3-Chlorophenol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P362+P364, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302 (98.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (98.3%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H332 (98.3%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (98.3%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 59 reports by companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P264, P270, P273, P301+P317, P308+P316, P330, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P260, P264, P264+P265, P270, P273, P280, P301+P317, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P330, P337+P317, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and well collect in low areas. ...Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. ...From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. /Monochlorophenols/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Phenolic cmpd in wastewater are oxidized with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by iron(3+)-iron(2+). When the wt ratio of phenol:hydrogen peroxide is 1:3 and iron 5-100 ppm, more than 95% of the phenols are removed in 30 min from a 500 ppm phenol soln at pH 5-6 and 25-50 °C. /Phenolic cmpd/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. /Monochlorophenols/

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of m-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent) Results of Study: 100% reduction in 28 hours; (Biodegradation by mutant Pseudomonas species).

Chemical Treatability of m-Chlorophenol with 13% NaCl Concentration Process: Resin Absorption; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial Wastewater Results of Study: At zero leakage sorption capacity was 0.07 lb/lb; (15 minute contact time Amberlite XAD-4 used).

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene etc. Spray the solvent into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sand-soda ash (9:1). After mixing, transfer into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn more efficiently in the furnace with an afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well ventilated area. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to precess containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. /Monochlorophenols/

1.5 [mg/m3]

19 [mg/m3]

110 [mg/m3]

DOE Protective Action Criteria (PAC): Temporary Emergency Exposure Limits (TEELs) for 3-Chlorophenol: TEEL-0: 0.3 mg/cu m; PAC-1: 0.75 mg/cu m; PAC-2: 6 mg/cu m; PAC-3: 250 mg/cu m (TEEL-0: The threshold concentration below which most people will experience no adverse health effects; PAC-1: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing other than mild transient adverse health effects or perceiving a clearly defined objectionable odor; PAC-2: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms that could impair their abilities to take protective action; PAC-3: The maximum concentration in air below which it is believed nearly all individuals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing life-threatening health effects).

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield when working with liquid, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Wear dust-proof goggles when working with powders or dust, unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash. /Monochlorophenols/

ENGINEERING CONTROLS Use only in a chemical fume hood. Safety shower and eye bath.

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

M-chlorophenol appears as white crystals with an odor of phenol. Sinks in and slowly dissolves in water. (NTP, 1992)

White solid with an odor of phenol; Discolors upon air exposure; [Hawley] Yellow solidified mass or fragments with a stench; mp = 31 deg C; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

White crystals

Odor similar to phenol

Strong medicinal odor

Strong medicinal taste

417 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

91 °F (NTP, 1992)

greater than 233.6 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash point > 112 °C

>112 °C (closed cup)

10 to 50 mg/mL at 59 °F (NTP, 1992)

Slightly sol in chloroform; soluble in ethanol and ether; very sol in benzene

Soluble in caustic alkali

In water, 2.60X10+4 mg/L at 20 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 2.6

1.245 at 113 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.245 at 45 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.245

1.245 @ 45°C

1 mmHg at 111.6 °F ; 5 mmHg at 162 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.12 [mmHg]

VP: 1 mm Hg at 44.2 °C

0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 44.2 °C: 133

0.125 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.5

2.47/2.52

Henry's Law constant = 3.45X10-7 atm cu-m/mole at 25 °C

Discolors on exposure to air.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /hydrogen chloride/.

