bromobenzene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H411 (99.6%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 232 reports by companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P316, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

A MIXT OF PIPERIDINE, CYCLOHEXANONE, AND BROMOBENZENE WAS BURNED IN A HOUSE TO SIMULATE A FIRE IN A PHENCYCLIDINE LAB. BROMOBENZENE WAS DETECTED IN/ON THE DEBRIS HEADSPACE, SHOES WORN DURING THE INCIDENT, AND LIQ DISTILLATE FROM THE DEBRIS. IT WAS ALSO DETECTED IN A VACUUM GRAB SAMPLE AND ON VAPORS TRAPPED ON A CHARCOAL TUBE.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Ventilation along the floor.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

7.2 [ppm]

79 [ppm]

470 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the skin. If this liquid is swallowed, aspiration into the lungs may result in chemical pneumonitis. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the liver and kidneys. This may result in impaired functions.

Goggles or face shield; rubber gloves and apron. (USCG, 1999)

GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD; RUBBER GLOVES & APRON.

NO open flames. NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 51 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e.g., by grounding).

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Mobile clear colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Flash point 124 °F. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Hence sinks in water. Vapors are heavier than air. A skin irritant.

Clear liquid with a pungent odor; [CAMEO]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

MOBILE LIQUID

Heavy, mobile, colorless liquid

AROMATIC ODOR

Pungent odor

313 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

boiling point equals 313 °F

156.2 °C @ 760 MM HG

Boiling point: 132.3 °C @ 400 mm Hg; 110.1 °C @ 200 mm Hg; 68.6 °C @ 40 mm Hg; 53.8 °C @ 20 mm Hg; 40.0 °C @ 10 mm Hg; 27.8 °C @ 5 mm Hg; 2.9 °C @ 1 mm Hg

156.2 °C

156.06 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-24 °F (NTP, 1992)

-30.6 °C (SOLIDIFIES)

-30.7 °C

-30.72 °C

123.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flash point equals 124 °F

51 °C (124 °F) (CLOSED CUP)

51 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

MISCIBLE WITH CHLOROFORM, BENZENE, PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS; SOL IN ALCOHOL (10.4 G/100 G @ 25 °C), IN ETHER (71.3 G/100 G @ 25 °C); PRACTICALLY INOL IN WATER (0.045 G/100 G @ 30 °C)

SOL IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

Miscible with most organic solvents; insoluble in water

Very soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, and benzene

Solubility in water = 410 mg/l @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 25 °C: 0.04

1.49 at 77 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

@ 10 °C/4 °C: 1.5083; @ 15 °C/4 °C: 1.5017; @ 20 °C/4 °C: 1.4952; @ 30 °C/4 °C: 1.4815; @ 71 °C/4 °C: 1.426; @ 0 °C/4 °C: 1.5220

Relative density (water = 1): 1.5

1.495 @ 20°C

5.41 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

5.41 (AIR= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 5.41

5 mmHg at 82 °F ; 10 mmHg at 104 °F; 20 mmHg at 128.8 °F (NTP, 1992)

4.18 [mmHg]

4.18 MM HG @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 0.55

7.5 [mm Hg] @34.9 °C

Flammable. Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

BROMOBENZENE may be sensitive to light. May react with oxidizing agents (NTP, 1992).

DANGEROUS...CAN REACT WITH OXIDIZING MATERIALS.

The hepatotoxicity of bromobenzene is due to the production of reactive metabolites that modify or alkylated DNA, RNA and proteins. These reactive metabolites arise from the action of the CYP enzymes that are concentrated in the liver that lead to the production of cytotoxic compounds such as the 2,3- and 3,4-oxides of bromobenzene, the oxides of the bromophenols, 1,4-benzoquinone, and the radicals and quinones derived from redox cycling of the 2- and 4-bromocatechols. Similar reactive metabolites lead to renal damage, albeit at higher doses.

