methylbenzene

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361d ***: Suspected of damaging the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H373 **: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (8 of 9036) of reports.

H225 (98.5%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (99.8%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (98.5%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336 (98.3%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361 (95.3%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (98.4%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H412 (16.5%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 9036 reports by companies from 197 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 8 of 9036 reports by companies.

There are 195 notifications provided by 9028 of 9036 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (100%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H336 (100%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361 (100%): Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (100%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H362: May cause harm to breast-fed children [Reproductive toxicity, effects on or via lactation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P263, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use foam, powder, carbon dioxide, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for TOLUENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Poisonous gases may be produced in fire.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Liquid floats on water and may travel to a source of ignition and spread fire.

Flame speed equals 37 cm/sec.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit and self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Absorb in noncombustible material for proper disposal. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in safe place (such as fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear hood ductwork. Burn paper in suitable location away from combustible materials.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for TOLUENE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U220, and F005 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Toluene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOLUENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Drench-type showers, eye-wash fountains should be installed and maintained to provide prompt, immediate access.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for TOLUENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Well closed. Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Store only in original container.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Handle and store under inert gas.

Store in a flammable liquid storage area or approved cabinet away from ignition sources and corrosive and reactive materials. ... Before entering confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Toluene must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), since violent reactions occur. Protect storage containers from physical damage. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where toluene is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. Metal containers involving the transfer of 5 gallons or more of toluene should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only nonsparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of toluene.

Outside or detached storage is preferred. Inside storage should be in a standard flammable liquids storage warehouse, room, or cabinet. Separate from oxidizing materials.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - o-Cresol in urine = 0.3 mg/g creatinine (end of shift); Toluene in blood = 0.02 mg/L (prior to last shift of workweek); Toluene in urine = 0.03 mg/L (end of shift); [ACGIH]

5300.0 [ppm]

50.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

** 10,000 ppm

Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) = 14,000 ppm * = > 10% LEL; ** = > 50% LEL AEGL 3 - 10 min = **10,000 ppm For values denoted as * safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account. For values denoted as ** extreme safety considerations against the hazard(s) of explosion(s) must be taken into account.

AEGLs Status: Final

67 [ppm]

560 [ppm]

3700 [ppm]

100 ppm (375 mg/m³)

150 ppm (560 mg/m³)

TWA 100 ppm (375 mg/m3) ST 150 ppm (560 mg/m3)

200.0 [ppm], Ceiling(OSHA) = 300 ppm(500 ppm for 10-min peak per 8-hr shift)

300 ppm; 500 ppm (Peak) [10 min maximum in an 8 hr shift]

TWA 200 ppm C 300 ppm 500 ppm (10-minute maximum peak) See Appendix G

500 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: It has been reported that extreme fatigue, mental confusion, exhilaration, nausea, headache and dizziness resulted from exposures to 600 ppm by the end of 3 hours [von Oettingen et al. 1942]. In addition, the following observations have been made: Some workers will tolerate concentrations ranging up to 200 ppm for 6 to 8 hours daily with no demonstrable ill effects; 200 to 500 ppm for 6 to 8 hours will cause tiredness and lassitude in most workers; and concentrations over 500 ppm for 1 to 3 hours are definitely dangerous and will cause symptoms attributable to depression of the central nervous system and the bone marrow [Wilson 1943]. It has also been reported that exposure to concentrations greater than 4,000 ppm for more than 5 minutes might limit self rescue ability [ANSI 1973]. After 20 minutes, exposures to concentrations at 300, 500, or 700 ppm resulted in significant increases in reaction times; a significant decrease in perceptual speed resulted after a 20­ minute exposure to 700 ppm [Gamberale and Hultengren 1972].

See: 108883

20.0 [ppm]

8 Hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: o-Cresol in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift; BEI: 0.3 mg/g creatinine. Notations: The determinant may be present in biological specimens collected from subjects who have not been occupationally exposed, at a concentration which could affect interpretation of the result. Such background concentrations are incorporated in the BEI value.

For more Threshold Limit Values (TLV) (Complete) data for TOLUENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

20 ppm as TWA; (OTO); A4 (not classifiable as a human carcinogen); BEI issued.