11.55 cP at 25 °C

2760.0 kJ/mole at 77 °F solid /25 °C/

45.86 kJ/mole at 214 °C

Negative

Agilent XCT

Electrospray ionization

ammonia (10nM)

MeCN (80%)

Discolors on exposure to air. Water soluble

Phenols and Cresols

Aryl Halides

M-CHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

LD50 Rat oral 0.56 mL/kg

LD50 Rat ip 355 mg/kg /From table/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Caution: ingestion causes incr then decr of respiration, blood pressure, urinary output; fever; increased bowel action; motor weakness; collapse with convulsions & death. Causes lung, liver, kidney damage; contact dermatitis. ... Dust causes sneezing.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ 1. Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting, ... and bloody diarrhea. 2. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. 3. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. 4. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness ... 5. Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. 6. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. 7. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported ... 8. Death from respiratory, circulatory, or cardiac failure. 9. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ 3-Chlorophenol stimulated oxygen uptake by rat brain homogenate at concn between 2.5x10-5 M and 1x10-3 M.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute oral LD50 values were determined for 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorophenol, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, and 3,5 dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol in male and female mice. LD50 values (mg/kg) ranged from 117 (females) and 177 (males) for pentachlorophenol to 2389 (females) and 2643 (males) for 3,5-dichlorophenol. It was found that 2-chlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol were considerably more toxic than the dichlorophenol series. Values for males and females were generally similar, the major differences being with pentachlorophenol and 2,5-dichlorophenol, where in both cases the female LD50 was lower.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats oral, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal lethal doses of the chlorophenols produce similar signs of poisoning. Oral administration, however, results in fatal poisoning in smaller dosage and in a shorter period of time than subcutaneous administration. /Chlorophenols/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Rats exhibit/ restlessness and an increased rate of respiration appear a few min after administration of o- and m-chlorophenols and are followed a few minutes later by rapidly developing motor weakness. Tremors, clonic convulsions (which can be induced by noise or touch), dyspnea and coma set in promptly and continue until death.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-CHLOROPHENOL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <72 hr) Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.8-8.2, hardness 200 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen > or = 2.27 mg/L; Concentration: 15780 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 13800-17750 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization />95% purity/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: freshwater, renewal,14.5-15.5 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 9.5-10.4 mg/L; Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 4500 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 3300-6100 ug/L) /formulated product/

LD50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, weight 10-40 g) injection, ip, 5.04 mmol/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ EC50 Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae) exposed to concn at 500,000 ug/l, /time not specified, resulted in/ complete destruction of chlorophyll. /Monochlorophenols/

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to fish.

3-Chlorophenol's production and use in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-chlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days. 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight may occurr. If released to soil, 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 350. The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12, indicating that this compound will partially exist in an anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species. 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 3-Chlorophenol is expected to biodegrade in both aerobic and anaerobic soils with biodegradation half-lives ranging from 15 to 160 days. If released into water, 3-chlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. 3-Chlorophenol biodegraded 6% after 40 days in farm stream water, 56% after 30 days in farm stream sediments, and 31.7% after 5 days in river water, suggesting that biodegradation of 3-chlorophenol in aquatic environments is variable. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant for the neutral species. A BCF range of 5.1-16 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 3-chlorophenol may be through inhalation of vapors and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-chlorophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 3-chlorophenol through dermal contact with and the ingestion of contaminated water sources. (SRC)

3-CHlorophenol's presence in soil may be due to natural de novo synthesis or chloroperoxidase (CPO)-catalyzed chlorination of aromatic structures(1).

Chlorination of polluted & natural water can produce ... chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

3-Chlorophenol's production and use in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 350(2) indicates that 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in an anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 3-chlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(5). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg(6). 3-Chlorophenol is expected to biodegrade in both aerobic and anaerobic soils with biodegradation half-lives ranging from 15 to 160 days(6-8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 350(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3-chlorophenol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a measured BCF range of 5.1 to 16(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 3-Chlorophenol has a reported half-life of 36 days in water(7), degraded 6% after 40 days in farm stream water, degraded 56% after 30 days in farm stream sediments(8), and degraded 31.7% after 5 days in Chinese river water(9), indicating that biodegradation of 3-chlorophenol in aquatic environments may be limited under certain conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-chlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight is possible(4).

AEROBIC: Biological degradation of chlorophenols in activated sludge ... 3-chlorophenol was found at a level of 100 mg/L, and was completetly degraded in three days with 100% ring degradation.

