m-phenylenediamine

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H301+H311+H331 (23.9%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (100%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H341 (99.7%): Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H400 (96.2%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 343 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P391, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P272, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants and food and feedstuffs. Keep in the dark. Well closed.

KEEP WELL CLOSED & PROTECTED FROM LIGHT.

0.20 [mg/m3]

9.2 [mg/m3]

55 [mg/m3]

0.1 [mg/m3]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 mg/cu m. /m-Phenylenediamine/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /m-Phenylenediamine/

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /m-Phenylenediamine/

0.1 mg/m

0.1 mg/m³ [1988]

skin absorption (H); sensitization of skin (SH); carcinogen category: 3

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin. The substance may cause effects on the kidneys and blood. This may result in renal failure and the formation of methaemoglobin. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. The substance may have effects on the kidneys. This may result in renal failure.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection. (ERG, 2024)

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles, face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

1,3-phenylenediamine appears as colorless or white colored needles that turn red or purple in air. Melting point 64-66 C. Density 1.14 g / cm3. Flash point 280 F. May irritate skin and eyes. Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation or ingestion. Used in aramid fiber manufacture, as a polymer additive, dye manufacturing, as a laboratory reagent, and in photography.

Dry Powder; Other Solid; Large Crystals; CBI; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

White crystals that change to red on exposure to light and air; [CHEMINFO]

WHITE CRYSTALS. TURNS RED ON EXPOSURE TO AIR.

Colorless or white colored needles that turn red or purple in air.

WHITE CRYSTALS BECOMING RED ON EXPOSURE TO AIR

Colorless needles

RHOMBIC CRYSTALS FROM ALCOHOL

COLORLESS RHOMBIC NEEDLES

Dark oxidation products /are/ present in compound exposed to moist air.

540 to 543 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

284-287 °C

540-543 °F

287 °C @760 [mm Hg]

145 to 147 °F (NTP, 1992)

145-147 °F

62-63 °C

280 °F (NTP, 1992)

187 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 66 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN WATER, METHANOL, ETHANOL, CHLOROFORM, ACETONE, DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE, METHYL ETHYL KETONE, DIOXANE; SLIGHTLY SOL IN ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, ISOPROPANOL, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE. VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN BENZENE, TOLUENE, XYLENE, BUTANOL.

In water, 2.38X10+5 mg/l at 20 deg

Solubility in water: soluble

1.0696 at 136 °F (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0096 g/cu cm at 58 °C

Density = 1.139

1.14 g/cm³

1.0696 at 136 °F

1.139 @25 °C

3.7 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.7

1 mmHg at 211.6 °F ; 0.0018 mmHg at 77 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.0018 [mmHg]

1 MM HG @ 99.8 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 99.8 °C: 133

1 mmHg at 211.6 °F, 0.0018 mmHg at 77 °F

1 [mm Hg] @99.8 °C

log Kow = -0.33

UNSTABLE IN AIR

1040 °F (NTP, 1992)

Soluble in water [Merck].

Amines, Aromatic

1,3-PHENYLENEDIAMINE an aromatic amine, neutralizes acids, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and chloroformates in exothermic reactions to form salts. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Incompatible with oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

On the basis of the animal and clinical data included in this report, the CIR Expert Panel concludes that m-Phenylenediamine and m-Phenylenediamine Sulfate are safe for use in hair dyes at concentrations of up to 10%.

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

m-Phenylenediamine

6 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

No data are available in humans. Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. OVERALL EVALUATION: Group 3: The agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. /m-Phenylenediamine/

meta-Phenylenediamine

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 16: (1978) Some Aromatic Amines and Related Nitro Compounds – Hair Dyes, Colouring Agents and Miscellaneous Industrial Chemicals

Volume Sup 7: Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, 1987; 440 pages; ISBN 92-832-1411-0 (out of print)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Blue lips, fingernails and skin. Confusion. Convulsions. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain.

See Inhalation.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Methemoglobinemia - The presence of increased methemoglobin in the blood; the compound is classified as secondary toxic effect

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

IRIS Current

HEAST Current

NOAEL rat 6 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 650 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 283 mg/kg

Paraoxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate) is the toxic, but non-mutagenic metabolite of the organophosphorus ester insecticide parathion. ... A mutagenic synergy when paraoxon was incubated with plant activated m-phenylenediamine (mPDA) or with direct acting 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene ... and Salmonella typhimurium tester strains /was discovered/. ... /With/ non-toxic concn of plant activated mPDA and paraoxon a 10-fold incr in the mutant yield of S. typhimurium was observed. The mutagenicity of the plant activated mPDA product required that O-acetyltransferase (OAT) be expressed by the S. typhimurium tester strain. However, the paraoxon dependent mutagenic synergy was observed using the direct acting arylamine metabolite, 2AAAF, with strains YG1024, TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6 regardless of their OAT activity. This mutagenic synergy is dependent upon the presence of an activated acetylated form of the arylamine. The data presented here demonstrate that this mutagenic synergy is limited to paraoxon and not to the parent compound (parathion) or to a major metabolite of parathion (p-nitrophenol).

For immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If victim is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep victim quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases, amines, and related compounds/

For basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases, amines, and related compounds/

WORKERS ... EXAMINED. ... AGES RANGED FROM 30-50 YR, & DURATION OF POTENTIAL EXPOSURE WAS 5-10 YR. SOME ... COMPLAINED OF DYSURIA. ... THEY DISPLAYED EOSINOPHILURIA ... CYSTOSCOPY DEMONSTRATED EDEMA OF MUCOSA, POLYPOUS SWELLINGS & INFILTRATION OF AREA OF TRIANGLE & CERVIX OF URINARY BLADDER ...

EFFECTS OBSERVED IN PROFESSIONALLY EXPOSED PERSONS (1-2 UG/L) WERE HYPERREFLEXIA, HYPOREFLEXIA, ANISOREFLEXIA, SKIN HYPERESTHESIA, & PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN KIDNEYS & LIVER.

The p-form is more toxic and a stronger irritant than the o- and m-isomers.

Suspected carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic and teratogenic data. Poison by ingestion, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by skin contact. Mutation data reported.

The promutagenic arylamines, m-phenylenediamine (mPDA) and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF), were evaluated for their genotoxicity in ... in human lymphocytes. ...These agents were assayed with and without TXlMX plant activation mix. ... Using the alkaline single cell gel/Comet assay, both mPDA and 2-AF directly induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes. This effect was reduced when the human cells were treated with the arylamine plus TXlMX. ... However, at concentrations over 80 microM, 2-AF was toxic to lymphocytes. This toxic response was eliminated by incubation with TXlMX. ... mPDA and 2-AF plant activated products had a reduced genotoxic potency in human lymphocytes.

21 ENVIRONMENTAL AROMATIC AMINES OR DERIV WERE TESTED FOR LONG TERM TOXICITY OR CARCINOGENICITY BY DIETARY ADMIN TO MALE CHARLES RIVER RATS & MALE & FEMALE HAM/ICR MICE. M-PHENYLENEDIAMINE WAS INACTIVE.

... WISTAR-KING RATS ... TREATED ... WITH META-PHENYLENEDIAMINE AT A DOSE OF 9 OR 18 MG/KG BODY WEIGHT ... CMPD ... INJECTED SUBCUTANEOUSLY INTO THE BACK ON ALTERNATE DAYS FOR 5 MO IN HIGHER DOSE GROUPS & FOR 11 MO IN LOWER DOSE GROUPS. ... FIBROSARCOMAS WERE PRODUCED IN ONE RAT IN THE GROUP TREATED WITH 9 MG/KG ... NO TUMORS WERE FOUND IN ANY OF THE OTHER GROUPS NOR IN THE CONTROL GROUPS. OBSERVATION PERIOD NOT SPECIFIED (SARUTA, 1962).

ORAL ADMIN @ 5.6-28 MG/KG/DAY TO RATS FOR 3-4 MO AFFECTED CNS & DETOXIFYING ACTIVITY OF LIVER, DECR URINARY EXCRETION OF HIPPURIC ACID & INCR LEVEL OF SH-GROUPS IN BLOOD & LIVER. WHEN APPLIED AT 28 MG/KG TO THE SKIN, IT CAUSED DERMATITIS.

NO DOMINANT LETHALS WERE INDUCED IN CHARLES RIVER RATS INJECTED IP 3 TIMES WEEKLY FOR 8 WK WITH 20 MG/KG BODY WT META-PHENYLENEDIAMINE BEFORE MATING (NO POSITIVE CONTROL SUBSTANCE WAS TESTED).

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,3-BENZENEDIAMINE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

m-Phenylenediamine (CAS # 108-45-2) commercial grade, was evaluated for dermal carcinogenicity in 24-month skin-painting study with male and female C3H and C57BL/6 mice (40 and 20/sex/group, respectively) exposed daily to doses of 0.6 or 3.0 mg/day. Mice were sacrificed for histologic evaluation at a rate and time determined by incidence of tumor-bearing mice during the course of treatment. Study lethalities and survivors killed at termination of study were necropsied for examination of major organ systems and the brain to determine degree of substance absorption and potential systemic toxicity. Diagnosis of any gross pathology upon these analyses were confirmed histologically. In 24-month study, mortality was significantly higher in the 3 mg, B6 males, however no increased risk of skin tumors was established for either strain or sex of mice in association with treatment.

