG-1: 0.2 ppm - one hour exposure limit: 1 = mild transient health effects or objectionable odor [AIHA]

Maleic anhydride appears as colorless crystalline needles, flakes, pellets, rods, briquettes, lumps or a fused mass. Melts at 113 °F. Shipped both as a solid and in the molten state. Vapors, fumes and dusts strong irritate the eyes, skin and mucous membranes. Flash point 218 °F. Autoignition temperature 890 °F. Used to make paints and plastics and other chemicals.

Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Liquid

Colorless needles, white lumps, or pellets with an irritating, choking odor; [NIOSH] Deliquescent; [CHEMINFO]

COLOURLESS OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH PUNGENT ODOUR.

Colorless needles, white lumps, or pellets with an irritating, choking odor.

Orthorhombic needles from chloroform; commercial grades furnished in fused form, as briquettes

Colorless needles or white lumps or pellets

Needles from ether or chloroform

Pungent odor

... Irritating, choking odor

387 to 390 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

202.0 °C at 760 mm Hg

202 °C @760 [mm Hg]

127 °F (NTP, 1992)

52.56 °C

218 °F (NTP, 1992)

102 °C (closed cup)

110 °C (open cup)

102 °C c.c.

Soluble; decomposes in hot solvent (NTP, 1992)

In water: reaction with water

Soluble in water, forming maleic acids

Solubility at 25 °C: 227 g/100 g acetone; 112 g/100 g ethyl acetate; 52.5 g/100 g chloroform; 50 g/100 g benzene; 23.4 g/100 toluene; 19.4 g/100 g o-xylene; 0.60 g/100 g carbon tetrachloride; 0.25 g/100 g ligroin; soluble in dioxane; soluble in alcohol with ester formation

Soluble in ether

Solubility in water: reaction, releasing heat

1.43 at 59 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

0.934 at 20 °C/4 °C

1.5 g/cm³

1.43 at 59 °F

1.314 @ 60°C

3.38 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

0.2 mmHg (NIOSH, 2024)

0.25 [mmHg]

2.5X10-1 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 20 °C: 21

0.2 mmHg

7.5 [mm Hg] @73.7 °C

log Kow = 1.62

1.62 (calculated)

Soluble in water. Reacts slowly with water to form maleic acid and heat.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Anhydrides

Known Catalytic Activity

Water-Reactive

MALEIC ANHYDRIDE react vigorously on contact with oxidizing materials. Reacts exothermically with water or steam. Undergoes violent exothermic decomposition reactions, producing carbon dioxide, in the presence of strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium), aliphatic amines (dimethylamine, trimethylamine), aromatic amines (pyridine, quinoline) at temperatures above 150 °C [Vogler, C. A. et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 1963, 8, p. 620]. A 0.1% solution of pyridine (or other tertiary amine) in maleic anhydride at 185 °C gives an exothermic decomposition with rapid evolution of gas [Chem Eng. News 42(8); 41 1964]. Maleic anhydride is known as an excellent dienophile in the Diels-Alder reaction to produce phthalate ester derivatives. These reactions can be extremely violent, as in the case of 1-methylsilacyclopentadiene [J. Organomet., Chem., 1979, 179, c19]. Maleic anhydride undergoes a potentially explosive exothermic Diels-Alder reaction with 1-methylsilacyclopenta-2,4-diene at 150C [Barton, T. J., J. Organomet. Chem., 1979, 179, C19], and is considered an excellent dieneophile for Diels-Alder reactions [Felthouse, Timothy R. et al. "Maleic Anhydride, Maleic Acid, and Fumaric Acid." Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005].

Incompatible with alkali metals, caustics, and amines at greater than 150 °F.

The presence of a residue of weak sodium hydroxide solution in a pressure vessel caused maleic anhydride to decompose in a runaway explosive reaction. ... Alkali and other alkaline earth compounds such as potassium, lithium, calcium, barium and magnesium compounds, as well as amines and other nitrogen compound will cause explosive decomposition of maleic anhydride.

Use of sodium or potassium carbonate or hydroxide or aqueous ammonia is not recommended for washing equipment which may later contain hot or molten maleic anhydride because of possible explosion.

Strong oxidizing agents, Strong acids, Strong bases, Strong reducing agents, Alkali metals, Amines

Strong oxidizers, water, alkalis, metals, caustics and amines above 150 °F [Note: Reacts slowly with water (hydrolyzes) to form maleic acid.]