Bromobenzene

8 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

6 x 10 ^-2 mg/m^3

2 x 10 ^-1 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Drug-Induced Liver Injury Severity and Toxicity (DILIst)

bromobenzene

DILI Positive

DOI:10.1016/j.drudis.2019.09.022

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The toxic effects of bromobenzene following acute exposure have been extensively studied in animals. Liver, kidney, and lung have been identified as the target organs for this chemical by a variety of routes. It can cause liver and nervous system damage if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin (L1987).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Dizziness.

Redness.

Nausea. Diarrhoea.

If inhaled, bromobenzene causes irritation to the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath. Affects central nervous system causing dizziness, incoordination and unconsciousness. May be absorbed into the bloodstream with symptoms similar to ingestion. If the compound is ingested it can cause abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dullness, central nervous system effects and liver damage. Estimated lethal human dose is 50 - 500 mg/kg. Contact with skin or eyes causes irritation, redness and pain.

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

IRIS Current

LD50: 2699 mg/kg (Oral, Rat) (L678)

LD50: 1000 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (L678)

LD50: 2000 mg/kg (Subcutaneous, Mouse) (L678)

LC50: 20 400 mg/kg (Inhalation, Rat) (L678)

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

...BROMOBENZENE...CENTRILOBULAR NECROSIS. ...COULD BE PREVENTED BY COADMINISTRATION OF CYSTEINE & METHIONINE... PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE /ALSO/ PREVENTED LIVER NECROSIS...

IN ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES, METHIONINE PREVENTED BROMOBENZENE TOXICITY, PRESUMABLY BY STIMULATING GSH SYNTHESIS & THEREBY DECR AMT OF REACTIVE METABOLITES AVAILABLE. HEPATOCYTES FROM DIETHYLMALEATE-TREATED RATS WERE SENSITIVE TO BROMOBENZENE TOXICITY UNDER INCUBATION CONDITIONS.

PRIOR CONSUMPTION OF A DIET CONTAINING BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE BY FEMALE MICE PREVENTED THE DEVELOPMENT OF OR MINIMIZED THE ACUTE LIVER DAMAGE CAUSED BY BROMOBENZENE.

CHOLESTYRAMINE-FED RATS AND PAIR-FED CONTROLS WERE ADMIN BROMOBENZENE IP FIVE DAYS LATER. CHOLESTYRAMINE PREVENTED LIVER NECROSIS.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for BROMOBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IRRITANT TO SKIN. HIGH VAPOR CONCN MAY BE ANESTHETIC.

HEPATIC CENTRILOBULAR NECROSIS INDUCED BY BROMOBENZENE IS THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY FORMATION OF BROMOBENZENE.../SRP: OXIDES & THEIR/ SUBSEQUENT REACTION WITH LIVER PROTEINS, THE PRODUCTS OF WHICH CAN BE FOUND IN NECROTIC AREAS OF LIVER.

...NO EVIDENCE THAT BROMOBENZENE IS CARCINOGENIC IN...MAN.

DOGS TOLERATED ORAL...3-5 G SEVERAL DAYS BEFORE...VOMITING, DIARRHEA & EVENTUALLY DEATH. RATS GIVEN 3 G/KG SHOWED TOXIC SYMPTOMS AFTER 6-10 DAYS... WIDESPREAD HEPATIC NECROSIS NOT ONLY AROUND CENTROLOBULAR VEINS BUT ALSO AROUND ALL TRIBUTARIES OF THE HEPATIC VEINS. LESIONS RESEMBLE THOSE.../OF/ THIOACETAMIDE & TANNIC ACID.

...IN AN INHALATION STUDY IN RATS, BROMOBENZENE WAS ADMIN DAILY FOR 4-HR PERIOD @ 3 UG/CU M, WITHOUT TOXIC EFFECTS; 20 UG/CU M WAS A DEFINITE-EFFECT DOSAGE IN SIMILAR TESTS... BROMOBENZENE WAS NOT MUTAGENIC IN SALMONELLA/MICROSOME TEST... THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT BROMOBENZENE IS CARCINOGENIC IN ANIMALS...