AEROBIC: 3-Chlorophenol undergoes aerobic biodegradation by reductive dechlorination followed by ring cleavage(1). Aerobic biodegradation half-lives in soil samples were measured as 15 and 21 days(2). The half-life of 3-chlorophenol in water and soil were reported as 36 and 160 days, respectively(4). 3-Chlorophenol was completely biodegraded in 100 days with sediment obtained from the Hudson River(3). 3-Chlorophenol was biodegraded 5% in batch reactors using unacclimated microorganisms isolated from soil(4). 6% biodegradation was reported in 40 days in water from a farm stream at 20 °C and 56% biodegradation was reported in sediment from farm stream at 20 °C in 30 days; 14% degradation in 30 days was observed in sterile sediments(5). Degradation in clay loam soil under aerobic conditions of 87% 3-chlorophenol reported in 160 days with 31% degradation in sterile control(6). 3-Chlorophenol was not completely removed in 72 and 47 days in nutrient media seeded with Dunkirk and Mardin silt loam suspensions, respectively(7). No degradation was reported using settled wastewater solids seed incubated for 7 days followed by 3 weekly subcultures(8). Incubation of 3-chlorophenol with aerobic batch mixed cultures at 30 °C resulted in the incomplete degradation of 3-chlorophenol. Degradation peaked after 48 hours and was 100% complete after 238 hours with only 38.0% chloride release, indicating that ortho-cleavage pathway is needed in order to completely biodegrade 3-chlorophenol. Accumulation of the meta-cleavage product 3-chlorocatechol became toxic to the meta-cleavage enzyme(9). 3-Chlorophenol reached 31.7% of its BOD in river water obtained from the Jilin section of the Songhua River, China. A test concn of 2 mg/L (based on TOD) was tested at 15-20 °C, pH 6.8-7.0, and a dissolved oxygen concn of 8.0 mg/L, using standard iodometric tritration(10).

ANAEROBIC: 3-Chlorophenol undergoes anaerobic degradation by hydroxylation to 3-chlorocatechol followed by dechlorination(1). The anaerobic biodegradation rate constant of 3-chlorophenol in marine sediment was measured as 0.02 days-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 36 days(2). Degradation of 3-chlorophenol in clay loam soil under anaerobic conditions was 37% in 160 days vs 15% in sterile control(3). 3-Chlorophenol was degraded by anaerobic columns of actively methanogenic aquifer material contaminated by landfill leachate but not by nonmethanogenic aquifer material(4). Complete degradation was reported in 7 weeks with incubation using municipal sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions(5). Incubation of 3-chlorophenol with sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions gave the following results: complete disappearance of 3-chlorophenol in 6 weeks with an approximately 3 week lag period using unacclimated sludge; approximately 100% loss of 3-chlorophenol in 7 or 12 days using sludge acclimated to 3- or 4-chlorophenol, respectively; no degradation in 32 days using sludge acclimated to 2-chlorophenol(6). 3-Chlorophenol biodegrades in the absence of oxygen under methanogenic, sulfidogenic, and iron-reducing conditions(7). 3-Chlorophenol degraded completely in <15 hours (no lag phase) in an anaerobic propionate enrichment culture at 35 °C(8). 3-Chlorophenol (100 ug/L) was persistent (lag phase >30 days) in adapted anaerobic, non-adapted anaerobic, and aerobic sand and gravel after 4 weeks in a model ecosystem consisting of a laboratory filter operating with groundwater. Complete metabolism after 7 days was observed only when 3-chlorophenol (100 ug/L) was applied to a gravel filter that favored microbial degradation and adapted to phenol degradation(9). The half-life of 3-chlorophenol in anaerobic lake sediment (<1% organic matter) was reported as 173 days with a 2 day lag period(10). 3-Chlorophenol degraded in phenol-enriched, acclimated methanogenic culture at a much higher rate than in unacclimated digester sludge culture and dechlorinated 2-chlorophenol faster(11).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-chlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.36X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Aquatic photolysis of 3-chlorophenol at 296 nm results in the detachment of chloride ions with equal formation of H+. The presence of dissolved oxygen or the ionization of 3-chlorophenol due to its pKa does not affect the outcome of the reaction. The quantum yield of the photoconversion was slightly higher with the anionic form(3). 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight is possible(4). The rate constant for aqueous reaction of 3-chlorophenol with singlet oxygen (O2) in phosphate buffer at 27 °C was determined to be 1.60X10+8 mole/L-sec, which corresponds to a half-life of 6.0 hours, assuming an O2 freshwater surface concentration under noontime, midsummer sun conditions of ca. 2X10-13 mole/L(5). 3-Chlorophenol (4.46X10-5 mol) reacted with 1 ml NOx in air for 5 hr to give the 2-, 4-, and 6-nitro-3-chlorophenol adducts in 6.3%, 17%, and 11% yields, respectively(6).