Strong oxidizers, water, alkalis, metals, caustics & amines above 150 °F [Note: Reacts slowly with water (hydrolyzes) to form maleic acid.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Maleic anhydride is a solid substance appearing as colorless needles or white crystalline solid. Maleic anhydride is an intermediate, which is used in a wide range of products, mainly in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resins. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Maleic anhydride is irritating to skin in humans. Severe skin burns and itching have been reported following dermal contact. Dust or vapor has been reported to cause conjunctivitis, inflammation and swelling of the eyelids, severe lacrymation and photophobia. Case reports of respiratory irritation, and feelings of nasal irritation and pulmonary discomfort in a volunteer study indicate that maleic anhydride is a respiratory irritant. In the volunteer study, impairment of smell was also reported. A single worker showed a positive skin reaction to a patch test, indicating that skin sensitisation was present. Repeated exposure of workers is associated with asthma as evidenced by a number of case reports. It is not known if the asthma has an immunological background. ANIMAL STUDIES: Inhalation exposure for 6 hours to up to 199 mg/cu m of maleic anhydride vapor did not cause mortality in rats. At the highest concentration, signs of eye and nose irritation were observed. Direct contact with maleic anhydride powder caused severe skin irritation in rabbits, and a 1% solution was highly irritating to their eyes. The principal effects identified in four-week and six-month inhalation studies in rats, hamsters, and Rhesus monkeys were lesions in the respiratory tract including the nose, trachea and lungs. In two rat studies (90 days or 90 and 183 days), dietary administration of maleic anhydride resulted in nephritis. In a two-generation rat study with gavage administration, no effects on fertility were found, however the pregnancy rate of the control group was exceptionally low (50-70%). The only developmental effect seen was a slight reduction in body-weight of pups from the first litter of the first generation, at this dose level (150 mg/kg b.w./day) severe toxicity including mortality was found in the parental animals. Maleic anhydride was negative in the Ames test. An in vitro chromosome aberration test showed a positive effect. An in vivo chromosome aberration test was negative. No treatment-related differences in tumor incidence were found in a dietary carcinogenicity study in rats. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Median tolerance limit for Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish) was found to be 240 mg/L/24 or 48 hr and 230 mg/L/96 hr in a static test done in pond water of high turbidity; 20-23 °C, pH 5.8-8.0, aerated; fish treated with terramycin to prevent or treat tail-rot disease. The LC100 was 320 mg/L/24 hr.

Maleic anhydride

1 x 10 ^-1 mg/kg-day

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Burning sensation. Cough. Sore throat. Shortness of breath. Wheezing.

Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Nausea. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Severe thirst. Shock or collapse.

irritation nose, upper respiratory system; conjunctivitis; photophobia (abnormal visual intolerance to light), double vision; bronchial asthma; dermatitis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

Asthma - Reversible bronchoconstriction (narrowing of bronchioles) initiated by the inhalation of irritating or allergenic agents.

Toxic Pneumonitis - Inflammation of the lungs induced by inhalation of metal fumes or toxic gases and vapors.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

LD50 Guinea pig oral 390 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig dermal >20,000 mg/kg bw

LD50 Rabbit dermal 2620 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit oral 875 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Maleic anhydride retarded the carcinogenic activity of benzo(a)pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthazene when applied together with these carcinogens to mice dermally.