20 ppm [2006]

192 mg/m

Acute Inhalation: 1 ppm (L134)

Chronic Inhalation: 0.08 ppm (L134)

Acute Oral: 0.8 mg/kg/day (L134)

Intermediate Oral: 0.02 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Toluene appears as a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor. Flash point 40 °F. Less dense than water (7.2 lb / gal) and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors heavier than air. May be toxic by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. Used in aviation and automotive fuels, as a solvent, and to make other chemicals.

CBI; Gas Vapor; Dry Powder; Other Solid; Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid; Liquid; Other Solid

Colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor

231.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

110.6 °C

110.00 to 111.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

110.63 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-139 °F (NTP, 1992)

-94.9 °C

-94.95 °C

40 °F (NTP, 1992)

4.0 °C (39.2 °F) - closed cup

4.4 dec C (closed cup)

40 °F (4 °C) (Closed cup)

4 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 526 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid, carbon disulfide

Soluble in ethanol, benzene, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and carbon disulfide

0.526 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

(74 °F): 0.07%

0.867 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8623 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.87

0.8623 @25 °C

3.14 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.1 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.1

10 mmHg at 43.5 °F ; 20 mmHg at 65.1 °F; 40 mmHg at 89.2 °F (NTP, 1992)

28.4 [mmHg]

28.4 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 25 °C: 3.8

7.5 [mm Hg] @1.5 °C

log Kow = 2.73

Henry's Law constant = 6.64X10-3 atm-cu m/mole @ 25 °C

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Highly Flammable

CSL00194

Nitrous oxide + Nitric oxide + Sodium + Hydrogen + Sodium formate + Toluene

"A safety letter from Merck & Co. chemists titled “Nitric Oxide at High Pressure” (C&EN, Jan. 30, page 6) described two explosions during depressurization of a reaction between NO and methanol under basic conditions. The products in a model system with sodium methoxide were described as nitrous oxide and formic acid, presumably as sodium formate. A potential danger in this system should be pointed out: Sodium formate undergoes thermal decomposition to give hydrogen gas (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,DOI: 10.1021/ja02245a004), which explodes spontaneously in the presence of nitrous oxide above critical limits (J. Am. Chem. Soc., DOI: 10.1021/ja01179a036), even in the absence of a catalyst or source of ignition. The presence of hydrogen and nitrous oxide above a reaction mixture was undoubtedly the cause of an explosion and fire in my laboratory in 1981 during workup of a reaction between sodium and nitric oxide. The major product of the reaction is cis-sodium hyponitrite, which decomposes immediately in water to form sodium hydroxide and nitrous oxide. The employee, a biology major who was badly burned, had carried out the reaction a number of times without incident. This time he tried twice and failed to disperse about 30 g of sodium in toluene and, without consulting me, decided to continue the reaction. The explosion occurred as he was attempting to destroy the unreacted sodium, a lump too large to remove from the flask, by dropwise addition of water. Most of the sodium had reacted at the time of the explosion, and there was no indication of mechanical failure. At the time, I was unaware of the extreme incompatibility of the two gases, and the accident was extremely puzzling. The reaction mixture was close to room temperature and was stirred rapidly while the headspace was flushed with a stream of nitrogen. When I arrived at the laboratory a few minutes after the accident, nitrogen was still flowing from the burned-off end of the plastic tubing. Since that time, I noticed a reference to the “hydrogen explosion” in the ancient chemical literature as a way to identify nitrous oxide." (reprint of the full-text)

Explosive

Medium (up to 100g)

10.1021/cen-09013-letters

Literature Reference

10/15/2022

10/14/2022

TOLUENE reacts vigorously with allyl chloride or other alkyl halides even at -70 °C in the presence of ethyl aluminum dichloride or ethyl aluminum sesquichloride. Explosions have been reported [NFPA 491M 1991]. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. When added to a tank of sulfur dichloride, the tank over pressurized and ruptured in a reaction thought to be catalyzed by iron or iron(III) chloride [Chem. Eng. News, 1988, 66(32), 2].

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

If conditions are not properly controlled, the reaction of toluene with nitric acid is extremely violent especially in the presence of sulfuric acid, which takes up the water formed. Part of the hazard is from the formation of nitrocresols, which react and decompose violently on further nitration.