Carp exposed to 40 ug/L of 3-chlorophenol for a period of 6 weeks had BCF values in the range of 5.1-10 and carp exposed to 4 ug/L of 3-chlorophenol for a period of 6 weeks had BCF values in the range of 7.0-16(1). A BCF value of 20.0 (logBCF = 1.30) for 3-chlorophenol was reported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3-chlorophenol in soil was reported as 350(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Chlorophenols can be irreversibly immobilized by covalent bonding to soil organic matter (SOM). Irreversible binding increased with the addition of hydrogen peroxide and under anoxic conditions(5).

The Henry's Law constant for the neutral form of 3-chlorophenol is 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-chlorophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.25X10-1 mm Hg(3).

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae, exponential growth phase, 50000 cells/mL); Conditions: freshwater, static, 21 °C; Concentration: 29000 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water flea, age <72 hr) Conditions: freshwater, static, 20 °C, pH 7.8-8.2, hardness 200 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen > or = 2.27 mg/L; Concentration: 15780 ug/L for 24 hr (95% confidence interval: 13800-17750 ug/L); Effect: intoxication, immobilization />95% purity/

LC50; Species: Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout); Conditions: freshwater, renewal,14.5-15.5 °C, pH 8.0, dissolved oxygen 9.5-10.4 mg/L; Concentration: 10,000 ug/L for 48 hr /formulated product/

LC50; Species: Oryzias latipes (Medaka); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 4500 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 3300-6100 ug/L) /formulated product/

LD50 Oncorhynchus mykiss (Rainbow trout, weight 10-40 g) injection, ip, 5.04 mmol/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ EC50 Chlorella pyrenoidosa (algae) exposed to concn at 500,000 ug/l, /time not specified, resulted in/ complete destruction of chlorophyll. /Monochlorophenols/

This substance may be hazardous to the environment. Special attention should be given to fish.

3-Chlorophenol's production and use in organic synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-chlorophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chlorophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days. 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight may occurr. If released to soil, 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon a Koc of 350. The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12, indicating that this compound will partially exist in an anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species. 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 3-Chlorophenol is expected to biodegrade in both aerobic and anaerobic soils with biodegradation half-lives ranging from 15 to 160 days. If released into water, 3-chlorophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc. 3-Chlorophenol biodegraded 6% after 40 days in farm stream water, 56% after 30 days in farm stream sediments, and 31.7% after 5 days in river water, suggesting that biodegradation of 3-chlorophenol in aquatic environments is variable. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant for the neutral species. A BCF range of 5.1-16 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to 3-chlorophenol may be through inhalation of vapors and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-chlorophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 3-chlorophenol through dermal contact with and the ingestion of contaminated water sources. (SRC)

3-CHlorophenol's presence in soil may be due to natural de novo synthesis or chloroperoxidase (CPO)-catalyzed chlorination of aromatic structures(1).