The effects of a mixture of biphenyl plus diphenyl-ether and maleic-anhydride on mortality and cholinesterase activity were studied in mice and rats. To determine median lethal dose (LD50), the compounds were introduced into the stomachs of white-mice or white-rats in a 3% starch solution. The data was treated by probit analysis. The LD50 for the mixture was 3210 mg/kg for white-mice and 5480 mg/kg for white-rats. The LD50 of maleic-anhydride for these species was 465 mg/kg and 850 mg/kg, respectively. The combined actions of the mixture and maleic-anhydride were studied at their LD50s in 90 white-mice. The biological effect of the combined administration equaled the sum expected from the addition of the toxic effect of each substance. To explain any cumulative properties of the mixture and maleic-anhydride, white-rats were treated orally for 20 days with 3% starch solutions of 0.1 LD50 of the mixture in the first group, 0.1 LD50 maleic-anhydride in the second group, 0.05 LD50 of each in the third group, and only starch solution in the fourth, control group. No animals died, but toward the end of the experiment, all test animals were less active than controls. Cholinesterase activity was not altered in any group. The threshold doses for depression of blood cholinesterase was determined to be 0.152 mg/L for maleic-anhydride and 0.126 mg/L for the mixture. When these doses were combined and administered to white-rats, an additive depression of cholinesterase activity was seen. .../It was concluded/ that the toxic effects of the mixture and maleic-anhydride are additive.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Depending on the degree of exposure, periodic medical examination is indicated. The symptoms of asthma often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation are therefore essential. Anyone who has shown symptoms of asthma due to this substance should avoid all further contact with this substance.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Uninjured workers reported nasal irritation within 1 min followed by eye irritation in 15 min at 1.5-2 ppm. Levels >/= 2.5 ppm are extremely irritating. One reference indicates that at 0.5 ppm there is a faint odor without irritation at around 0.25 ppm. The frequency of chronic bronchitis among workers exposed over many years to maleic anhydride is much greater than among those with similar exposures to phthalic anhydride.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 753 assays on 12 people were done testing the thresholds of smell perception and the irritating effect on the conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract mucosa. At 0.008-0.011 mg/L the odor is perceptible and a strong irritating effect on the human conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract mucosa is observed: severe coughing, burning sensation in lower part of the pharynx, many persons with excessive lachrymation. At 0.005-0.007 mg/L the odor is perceptible and an irritating effect is noted. At 0.002-0.003 mg/L: slightly perceptible, irritating effect almost absent. Olfactory threshold: 0.0013 mg/L with irritation of the mucous membranes. Persons breathing these concentrations complained of throat dryness and irritation. Breathing below this threshold value led still to a throat irritation. A concentration </= 0.0009 mg/L was without any effect. At a chemical plant producing maleic and phthalic anhydride samples were taken during one spring and one summer season at distances of 500, 1000 and 2000 m. Average concentrations of maleic anhydride were from 0.000001-0.00085 mg/L (highest value within a radius of 500 m). All samples taken at 2000 m were free of maleic anhydride.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Workers exposed in manual processing of polyester lacquers (containing ... maleic anhydride) without safety precautions suffered acute poisoning which was manifested as nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems disorders.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The purpose of this study was to determine whether workers sensitized by one acid anhydride, trimellitic anhydride (TMA), would possibly react immunologically to two other acid anhydrides, phthalic anhydride (PA) or maleic anhydride (MA). ...Serum samples from four workers with TMA asthma and immunoglobin E (IgE) against TMA conjugated to human serum albumin (TM-HSA) /were studied/. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) cross-inhibition studies, TM-HSA inhibited IgE binding to TM-HSA, but when 100 times more P-HSA or M-HSA was used, no significant inhibition occurred. However, in ELISA studies of P-HSA and M-HSA, ...binding of specific serum IgE /was seen/. Finally, in passive transfer studies in rhesus monkeys with serum from an individual with antibodies to all three acid anhydrides, the following titers were obtained: TM-HSA (1:32), P-HSA (1:8), M-HSA (negative). ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Maleic anhydride was corrosive to the rabbit eye /after/ 45 mg of finely ground maleic anhydride was placed into the conjunctival sac of New Zealand albino rabbits.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Maleic anhydride was corrosive to New Zealand albino rabbit skin /when/ responses were scored in accordance with the Federal Hazardous Substances Act. ... Maleic anhydride was not corrosive to New Zealand albino rabbit skin /when/ responses were scored in accordance with Classification of Corrosive Hazards - Department of Transportation.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Clinical signs /of acute oral toxicity in Sprague Dawley albino rats/ included reduced appetite and activity, increasing weakness, collapse and death. Autopsy of decendents showed hemorrhagic areas of the lung and liver and acute gastrointestinal inflammation. Viscera of surviving animals appeared normal at sacrifice.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Clinical signs /of acute dermal toxicity in New Zealand albino rabbits/ included reduced appetite and activity, increasing weakness, collapse and deaths. Autopsy of decedents showed enlarged gall bladder, discoloration of spleen and kidneys, gastrointestinal inflammation, lung and liver hyperemia (40.0% water solution only) and hemorrhagic lungs, liver discoloration (corn oil only). Viscera of surviving animals appeared normal at sacrifice.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (22 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill); Conditions: static, aeration by "oxygenation interface method" (contact between pure oxygen and test sample); test organisms acclimated to test temperature for 10-14 days; 20 °C, pH 6.9-7.5, dechlorinated water, total hardness 84.0-163.0 mg/L (as CaCO3), 5 mg O2/L or higher; Concentration: 150 mg/L for 24 hr