A mixture of /nitrogen tetroxide and toluene/ caused an explosion at an industrial plant in Zschornewitz.

Shock-sensitive solvated salts are ... formed with silver perchlorate and ... toluene.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for TOLUENE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

Safe in the present practices of use and concentration. Ingredient, concentration, and use information are available in documents discoverable at https://cir-reports.cir-safety.org

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Toluene is a colorless liquid. It is not registered for current pesticide use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses. Toluene is a component of gasoline, paints, inks, lacquers, paint thinners, adhesives, fingernail polish, cleaning agents, and rubber. BTX (a mixture of benzene, toluene, and xylene) is added to gasoline to improve octane ratings. Toluene is used to produce benzene, trinitrotoluene (TNT), nylon, plastics, and polyurethanes. It is also used in production of drugs of abuse. Toluene is a favorite of solvent abusers, who intentionally inhale high concentrations to achieve a euphoric effect. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Eye and upper airway irritation occurred after a 6.5 hr exposure to an air level of 100 ppm (377 mg/cu m) toluene, and lacrymation was seen at 500 mg/cu m. Volunteers exposed to 100 ppm (377 mg/cu m) toluene for 6 hr/day for four days suffered from subjective complaints of headache, dizziness and a sensation of intoxication. In subjects exposed to 750 mg/cu m for 8 hr, fatigue, muscular weakness, confusion, impaired coordination, enlarged pupils and accommodation disturbances were experienced; at about 3000 mg/cu m, severe fatigue, pronounced nausea, mental confusion, considerable incoordination with staggering gait and strongly affected pupillary light reflexes were observed. After exposure at the high level, muscular fatigue, nervousness and insomnia lasted for several days. Heavy accidental exposure leads to coma. Studies of women exposed to toluene have shown menstrual disturbances, principally associated with abnormal bleeding. n a case study of two adult white males who suffered from toluene intoxication cardiac arrhythmias were noted. Response seemed to be highly variable among individuals. One person exposed for 2 hr to less than 1890 ppm toluene exhibited a rapid heartbeat (sinus tachycardia), while the second person, exposed for 3 hr, exhibited a slow heartbeat (bradycardia). Severe renal tubular acidosis was observed in five pregnant women who were chronic abusers of paints containing toluene. A 27-year-old male developed cerebral and cerebellar atrophy over a period of five years of extensive glue sniffing. He also developed bilateral optic atrophy with blindness and severe sensorineural hearing loss. CYP2E1 is a versatile phase I drug-metabolizing enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of most volatile organic compounds, including toluene. Human toluene exposure increases CYP2E1 mRNA and modifies its activity in leucocytes. A study of Finnish individuals monitored in an occupational database during the years 1978 to 1983 showed that there was no increase in cancer risk with individuals exposed to toluene with average blood levels of 0.18 mg/L. Chromosome studies on peripheral blood lymphocytes of 34 rotogravure workers in Italy showed no changes when compared with the control group. Several case series have demonstrated that high exposure to toluene through sniffing during pregnancy induces a syndrome that closely resembles the fetal alcohol syndrome, with pre- and postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly and developmental delay, typical craniofacial features including micrognathia, small palpebral fissures, and ear anomalies. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats were studied to assess the effects of acute binge-like toluene inhalations (15 or 30 min; ~5,000 ppm) on tasks that examine locomotion, exploration, balance, gait, and neurological functioning for adolescent (1 month), young adult (2-3 months), adult (5-6 months), and older adult (10-12 months) rats. Both motor and neurological functions were impaired following acute toluene inhalation at all ages. However, only the duration to recover from deficits in motor functions differed among age groups, with adolescent and young adult rats requiring notably longer recovery times than older rats. When 0.25, 0.5, or 2.0 mL toluene were applied to 0.7% of the total body surface of guinea pigs, none of the animals died, but reduced body-weight gain occurred. Inhalation of 1400 to 2000 ppm toluene by male rats, 8 hours/day for as little as 3 days resulted in reversible, high-frequency hearing loss. Subcutaneous injection of 50 and 500 mg/kg once a day for 10 days caused decreased sperm counts and serum testosterone in male rats. Rats were dosed with 1.3 g/kg toluene subcutaneously during either week 2 (8-15 days) or week 3 (14-20 days) of pregnancy and evaluated for malformations, development of the skeleton, prenatal growth of the brain and liver, postnatal growth, and behavioral effects. The only toluene-induced change was low birth weight and was found in the rats dosed in the third week of pregnancy. Rabbits exposed 24 hours/day at 1000 mg/cu m (265 ppm) from day 6 to 15 of pregnancy showed increased spontaneous abortions. Mice exposed 24 hours/day at 1000 mg/cu m (265 ppm) on days 6 to 15 of pregnancy and rats exposed to 2400 mg/cu m (636 ppm) on days 7 to 15 of pregnancy showed growth and skeletal retardation. Mice exposed 24 hours/day at 133 ppm toluene on days 6 to 13 of pregnancy and rats exposed 24 hours/day at 399 ppm on days 1 to 8 of pregnancy and on days 9 to 14 of pregnancy showed fetal growth retardation and an increase in skeletal anomalies. There was maternal mortality in these groups. Mice exposed 6 hours/day at 100 ppm toluene during days 1 to 17 of pregnancy showed no significant differences in number of implantation sites, number of fetuses, or mean fetal body weight when compared with control. When toluene was applied to shaved interscapular skin of male mice 3 times per week for 4 weeks, followed by a secondary treatment of 3 times per week for up to 112 weeks, no tumors were observed. Groups of 60 male and female mice that were exposed 6.5 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 years via inhalation at inhaled 0, 120, 600, or 1200 ppm toluene showed no biologically relevant increases for any non-neoplastic or neoplastic tissue changes. When groups of 60 rats of each sex were exposed via inhalation 6.5 hours/day, 5 days/week for 2 years to atmospheres containing 0, 600, or 1200 ppm toluene, nephropathy occurred in nearly all of the rats. The olfactory and respiratory epithelia showed signs of degeneration with nasal inflammation and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium (principally in the females). No treatment-related neoplasms occurred in the male rats. and the few scattered tumors found in the females were considered not associated with toluene inhalation. Toluene did not induce gene mutations in Salmonella typhimiurium strain TA98, TA100, TA1535, or TA1537 with or without exogenous metabolic activation. In the mouse lymphoma assay, toluene gave an equivocal response with and without exogenous metabolic activation. Toluene did not induce sister chromatid exchanges or chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells in the presence or absence of exogenous metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: The toluene contamination significantly reduced the mass of the cell wall material in the alfalfa roots. Furthermore, the toluene pollution can change the alfalfa root cell wall properties by reducing the cell wall functional groups. These functional groups are probably related to the proteins and polysaccharides in the cell wall.