Chlorination of polluted & natural water can produce ... chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

3-Chlorophenol's production and use in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 350(2) indicates that 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in an anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 3-chlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(5). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg(6). 3-Chlorophenol is expected to biodegrade in both aerobic and anaerobic soils with biodegradation half-lives ranging from 15 to 160 days(6-8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an experimental Koc value of 350(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3-chlorophenol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole for the neutral species(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a measured BCF range of 5.1 to 16(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 3-Chlorophenol has a reported half-life of 36 days in water(7), degraded 6% after 40 days in farm stream water, degraded 56% after 30 days in farm stream sediments(8), and degraded 31.7% after 5 days in Chinese river water(9), indicating that biodegradation of 3-chlorophenol in aquatic environments may be limited under certain conditions(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3-chlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.125 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-chlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight is possible(4).

AEROBIC: Biological degradation of chlorophenols in activated sludge ... 3-chlorophenol was found at a level of 100 mg/L, and was completetly degraded in three days with 100% ring degradation.

AEROBIC: 3-Chlorophenol undergoes aerobic biodegradation by reductive dechlorination followed by ring cleavage(1). Aerobic biodegradation half-lives in soil samples were measured as 15 and 21 days(2). The half-life of 3-chlorophenol in water and soil were reported as 36 and 160 days, respectively(4). 3-Chlorophenol was completely biodegraded in 100 days with sediment obtained from the Hudson River(3). 3-Chlorophenol was biodegraded 5% in batch reactors using unacclimated microorganisms isolated from soil(4). 6% biodegradation was reported in 40 days in water from a farm stream at 20 °C and 56% biodegradation was reported in sediment from farm stream at 20 °C in 30 days; 14% degradation in 30 days was observed in sterile sediments(5). Degradation in clay loam soil under aerobic conditions of 87% 3-chlorophenol reported in 160 days with 31% degradation in sterile control(6). 3-Chlorophenol was not completely removed in 72 and 47 days in nutrient media seeded with Dunkirk and Mardin silt loam suspensions, respectively(7). No degradation was reported using settled wastewater solids seed incubated for 7 days followed by 3 weekly subcultures(8). Incubation of 3-chlorophenol with aerobic batch mixed cultures at 30 °C resulted in the incomplete degradation of 3-chlorophenol. Degradation peaked after 48 hours and was 100% complete after 238 hours with only 38.0% chloride release, indicating that ortho-cleavage pathway is needed in order to completely biodegrade 3-chlorophenol. Accumulation of the meta-cleavage product 3-chlorocatechol became toxic to the meta-cleavage enzyme(9). 3-Chlorophenol reached 31.7% of its BOD in river water obtained from the Jilin section of the Songhua River, China. A test concn of 2 mg/L (based on TOD) was tested at 15-20 °C, pH 6.8-7.0, and a dissolved oxygen concn of 8.0 mg/L, using standard iodometric tritration(10).