REPEATED EXPOSURE OF RATS TO...250 MG/CU M CAUSED NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS &... (NEUTROPHIL LEUKOPENIA & LYMPHOPENIA). ...EXPOSED TO...20 MG/CU M...FOR 4.5 MO...ARRESTED GROWTH...INHIBITION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM, DISORDERS OF LIVER FUNCTION & REDN OF SULFHYDRYL GROUPS IN SERUM & LIVER HOMOGENATE.../& IN/ SERUM ALBUMIN CONCN.

TIME COURSE & ACINAR DISTRIBUTION OF BROMOBENZENE-INDUCED HEPATIC NECROSIS: LIGHT & ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN RAT. ZONE 3 /SRP: CENTRILOBULAR REGION/ SHOWED CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 6 HR AFTER ADMIN, & HEPATOCYTE CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLAR DEGENERATION & NECROSIS @ 48 HR.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMOBENZENE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical. [http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=108-86-1]

Acute oral toxicity was evaluated in six groups of 10 male Crl:Cd rats administered single doses of bromobenzene by oral gavage at levels 2000, 2800 and 3500 mg/kg of body weight for 3 groups of fasted animals and at levels of 3000, 3500 and 4000 mg/kg for 3 groups of nonfasted animals. Mortality was observed within 2 to 4 days for fasted animals in all 10 at the 3500 mg/kg dose, in 6 animals at 2800 mg/kg and 3 at 2000 mg/kg, while in the nonfasted groups, 8 died at 4000 mg/kg, 4 at 3500 mg/kg and 1 at 3000 mg/kg, all within 3 to 4 days; the LD50 value was determined to be 2383 mg/kg of body weight for fasted and 3591 mg/kg of body weight for nonfasted rats. Clinical observations included lacrimation, stained and wet perineal area, stained face, chromodacryorrhea, diarrhea, congestion, salivation, tremors, prostration, weakness, and lethargy. Weight loss was observed at all levels. Gross necropsy was not reported.

2.90e+02

1.80e+03

6.30e+01

2.60e+02

6.20e+01

6.0E+01(G)

4.20e-02

8.00e-03

6.00e-02

Volatile

6.79e+02

8.60e+02

5.30e+03

1.90e+02

7.90e+02

6.0E+01 (G)

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

Bromobenzene's production and use as an additive to motor oil, in organic synthesis to make phenyl magnesium bromide, as a solvent for crystallization on a large scale, and where a heavy liquid is desirable may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to the the atmosphere, bromobenzene will exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a measured vapor pressure of 4.18 mm Hg at 25 °C. Vapor-phase bromobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals with a half-life of about 21 days. An estimated Koc value of 268 suggests that bromobenzene will have moderate mobility in soil. Volatilizaton from moist soil surfaces should occur based upon an experimental Henry's Law constant of 2.08X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces should be important given the vapor pressure of this compound. Bromobenzene is not biodegraded in screening studies using an activated sludge as inoculum; 0% degradation was reported after four weeks. In water, bromobenzene may adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its estimated Koc value of 268. This compound will volatilize from water surfaces given its experimental Henry's Law constant. Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms should be low to moderately high based on measured BCF values ranging from 8.8 to 190. Given the commercial uses of bromobenzene, human exposure appears to be likely from occupational situations through dermal and inhalation routes and consumer exposure to motor oil. Due to the compound's presence in food, ambient air, and finished water, general population exposure may be possible by ingestion and inhaltion routes. (SRC)