Toluene is a cholinesterase or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. A cholinesterase inhibitor (or 'anticholinesterase') suppresses the action of acetylcholinesterase. Because of its essential function, chemicals that interfere with the action of acetylcholinesterase are potent neurotoxins, causing excessive salivation and eye-watering in low doses, followed by muscle spasms and ultimately death. Nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by binding a serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Acetylcholine esterase breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which is released at nerve and muscle junctions, in order to allow the muscle or organ to relax. The result of acetylcholine esterase inhibition is that acetylcholine builds up and continues to act so that any nerve impulses are continually transmitted and muscle contractions do not stop. Among the most common acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are phosphorus-based compounds, which are designed to bind to the active site of the enzyme. The structural requirements are a phosphorus atom bearing two lipophilic groups, a leaving group (such as a halide or thiocyanate), and a terminal oxygen.

8 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

5 mg/m^3

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of toluene in humans. There is evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity of toluene in experimental animals. Overall evaluation: Toluene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

Under the Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment (U.S. EPA, 2005), there is inadequate information to assess the carcinogenic potential of toluene because studies of humans chronically exposed to toluene are inconclusive, toluene was not carcinogenic in adequate inhalation cancer bioassays of rats and mice exposed for life, and increased incidences of mammary cancer and leukemia were reported in a lifetime rat oral bioassay at a dose level of 500 mg/kg-day but not at 800 mg/kg-day.