meta-Phenylenediamine (CAS # 108-45-2) was evaluated for clastogenic effects in male and female Crl:CDBR mice (5-6/sex/group) following gavage dosing (2 doses, 24 hours apart) at concentrations of 0, 16, 33, and 65 mg/kg bodyweight. Five animals/sex/group were sacrificed for harvest of femur bone marrow and 1000 polychromatic erythrocytes/animal at 24 hours (all treatment groups) and 48 hours (0 and 65 mg/kg/day groups) after a second dose. Bone marrow smears were analyzed for treatment-related incidence of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. At all dose levels, in vivo observations included lethargy, half-closed eyes, and labored and/or rapid breathing. A solitary 65 mg/kg/day male found dead 24 hours after a second dose comprised the study mortality and weight loss in 33 and 65 mg/kg/day treatment groups was statistically significant. Upon cytogenetic evaluation, there was no statistically significant increase in micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in any treatment group relative to vehicle control (deionized water). The only statistically significant (p < 0.05; Dunnett's test) finding from all bone marrow smears was a reduction in young, polychromatic erythrocytes.

m-Phenylenediamine (CAS # 108-45-2) was evaluated for acute oral neurotoxicity in Crl:CDBR rats (12/sex/group) administered single gavage doses of 0, 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg (10 ml/kg in sterile water). Bodyweight, feed consumption, clinical signs, functional observational battery performance, fore-, and hindlimb grip strength, foot splay, and motor activity were assessed prior to treatment (baseline values), and at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 4 days post-treatment. Toxicity was demonstrated at all dose levels and generally to a greater extent in females. Females at the 150 and 300 mg/kg dose level, one and eight rats, respectively, were found dead prior to scheduled sacrifice, death occurring from 2-4 days after treatment. All study lethalities were found with pallor and staining. Significant weight loss within one day of dosing and persisting throughout Day 4 was common to 150 and 300 mg/kg treatment groups, while food consumption was adversely affected in a dose-related manner. A rebounding of food consumption and bodyweights was noted thereafter. Clinical signs were apparent from day of dosing and included dose-related pallor in females, and irregular head movements, coloration of urine and a tip-toe gait in males and females. The functional observational battery revealed significant general malaise, postural changes, and palpebral closure. High-dose females also showed diminished arousal. Measurements of fore- and hindlimb grip strength and foot splay were not indicative of a neurotoxicity at any treatment level. Motor activity was significantly depressed following treatment in all treatment groups relative to control (p </= .01), exhibiting a dose-related rate of recovery in the respective groups. Study authors attributed depressed motor activity to a general condition of malaise and reported no evidence of neurotoxicity.

3.80e+02

4.90e+03

1.20e+02

1.5E+01(G)

3.20e-02

6.00e-03

Volatile

1.10e+03

1.50e+04

3.60e+02

1.5E+01 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

1,3-Benzenediamine may be released to the environment in various waste streams from its production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as a rubber curing agent, in ion-exchange resins, decolorizing resins, formaldehyde condensates, resinous polyamides, block polymers, textile fibers, urethanes, petroleum additives, rubber chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, photography, as a reagent for gold and bromine and as a component of hair-dye formulations. If released to the atmosphere, 1,3-benzenediamine is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere based on an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.1X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase 1,3-benzenediamine is rapidly degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life 1.9 hours). 1,3-Benzenediamine absorbs light in the environmental spectrum, which suggests a potential for direct photolysis in the environment. If released to soil, 1,3-benzenediamine is expected to have very high mobility based on an estimated Koc of 16. However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group; therefore, mobility may be much lower in some soils. 1,3-Benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from wet or dry soil surfaces, based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mol and this compound's extrapolated vapor pressure, respectively. Limited data indicate 1,3-benzenediamine may be resistant to biodegradation in soil. If released into water, volatilization of 1,3-benzenediamine is not expected to occur, based on its estimated Henry's Law constant. 1,3-Benzenediamine may exist partially in the ionized form at environmental pH's based on pKa values of 2.65 and 4.88 at 25 °C. Volatilization of the ionized form is not expected to be an important fate process. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is expected to be low based on measured BCF values ranging from 1.3 to 24 in carp. Based on its structure, aromatic amine, 1,3-benzenediamine may adsorb strongly to suspended solids and sediment in water. As a class, aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water via reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals (typical half-lives for peroxy radical and hydroxyl radical reactions are on the order of 19 and 30 sunlight hours, respectively). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important process. Aqueous screening studies indicate 1,3-benzenediamine may be susceptible to biodegradation by acclimated activated sludge. Occupational exposure to 1,3-benzenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-benzenediamine is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1,3-benzenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing this compound. (SRC)

1,3-Benzenediamine is of anthropogenic origin and is not known to be produced by natural sources. (SRC)