Bromobenzene's production and use as an additive to motor oil, in organic synthesis to make phenyl magnesium bromide, as a solvent for crystallization on a large scale, and where a heavy liquid is desirable(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 268(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromobenzene will have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bromobenzene may be important from moist soil surfaces(SRC) given an experimental Henry's Law constant of 2.08X-3 atm-cu m/mole(4,SRC). Based on limited screening test data, bromobenzene is resistant to biodegradation; after a period of four weeks, 0% biodegradation occurred(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 268(SRC), determined from an experimental log Kow(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(1), indicates that bromobenzene may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Bromobenzene will volatilize from water surfaces(1,SRC) based on an experimental Henry's Law constant of 2.08X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(3,SRC). Estimated half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 hours and 5 days, respectively(1,SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), experimental BCF values in the range of 8.8 to 190(5,6,SRC) suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderately high(SRC). Based on limited screening test data, bromobenzene is moderately resistant to biodegradation; after a period of four weeks, 0% biodegradation occurred(5).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromobenzene, which has an experimental vapor pressure of 4.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(2,SRC), will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 21 days(SRC) from the experimentally measured hydroxyl radical rate constant of 7.7X10-13 at 25 °C(3). Particulate-phase bromobenzene may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Using the MITI Test, 30 mg/l of bromobenzene was innoculated with 100 mg/l activated sludge. After an incubation period of four weeks, a theoretical BOD of 0 percent was obtained(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromobenzene with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been experimentally determined as 7.7X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C utilizing the flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 21 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). In another study, bromobenzene was absorbed on silica gel and irradiated with light at a wavelength of 290 nm. Irradiation produced 19.7 percent photooxidation of bromobenzene(2).

When exposed to 50 ug/l of bromobenzene, the experimental BCF in carp ranged from 8.8 to 34. When exposed to 5 ug/l of bromobenzene, the experimental BCF in carp ranged from 12 to 33(1). The experimental BCF in algae (Chlorella fusca) was 190 for one day. The experimental BCF for the fish golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) was determined to be 50 after three days(2). Concentration of bromobenzene in the water for the algae and the golden ide was unreported(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to moderately high(SRC).

The Koc of bromobenzene is estimated as approximately 268 (SRC), using an experimental log Kow of 2.99 (1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2,SRC). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromobenzene has moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for bromobenzene has been experimentally determined as 2.08X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1,SRC). This value indicates that bromobenzene will volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 4 hours(2,SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec) is estimated as approximately 5 days(2,SRC).

DURING CHLORINATION WATER TREATMENT, BROMOBENZENE CAN BE FORMED IN SMALL QUANTITIES.../HAS BEEN/ FOUND IN FINISHED WATER IN LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER AREA...

GROUNDWATER: In a study conducted by the Office of Technology Assessment in 1984, bromobenzene was known to occur in groundwater ranging in concn from 1.9 ppb to 5.8 ppb(1). Disposal of secondary sewage effluent by rapid infiltration since 1936 has produced a plume of contaminated groundwater over 3500 m long near Falmouth, MA. Bromobenzene was identified as a contaminant with a maximum concn of 10 ng/l(2). Bromobenzene was found to be a contaminant in groundwater from a well near a chemical plant in Switzerland. Results showed that a maximum of 16 ug/l bromobenzene was present in well number one, which was closest to the chemical plant(3). Screening of 1174 community wells and 617 private wells was conducted in Wisconsin in the early 1980's. GCMS results showed that bromobenzene was detected in the wells, in unreported concns(4). Random samples of finished water were collected near a point of entrance to the distribution system from the public water systems in Ohio during 1981 and 1982. A total of 479 samples was taken statewide. Bromobenzene was detected three times from a random selection of 280 sites serving fewer that 10,000 persons at an average concn of 0.5 ug/l. Bromobenzene was detected one time from a random selection of 186 sites serving more than 10,000 persons at an average concn of 0.5 ug/l(5).

GROUNDWATER: Results of the 1982 Ground Water Supply Survey showed that in a random sampling of 466 wells, bromobenzene was found to have an average concn of 0.5 ug/l in drinking water(1).