A4; Not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 47: (1989) Some Organic Solvents, Resin Monomers and Related Compounds, Pigments and Occupational Exposures in Paint Manufacture and Painting

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

TR-371: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Toluene (CASRN 108-88-3) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies) (1990 )

03/13/89

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male or female F344/N rats exposed to toluene at concentrations of 600 or 1,200 ppm. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for male or female B6C3F1 mice exposed by inhalation to toluene at concentrations of 120, 600, or 1,200 ppm for 2 years.

3, not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (L135)

Acute exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors can cause a cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea/vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, collapse, and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Accumulation of ACh at motor nerves causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression at the neuromuscular junction. When this occurs symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle cramps, fasciculation, and paralysis can be seen. When there is an accumulation of ACh at autonomic ganglia this causes overstimulation of nicotinic expression in the sympathetic system. Symptoms associated with this are hypertension, and hypoglycemia. Overstimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the central nervous system, due to accumulation of ACh, results in anxiety, headache, convulsions, ataxia, depression of respiration and circulation, tremor, general weakness, and potentially coma. When there is expression of muscarinic overstimulation due to excess acetylcholine at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors symptoms of visual disturbances, tightness in chest, wheezing due to bronchoconstriction, increased bronchial secretions, increased salivation, lacrimation, sweating, peristalsis, and urination can occur. Certain reproductive effects in fertility, growth, and development for males and females have been linked specifically to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Most of the research on reproductive effects has been conducted on farmers working with pesticides and insecticdes in rural areas. In females menstrual cycle disturbances, longer pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and some developmental effects in offspring have been linked to organophosphate pesticide exposure. Prenatal exposure has been linked to impaired fetal growth and development. Neurotoxic effects have also been linked to poisoning with OP pesticides causing four neurotoxic effects in humans: cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome, organophosphate-induced delayed polyneuropathy (OPIDP), and chronic organophosphate-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (COPIND). These syndromes result after acute and chronic exposure to OP pesticides.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L174) ; inhalation (L174) ; dermal (L174)

Sore throat. Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Aspiration hazard! Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache; dilated pupils, lacrimation (discharge of tears); anxiety, muscle fatigue, insomnia; paresthesia; dermatitis; liver, kidney damage

The central nervous system is the primary target organ of toluene and other alkylbenzenes. Manifestations of exposure range from slight dizziness and headache to unconciousness, respiratory depression and death. Other symptoms include tiredness, confusion, weakness, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite, and hearing and color vision loss. These symptoms usually disappear when exposure is stopped. (T10, L174)

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Developmental (effects while organs are developing), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

Chemical: TOLUENE

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Nephrotoxin - The chemical is potentially toxic to the kidneys in the occupational setting.

Reproductive Toxin - A chemical that is toxic to the reproductive system, including defects in the progeny and injury to male or female reproductive function. Reproductive toxicity includes developmental effects. See Guidelines for Reproductive Toxicity Risk Assessment.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Not Classifiable.

8 x 10^-1 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

ATSDR Final

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) Exponential Growth Phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 160000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population, decreased biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green Algae) Exponential Growth Phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 125000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population changes, general /formulation/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae) Exponential Growth Phase; Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 9400 ug/L for 8 days; Effect: growth, general /formulation/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green Algae); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 12500 ug/L for 72 hr; Effect: growth, general

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for TOLUENE (35 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/PLANTS/ The influence of toluene pollution on the chemical properties and swelling coefficient of root cell walls in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was investigated. Two sets of alfalfa seedlings were selected and one set was treated with 450 mg/L toluene in the nutrient solution under hydroponic culture. Thirty days after treatment with toluene, alfalfa plants were harvested and the root cell walls were isolated. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was carried out for the characterization of the root cell walls composition. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and the swelling coefficient of the root cell walls (Kcw) were estimated at various pH values. The toluene contamination significantly reduced the mass of the cell wall material in the alfalfa roots. According to the FTIR spectra, the toluene pollution can change the alfalfa root cell wall properties by reducing the cell wall functional groups. These functional groups are probably related to the proteins and polysaccharides in the cell wall. Also, toluene pollution strongly reduced CEC and Kcw of the root cell walls. The results show that the decrease in the active sites of adsorption on the root cell walls as a response to toluene pollution can affect the water flow rate and the mineral nutrients uptake by roots.