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill); Conditions: static, aeration by "oxygenation interface method" (contact between pure oxygen and test sample); test organisms acclimated to test temperature for 10-14 days; 20 °C, pH 6.9-7.5, dechlorinated water, total hardness 84.0-163.0 mg/L (as CaCO3), 5 mg O2/L or higher; Concentration: 138 mg/L for 48 hr

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus melanotus (Golden orfe); Conditions: static; test organisms acclimated in drinking water; 10 °C, pH 3.1-5.5; Concentration: 275 mg/L for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea); Conditions: static, 20 °C, pH 8.0; test solution neutralized; Concentration: 5600 mg/L for 24 hr; Effect: immobilization

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Median tolerance limit for Gambusia affinis (mosquitofish) was found to be 240 mg/L/24 or 48 hr and 230 mg/L/96 hr in a static test done in pond water of high turbidity (128-<25 ppm at the end of the test); 20-23 °C, pH 5.8-8.0, aerated; fish treated with terramycin to prevent or treat tail-rot disease. The LC100 was 320 mg/L/24 hr.

6.30e+03

8.00e+04

7.30e-01

3.10e+00

1.90e+03

1.00e+01

3.80e-01

1.00e-01

7.00e-04

Volatile

1.90e+04

2.40e+05

2.20e+00

9.20e+00

5.70e+03

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

Maleic anhydride's production and use as a chemical intermediate in production of resins, dye intermediates, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and polymers may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It has been suggested that in-situ formation of maleic anhydride in the ambient atmosphere may be possible via photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene); the hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride has been found in rainwater samples. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.25 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates maleic anhydride will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase maleic anhydride will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, ozone molecules and nitrate radicals with half-lives 11 days, 6.5 days and 8 hours, respectively. Atmospheric reaction with nitrate radicals is an important night time sink for maleic anhydride. Maleic anhydride absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, maleic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 1. However, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid. Therefore, potential leaching in soil is expected to be dominated by degradation to maleic acid. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process due to hydrolysis. Maleic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Various biodegradation screening tests have found maleic anhydride to be readily biodegradable. However, available biodegradation rates for maleic anhydride are expected to reflect the hydrolysis product maleic acid. If released into water, maleic anhydride will hydrolyze rapidly with half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C, respectively. Volatilization from surface waters and bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is unlikely due rapid hydrolysis. Occupational exposure to maleic anhydride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where maleic anhydride is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to maleic anhydride via inhalation of ambient air. (SRC)

Maleic anhydride's production and use as a chemical intermediate in production of resins, dye intermediates, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals and polymers(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It has been suggested that in-situ formation of maleic anhydride in the ambient atmosphere may be possible via photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylene) which has been demonstrated in laboratory studies(2); maleic acid, the hydrolysis product of maleic anhydride has been found in rainwater samples(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that maleic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C respectively(3). Therefore, potential leaching in soil is expected to be dominated by degradation to maleic acid(SRC). Volatilization of maleic anhydride from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process due to hydrolysis(SRC). Maleic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.25 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Various biodegradation screening tests have found maleic anhydride to be readily biodegradable(5,6). However, available biodegradation rates for maleic anhydride are expected to reflect the hydrolysis product maleic acid(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 1(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that maleic anhydride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). However, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C, respectively(3). Therefore, volatilization is not expected to be an important fate process in water due to hydrolysis(SRC). Bioconcentration of maleic anhydride in aquatic organisms is unlikely due its rapid hydrolysis(SRC). Various biodegradation screening tests have found maleic anhydride to be readily biodegradable(5,6). However, available biodegradation rates for maleic anhydride are expected to reflect the hydrolysis product maleic acid(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), maleic anhydride, which has a vapor pressure of 0.25 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase maleic anhydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.45X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(3). Vapor-phase maleic anhydride is also degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with ozone(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.5 days, calculated from its estimated rate constant of 0.18X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(4). The nitrate radical (NO3) is the dominant atmospheric oxidant during the night-time in most atmospheric environments(5). Vapor-phase maleic anhydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(6). Removal of maleic anhydride via reaction with hydroxyl radicals, ozone and nitrate radicals leads to the formation of dicarbonyls(7). Maleic anhydride absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(6) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). In the vapor phase, hydrolysis of maleic anhydride is completed in 21 hr at 96% relative humidity while no hydrolysis occurs at 50% relative humidity(8).