ANAEROBIC: 3-Chlorophenol undergoes anaerobic degradation by hydroxylation to 3-chlorocatechol followed by dechlorination(1). The anaerobic biodegradation rate constant of 3-chlorophenol in marine sediment was measured as 0.02 days-1, corresponding to a half-life of about 36 days(2). Degradation of 3-chlorophenol in clay loam soil under anaerobic conditions was 37% in 160 days vs 15% in sterile control(3). 3-Chlorophenol was degraded by anaerobic columns of actively methanogenic aquifer material contaminated by landfill leachate but not by nonmethanogenic aquifer material(4). Complete degradation was reported in 7 weeks with incubation using municipal sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions(5). Incubation of 3-chlorophenol with sewage sludge under anaerobic conditions gave the following results: complete disappearance of 3-chlorophenol in 6 weeks with an approximately 3 week lag period using unacclimated sludge; approximately 100% loss of 3-chlorophenol in 7 or 12 days using sludge acclimated to 3- or 4-chlorophenol, respectively; no degradation in 32 days using sludge acclimated to 2-chlorophenol(6). 3-Chlorophenol biodegrades in the absence of oxygen under methanogenic, sulfidogenic, and iron-reducing conditions(7). 3-Chlorophenol degraded completely in <15 hours (no lag phase) in an anaerobic propionate enrichment culture at 35 °C(8). 3-Chlorophenol (100 ug/L) was persistent (lag phase >30 days) in adapted anaerobic, non-adapted anaerobic, and aerobic sand and gravel after 4 weeks in a model ecosystem consisting of a laboratory filter operating with groundwater. Complete metabolism after 7 days was observed only when 3-chlorophenol (100 ug/L) was applied to a gravel filter that favored microbial degradation and adapted to phenol degradation(9). The half-life of 3-chlorophenol in anaerobic lake sediment (<1% organic matter) was reported as 173 days with a 2 day lag period(10). 3-Chlorophenol degraded in phenol-enriched, acclimated methanogenic culture at a much higher rate than in unacclimated digester sludge culture and dechlorinated 2-chlorophenol faster(11).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-chlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.36X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Aquatic photolysis of 3-chlorophenol at 296 nm results in the detachment of chloride ions with equal formation of H+. The presence of dissolved oxygen or the ionization of 3-chlorophenol due to its pKa does not affect the outcome of the reaction. The quantum yield of the photoconversion was slightly higher with the anionic form(3). 3-Chlorophenol absorbs light in the deep UV, but since there is some overlap between its absorption spectrum and the tropospheric solar spectrum, degradation by natural sunlight is possible(4). The rate constant for aqueous reaction of 3-chlorophenol with singlet oxygen (O2) in phosphate buffer at 27 °C was determined to be 1.60X10+8 mole/L-sec, which corresponds to a half-life of 6.0 hours, assuming an O2 freshwater surface concentration under noontime, midsummer sun conditions of ca. 2X10-13 mole/L(5). 3-Chlorophenol (4.46X10-5 mol) reacted with 1 ml NOx in air for 5 hr to give the 2-, 4-, and 6-nitro-3-chlorophenol adducts in 6.3%, 17%, and 11% yields, respectively(6).

Carp exposed to 40 ug/L of 3-chlorophenol for a period of 6 weeks had BCF values in the range of 5.1-10 and carp exposed to 4 ug/L of 3-chlorophenol for a period of 6 weeks had BCF values in the range of 7.0-16(1). A BCF value of 20.0 (logBCF = 1.30) for 3-chlorophenol was reported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 3-chlorophenol in soil was reported as 350(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 3-chlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-chlorophenol is 9.12(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Chlorophenols can be irreversibly immobilized by covalent bonding to soil organic matter (SOM). Irreversible binding increased with the addition of hydrogen peroxide and under anoxic conditions(5).

The Henry's Law constant for the neutral form of 3-chlorophenol is 3.45X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-chlorophenol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 3-Chlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.25X10-1 mm Hg(3).

Monochlorophenols were found in surface waters in the Netherlands at concn of 2 to 20 ug/l. /Monochlorophenols/

GROUNDWATER: 3-Chlorophenol was detected, not quantified in samples from Melbourne, Australia, collected in 1973 and 1975 in 4 bore hole samples from an aquifer polluted by a chemical company waste ponds; 75% of samples tested positive(1).

SURFACE WATER: 3-Chlorophenol was detected in freshwater streams in China at concentrations of 98.9 and 102.2 ppb(1). Monochlorophenols (including 3-chlorophenol) were found in surface waters in the Netherlands at concentrations of 2 to 20 ug/L(2). 3-Chlorophenol was detected in the Rhine River and Ijssel River, The Netherlands, with a maximum concentration of 6 ppb(3). Four out of 13 water samples from the Ijssel River contained 3-chlorophenol, at a maximum concentration of 3.4 ppb(4). 3-Chlorophenol was detected, not quantified, in water samples obtained from the Love Canal, Niagara, New York(5). The concentration of 3-chlorophenol in a section of the Isipingo River and Isipingo Estuary, Natal, Republic of South Africa, sampled on April 3 and May 8, 1991, ranged from 0.1 to 50.9 ug/L(6).