4.90e+03

4.70e+04

5.20e+03

2.20e+04

1.10e+03

1.00e+03

7.60e-01

6.90e-01

8.00e-02

5.00e+00

Volatile

8.18e+02

1.50e+04

1.40e+05

1.60e+04

6.60e+04

3.30e+03

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Toluene's production and use as an intermediate in the production of benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, explosives and many other organic compounds may result in toluene's release to the environment through various waste streams. Toluene is released into the atmosphere principally from the volatilization of petroleum fuels and toluene-based solvents and thinners and from motor vehicle exhaust. Toluene has been detected in emissions from volcanos, forest fires and crude oil and naturally occurs in some flora. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 28.4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates toluene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase toluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days. Toluene may also be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with nitrate radicals and ozone molecules, but these reactions are too slow to be environmentally important. Toluene does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, toluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values in the range of 37-178. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.64X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Toluene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation is expected to occur rapidly in soil surfaces, with half-lives in the range of several hours to 71 days. If released into water, toluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon a Koc of 166 measured in lake sediment. Half-lives of 4 and 56 days in aerobic and anaerobic water, respectively, indicate that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 4 days, respectively. Measured BCF values of 13 and 90 in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to toluene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where toluene is produced or used, particularly as a solvent or in gasoline. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to toluene via inhalation of ambient air, cigarette smoke,ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with consumer products, such as gasoline, containing toluene. (SRC)

Toluene has been detected in emissions from volcanos, forest fires and crude oil(1). It also occurs naturally in some plants(2).

Toluene occurs in nature in ... natural gas deposits ...

Toluene's production and use as an intermediate in the production of benzoic acid, benzaldehyde, explosives and many other organic compounds; as a solvent for paints, lacquers, gums, and resins; as a thinner for inks, perfumes; in the extraction of various principles from plants; and as gasoline additive(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Toluene is released into the atmosphere principally from the volatilization of petroleum fuels and toluene-based solvents and thinners and from motor vehicle exhaust(2,3).

Toluene is a major constituent (20-60 ug/cigarette) of the gas phase of the mainstream smoke of unfiltered cigarettes. /From table/

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 37-178 measured in soil(2,3) indicate that toluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of toluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 6.64X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Toluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 28.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Complete biodegradation of toluene was observed in lab microcosm tests during a 40 hour incubation period using soils previously exposed to toluene(6). The biodegradation half-life in various soils was reported as several hours to 71 days(7). These tests suggest that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 166 measured in lake sediment(2) indicates that toluene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 6.64X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), BCF values of 13(6) and 90(7) measured in fish suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). The half-life of toluene in aerobic and anaerobic water was reported as 4 and 56 days(8), respectively, suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), toluene, which has a vapor pressure of 28.4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase toluene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals, nitrate radicals and ozone molecules(SRC). The half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.93X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The half-life for the nighttime reaction with nitrate radicals is estimated as 491 days(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 6.8X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). The half-life for the reaction with ozone is estimated as 27,950 days(SRC) calculated from its rate constant of 4.1X10-22 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). Toluene does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Toluene is readily degradable in a variety of standard biodegradability tests using sewage seed or sludge inoculums(1-7). Degradation has been observed in several die-away tests using seawater or estuarine water(9-12). The degradation rate is much faster in systems which have been contaminated by oil(9,10). Complete degradation has been observed in 4 days and 22 days in a marine mesocosm with summer and spring conditions, respectively(12), and 10 days in a 1% gas oil mixture in a North Sea coast water inoculum(8). A 90 day half-life in uncontaminated estuarine water was reduced to 30 days in oil-polluted water(10). The half-life in water collected near Port Valdez, Alaska was 12 days(9). 1.5 mM and 3 mM Ring-labeled toluene added to a methanogenic inoculum originally enriched from sewage sludge and incubated at 35 °C for 60 days resulted in 3.6 and 4.5% 14-C final activity respectively(13). Toluene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 123% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(14).