AEROBIC: Maleic anhydride, present at 100 mg/L, reached 54.8% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). Using OECD Guideline 301B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test), maleic anhydride was found to be readily biodegradable with CO2 evolution rates of 61.6% after 4 days and 93.2% after 11 days(2); it was noted that maleic anhydride hydrolyzes under the test conditions and, as a result, maleic acid is believed to be the test material investigated in the study(2). Another OECD Guideline 301B test determined >90% CO2 evolution within 25 days(2). Using OECD Guideline 301E (Ready Biodegradability: Modified OECD Screening Test) and a non-adapted activated sludge inoculum, maleic anhydride was found to be readily biodegradable with a 73-81% removal after 28 days(2). The TOC and COD-Mn of maleic anhydride, present at 170 mg/L in industrial wastewater, was reduced by 98% and 99%, respectively, after 1 day of acclimation with an activated sludge inocculum from a waste water treatment plant(3). In one report 99% removal was achieved in 4 hr by activated sludge(4). Others report 40-60% theoretical BOD in 5 days with sewage inoculum(5,6). The data suggest that maleic anhydride is expected to biodegrade rapidly(SRC); however, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C, respectively(7). Therefore, the available biodegradation rates are expected to correspond primarily to maleic acid(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of maleic anhydride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.45X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 23 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of maleic anhydride with ozone has been estimated as 0.18X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.5 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of maleic anhydride with atmospheric nitrate radicals is reported as 1.0X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 hours(SRC) at a nighttime atmospheric concentration of 2.5X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). Maleic anhydride absorbs at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Maleic anhydride hydrolyzes in water at room temperature forming maleic acid(5). The first-order hydrolysis rate constants, in initially neutral solution, at 0 and 25.1 °C were measured as 0.00348 and 0.03140 per second(6) which correspond to half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes respectively(SRC). In the vapor phase, hydrolysis of maleic anhydride is completed in 21 hr at 96% relative humidity while no hydrolysis occurs at 50% relative humidity(7).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for maleic anhydride(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.62(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In addition, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C respectively(3). Bioconcentration of maleic anhydride in aquatic organisms is unlikely due its rapid hydrolysis(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of maleic anhydride can be estimated to be 1(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that maleic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C respectively(3). Therefore, potential leaching in soil is expected to be dominated by degradation to maleic acid(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for maleic anhydride is estimated as 3.9X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that maleic anhydride is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). However, maleic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water forming maleic acid with hydrolysis half-lives of 3.32 and 0.37 minutes at 0 and 25.1 °C respectively(3). Therefore, volatilization is not expected to be an important fate process in water or moist soils(SRC). Maleic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.25 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

The primary emission sources in descending order are phthalic anhydride production, maleic anhydride production, end product manufacturing, and packaging losses.

SOURCE DOMINATED: Maleic anhydride can be found at 100-600 ppm (by volume) in the unabated process exhaust of phthalic anhydride manufacturing plants(1).

Maleic anhydride is reported to be a constituent of coffee aroma(1).

Maleic anhydride was identified as an organic disinfection byproduct in a drinking water pilot plant in Evansville, IN which used chlorine dioxide as a primary disinfectant(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 22 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of maleic anhydride in the United States may be as low as <10 workers and as high as 1000-9999 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 81,551 workers (14,807 of these are female) are potentially exposed to maleic anhydride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to maleic anhydride may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where maleic anhydride is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to maleic anhydride via inhalation of ambient air(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U147, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Maleic anhydride is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Controlled incineration; care must be taken that complete oxidation to nontoxic products occurs.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

/Product/ Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. /Contaminated packaging/ Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 156: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for MALEIC ANHYDRIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2215; Maleic anhydride

IMO 8; Maleic anhydride

49 411 61; Maleic anhydride

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Corrosive

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Put breakable packaging into closed unbreakable container.

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Pack Group: III