DRINKING WATER: 3-Chlorophenol was detected in the drinking water of China at concns of 106.5 and 94.8 ppb(1).

PRODUCTION MECHANISMS OF CHLOROPHENOLS BY CHLORINATION IN DISINFECTION OF WATER & DETERMINATION OF POLLUTION LEVELS OF PHENOLS AS PRECURSOR OF CHLOROPHENOLS, & CHLOROPHENOLS IN SEWAGE, STREAM WATER & TAP WATER IN THE VICINITY OF SEOUL, KOREA FROM JAN TO SEPT, 1979 WAS STUDIED. /CHLOROPHENOLS/

3-Chlorophenol has been detected in the effluent of a pulp mill in Canada at concentrations of 90, 91 and 93 ug/L(1). In the analysis of chlorinated sewage treatment plant effluents, 3-chlorophenol was found at a concentration of 0.5 ug/L(2).

SEDIMENT: 3-Chlorophenol was identified, not quantified, in soil and sediment samples obtained from the Love Canal, New York(1).

SOIL: 3-Chlorophenol was detected in the soils of beech and douglas fir forests after samples were spiked with Na(37)Cl. In beech forest soils 3-chlorophenol was detected in leaf litter (<0.3 ug/kg dw), 0-5 cm deep humus (0.07 ug/kg dw), 5-10 cm deep black soil (0.04 ug/kg dw), and 10-15 cm deep black soil (<0.01 ug/kg dw). In Douglas fir forest soils, 3-chlorophenol was detected in 0-5 cm deep humus (<0.04 ug/kg dw), 5-10 cm black soil (<0.04 ug/kg dw), 10-15 cm deep gray soil (<0.02 ug/kg dw), and 15-20 cm yellow soil(<0.02 ug/kg dw)(1).

SOIL: A study was conducted of soil and water contamination in the vicinity of 2 sawmills that used chlorophenol containing preservatives used against blue-staining fungi. The soil around the treatment basins contained up to 70 mg chlorophenols/kg and that in the storage area for treated lumber up to 6 mg/kg. Contamination extended to a depth of at least 2 m near the treatment basins. /Chlorophenols/

NIOSH has statistically estimated that 919 workers (306 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 3-chlorophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 3-chlorophenol may be through inhalation of vapors and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-chlorophenol is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 3-chlorophenol through dermal contact with and the ingestion of contaminated water sources(SRC).

The concentration of chlorophenol in the urine of 230 sawmill workers was determined between 1980 and 1981. Those workers whose main route of exposure was skin absorption had the highest mean concentrations, 7.8 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 210.9 umol/L. Those workers whose skin and respiratory exposure were equivalent had a mean concentration of 1.4 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 47.8 umol/L. Those whose main route of exposure was respiratory had mean concentrations of 0.9 umol/L with a range of 0.1 - 13.3 umol/L(1).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Chemical Treatability of m-Chlorophenol; Concentration Process: Biological Treatment; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Laboratory Scale Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent) Results of Study: 100% reduction in 28 hours; (Biodegradation by mutant Pseudomonas species).

Chemical Treatability of m-Chlorophenol with 13% NaCl Concentration Process: Resin Absorption; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Unknown; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial Wastewater Results of Study: At zero leakage sorption capacity was 0.07 lb/lb; (15 minute contact time Amberlite XAD-4 used).

A) Dissolve in such combustible solvent as alcohols, benzene etc. Spray the solvent into the furnace with afterburner and scrubber. B) Pour into sodium bicarbonate or a mixture of sand-soda ash (9:1). After mixing, transfer into a paper carton filled with packing paper. Burn more efficiently in the furnace with an afterburner and scrubber. Recommendable method: Incineration. Not recommendable method: Discharge to sewer.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3-CHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2021; Chlorophenols, solid

IMO 6.1; Chlorophenols, liquid or solid

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 20/21/22-51/53; S: (2)-28-61; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III