AEROBIC: Toluene completely degraded in groundwater in 8 days including a lag of 3-4 days while microbial populations became acclimated(1). Other investigators found that only 1-2% of toluene degraded in the subsurface environment(2) and >90% degraded in 4 weeks in soil cores at various depths both above and below the water table(3,5). Microbial attack proceeds via immediate hydroxylation of the benzene ring followed by ring-cleavage or oxidation of the side chain followed by hydroxylation and ring-cleavage(4).

Complete biodegradation of toluene was observed in lab microcosm tests during a 40 hour incubation period using soils previously exposed to toluene(1). Toluene was rapidly degraded in soil column experiments using acclimated soil at a rate of 8-35 mg/kg-day, and the rate followed zero-order kinetics(2). First-order degradation rate constants of 0.0005 to 0.0063 day-1 were measured for toluene in a gasoline-contaminated aquifer zone(3). These rate constants correspond to half-lives of 100-1,386 days(3). A first-order biodegradation rate constant of 0.045 day-1 was reported for toluene in an anaerobic petroleum contaminated aquifer, corresponding to a biodegradation half-life of 15 days(4). Toluene was rapidly biodegraded by indigenous mixed cultures in sandy aquifer material and pure cultures isolated from the aquifer(5). The zero-order rate constant for the aquifer material was 23 mg/L-day and had a lag period of 2 days(5). The half-life of toluene in aerobic and anaerobic water was reported as 4 and 56 days, respectively(6). The biodegradation half-life in various soils was reported as several hours to 71 days(7).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of toluene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 5.96X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of toluene with nitrate radicals has been measured as 6.8X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 491 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.4X10+8 nitrate radicals per cu cm(4). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of toluene with ozone has been measured as 4.1X10-22 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 27,950 days at an atmospheric concentration of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(5). In a study of the effect of nitrite concentration on the formation of 3-nitrotoluene from the gas phase reaction of toluene with hydroxyl radicals, it was reported that at a NO2 mixing ratio of approximately 3.3 ppmV, the OH-toluene adduct reactions with oxygen and nitrite are of equal importance(6). There was a decrease in the yield of 3-nitrotoluene with decreasing NO2 concentrations, indicating that the hydroxyl radical reaction with toluene in the atmosphere leading to the formation of 3-nitrotoluene is dependent on the NO2 concentration(6). Toluene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(7). The compound does not absorb light at wavelengths >290 nm(8) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The BCF of toluene in eels (Anguilla japonica) was reported as 13(1) and the BCF in golden ide (Leuciscus idus melanotus) was reported as 90(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

The Koc of toluene was reported as 178 in a sandy soil(1) and as 37 (Wendover silty loam), 160 (Grimsby silt loam), 160 (Vaudreil sandy loam) and 46 (sandy soil)(2). The Koc of toluene in lake sediment was measured as 166(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these measured Koc values suggest that toluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil.

In association with clay minerals, toluene's adsorption is inversely proportional to the pH of the soil. Approximately 40-70% of toluene applied to the surface of sandy soils is volatilized.

The Henry's Law constant for toluene is 6.64X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that toluene is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2.9 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.8 days(SRC). Toluene's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Toluene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 28.4 mm Hg(3). The air-water interface equilibrium partitioning coefficient for toluene, at a concentration of 0.47 mg/L, has been reported to be 0.223, 0.226, 0.273, and 0.336 at 26.9, 31.9, 36.9, and 41.9 °C, respectively(4). A first-order volatilization rate calculated for toluene from water using an inverse reactive simulation was reported as 6.62X10-6/sec(5). The volatilization half-life of toluene from a water column of one meter depth was estimated to be 5.18 hours(6). Toluene was reported to have a disappearance half-life of <2 days due to volatilization in two different soil types, a Captina silt loam and a McLaurin sandy loam(7).

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U220, and F005 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Toluene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for TOLUENE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for TOLUENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1294; Toluene

IMO 3; Toluene

49 093 05; Toluene

49 093 56; Toluene (toluol), reclaimed solvents, derived from the use of printing inks, consisting of 70% recycled toluol and not more than 30% lactol spirits, textile spirits and mineral spirits

49 060 10; Toluene (toluol), mixed with aluminum alkyls, not to exceed 20% (aluminum alkyl)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Toluene is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Toluene is included on the dangerous goods list.

Flammable Liquid

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: II