1,3-Benzenediamine's production and use in the manufacture of dyes, as a rubber curing agent, in ion-exchange resins, decolorizing resins, formaldehyde condensates, resinous polyamides, block polymers, textile fibers, urethanes, petroleum additives, rubber chemicals, corrosion inhibitors, photography, as a reagent for gold and bromine(1), and as a component of hair-dye formulations(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of -0.33(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,3-benzenediamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5); therefore, mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC). Volatilization of 1,3-benzenediamine is not expected to be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 2.1X10-3 mm Hg(6), and measured water solubility, 2.4X10+5 mg/l(7). 1,3-Benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based on its extrapolated vapor pressure(6). Limited biodegradation data indicate 1,3-benzenediamine may be resistant to biodegradation in soil; soil microflora did not cleave the benzene ring of 1,3-benzenediamine in 64 days(8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of -0.33(2) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,3-benzenediamine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). However, aromatic amines are recognized as having a strong affinity to organic carbon, suggesting that this compound may bind strongly to suspended organic material in water(4,5). 1,3-Benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3,SRC) based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 2.1X10-3 mm Hg(6), and measured water solubility, 2.4X10+5 mg/l(7). 1,3-Benzenediamine may exist partially in the ionized form at environmental pH's based on pKa values of 2.65 and 4.88 at 25 °C(8). Volatilization of the ionized form is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(9), BCF values of 1.3 to 4.6 and <1.6 to 24 measured for 1,3-benzenediamine in carp at 2 and 0.2 mg/l, respectively(10), suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1,3-Benzenediamine in the water column may be susceptible to significant photooxidation via hydroxyl and peroxy radicals; half-lives for these photooxidations may be on the order of 19-30 sunlight hours(11). Aqueous screening studies indicate 1,3-benzenediamine may be susceptible to microbial degradation(SRC); 60% degradation was observed after 5 days using an acclimated activated sludge inoculum(12). 1,3-Benzenediamine was reported to be toxic to 3 unacclimated sludges at concns greater than 50 ppm(13).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,3-benzenediamine, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 2.1X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,3-benzenediamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 1.9 hours(3,SRC). 1,3-Benzenediamine absorbs light in the environmental spectrum(4), which suggests a potential for direct photolysis in the environment(SRC).

1,3-Benzenediamine was observed to degrade 60% after 5 days at concn levels of 25 to 30 ppm using an acclimated activated sludge inoculum(1). However at 50 ppm 1,3-benzenediamine was reported to be toxic to 3 unacclimated activated sludges(2). Soil microflora did not cleave the benzene ring of 1,3-benzenediamine in 64 days(3). 1,3-Benzenediamine, present at an initial concn of 100 mg/l, reached 2% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,3-benzenediamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.9 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). 1,3-Benzenediamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups to hydrolyze(2). As a class, aromatic amines react relatively rapidly in sunlit natural water via reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and peroxy radicals(3); typical half-lives for peroxy radical and hydroxyl radical reactions are on the order of 19 and 30 sunlight hours, respectively(3). 1,3-Benzenediamine absorbs light in the environmental spectra(4), which suggests a potential for direct photolysis in the environment(SRC). Aromatic amines are sensitive to oxidation and crystals of 1,3-benzenediamine turn red on exposure to air(5).

An estimated BCF value of 0.33 was calculated for 1,3-benzenediamine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.33(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). BCF values of 1.3 to 4.6 and <1.6 to 24 were measured for 1,3-benzenediamine in carp at 2 and 0.2 mg/l, respectively(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1,3-benzenediamine is estimated as approximately 16(SRC), using a measured log Kow of -0.33(1) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,3-benzenediamine is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, anilines are expected to bind strongly to humus or organic matter in soils due to the high reactivity of the aromatic amino group(4,5); therefore, mobility may be much lower in some soils(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,3-benzenediamine is estimated as 1.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) from its extrapolated vapor pressure, 2.1X10-3 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.4X10+5 mg/l(2). This value indicates that 1,3-benzenediamine will be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3,SRC). 1,3-Benzenediamine's Henry's Law constant(1,2,SRC) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur(SRC). 1,3-Benzenediamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based on its extrapolated vapor pressure(1). 1,3-Benzenediamine may exist partially in the ionized form at environmental pH's based on pKa values of 2.65 and 4.88 at 25 °C(4). Volatilization of the ionized form is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: 1,3-Benzenediamine was detected in drinking water from an unspecified location(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 29,424 workers (24,818 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,3-benzenediamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,3-benzenediamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,3-benzenediamine is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 1,3-benzenediamine via dermal contact with consumer products containing this compound(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Recommendable method: Incineration. Peer-review: (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Phenylenediamines/

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Phenylenediamines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,3-BENZENEDIAMINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1673; Phenylenediamine, meta, solid; m-Phenylenediamine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-36-43-50/53-68; S: (1/2)-28-36/37-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: III