SURFACE WATER: Thirty samples were collected between February 17 and February 20, 1976 in the Delaware Basin along the Delaware, Schuylkill and Lehigh rivers between Allentown,PA and Margaretville,DE. The samples were taken from the navigational channel in the middle of the river. Exact concns of bromobenzene were not determined, but bromobenzene was detected as occurring at a frequency of seven percent(1). A total of 204 water samples were collected from fourteen heavily industrialized river basins across the United States between the 18-month period of July 1, 1975 and December 31, 1976. Exact concns of bromobenzene were not determined, but bromobenzene was detected as occurring at a frequency of nine percent(2).

ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF SECONDARY EFFLUENTS FROM PUBLICLY-OWNED TREATMENT WORKS IN ILLINOIS WERE ANALYZED BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY. EMPHASIS WAS GIVEN TO SECONDARY EFFLUENTS FROM MUNICIPAL TREATMENT PLANTS RECEIVING INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES AS PART OF THE INFLUENT. BROMOBENZENE WAS DETECTED IN ONE COMPOSITE SAMPLE FROM THE FIRST MANHOLE DOWNSTREAM OF A TREATMENT PROCESS.

Sample extracts from four different incineration site effluents, location unknown; bromobenzene was found to have a concn of 2.8 ug/l at site II and a concn of 99 ug/l at site III. No detection was found at the other sites(1). Fly ash from a municipal waste incinerator, location unknown, was substituted by bromide without changing the catalytic properties of the fly ash. At three different bromide concns of 10, 20, and 30 wt%, bromobenzene was formed on the fly ash in concns of 2319, 6099, and 9752 ng/g, respectively(2). Bromobenzene was confirmed as being present in chlorinated secondarily-treated effluent from the Mililani Sewage Treatment Plant in unreported concns(3). Bromobenzene was effectively removed by percolation through Lahaina soil (23 cm deep) when treated effluent was applied as irrigaton water to a sugarcane field(3).

In 1979, environmental samples (number unknown) were collected off site of bromine industry plants near El Dorado and Magnolia, Arkansas. Unreported concentrations of bromobenzene were identified in the soil and sediment(1).

SOURCE DOMINATE: Ambient air concns of bromobenzene were collected over a five day period (7/17/77 to 7/21/77) near Great Lakes Chemical Corp in El Dorodo, Arkansas. Twenty-one samples from five different locations were collected. Results showed that the levels of bromobenzene ranged from 5.3 ng/l (period 1, cycle 1, location 1) to 4,276 ng/l (period 3, cycle 1, location 3)(1). Ambient air concns of bromobenzene were collected over a two year period (1976 to 1977) near Great Lakes Chemical Corp in El Dorado, Arkansas and a one day period in 1977 in Magnolia, Arkansas. Concns in El Dorodo ranged from 4.8 ng/cu m to 4,276 ng/cu m. Concns in Magnolia ranged from 23 ng/cu m to 140 ng/cu m(2).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In an update of the Volatile Organic Compounds Database, bromobenzene was found to have an average daily concentration of 0.224 ppbv for all ambient site types (indoor/outdoor). This was determined from 26 data points(1).

Using EPA Method 524.2, bromobenzene was detected in two of 234 table foods(1). The concentration ranged from 4.69 ppb to 9.06 ppb. The highest level food item was cake doughnuts.

Probable routes of exposure to bromobenzene from occupational situations are inhalation and dermal contact from it's production and use as well as consumer exposure to motor oil. Due to the compound's presence in food, ambient air, and finished water, general population exposure may be possible by ingestion and inhaltion routes. (SRC)

The concentration of total bromobenzenes in human adipose tissue for three specimens from Japan was 2.1, 2.9, and 4.1 ng/wet,g(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for BROMOBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2514; Bromobenzene

IMO 3.3; Bromobenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs. Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xi, N; R: 10-38-51/53; S: (2)-61

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III