chlorobenzene

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 1231) of reports.

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H312 (36.2%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (69%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (45.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (> 99.9%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H411 (99.3%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1231 reports by companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 1 of 1231 reports by companies.

There are 18 notifications provided by 1230 of 1231 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital.

OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Soap wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with soap and water. Get medical attention promptly.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products. Use water spray, dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to keep fire exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped or safely confined. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Vapor are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Ventilation. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Remove trapped material with suction hoses.

Air Spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. Apply "universal" gelling to immobilize spill. Apply appropriate foam to diminish vapor and fire hazard.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U037, F002, and D021 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Chlorobenzene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner such that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

Any clothing which becomes /contaminated/ ... with liquid chlorobenzene should be removed immediately and placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded, or until provision is made for the removal of the chlorobenzene.

Skin that becomes wet with liquid chlorobenzene should be promptly washed or showered with soap or mild detergent and water to remove any chlorobenzene.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers whigh are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

Storage temp: ambient

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Total 4-chlorocatechol in urine = 100 mg/g creatinine at end of shift at end of workweek; Total p-chlorophenol in urine = 20 mg/g creatinine at end of shift at end of workweek;

1054.0 [ppm]

5.0 [ppm]

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

AEGLs Status: Final

10 [ppm]

150 [ppm]

400 [ppm]

See Appendix D

75.0 [ppm]

75 ppm (350 mg/m³)

TWA 75 ppm (350 mg/m3)

1000 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

1000.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: AIHA [1964] reported that 8,000 ppm was fatal to cats in 30 minutes [Patty 1963; Flury and Zernik 1931]. Patty [1963] reported that the exposure of cats for 1 hour to 2,400 to 2,900 ppm causes unsteadiness, tremor, and twitching [Flury and Zernik 1931]. Based on the data cited above, an IDLH of 2,400 ppm is chosen for this draft technical standard. . . . Basis for revised IDLH: The revised IDLH for chlorobenzene is 1,000 ppm based on acute inhalation toxicity data in animals [DeCeaurriz et al. 1981; Flury and Zernik 1931].

1000 ppm

See: 108907

10.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 ppm.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: 4-chlorocatechol in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 100 mg/g creatinine. Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

Biological Exposure Index (BEI): Determinant: p-chlorophenol in urine (with hydrolysis); Sampling Time: end of shift at end of workweek; BEI: 20 mg/g creatinine. Notation: The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals.

10 ppm as TWA; A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans); BEI issued.

Intermediate Oral: 0.4 mg/kg/day (L134)

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

Chlorobenzene appears as a colorless to clear, yellowish liquid with a sweet almond-like odor. Flash point 84 °F. Practically insoluble in water and somewhat denser than water (9.2 lb / gal). Vapors heavier than air. Used to make pesticides, dyes, and other chemicals.

Colorless liquid with an almond-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with an almond-like odor.

Colorless liquid

Clear volatile liquid

Faint, not unpleasant odor

Almond-like odor

Mild amine odor

Mild aromatic

Characteristic, penetrating odor.

Weak, benzene-like odor.

270 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

131.6 °C

131.72 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-49 °F (NTP, 1992)

-45.2 °C

-45.31 °C

75 °F (NTP, 1992)

82 °F (Closed Cup) 28 °C

97 °F (open cup)

27 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 499 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 0.05 g/100g at 20 °C

Miscible in ethanol, ethyl ether; very soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride

Freely soluble in chloroform

For more Solubility (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.498 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.05

1.11 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1058 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Percent in caturated air: 1.55 (25 °C); Density of saturated of air: 1.05 (Air = 1)

Saturated liquid density = 69.080 lb/cu ft at 70 °C

Critical density = 0.365 g/cu cm; Heat of fusion = 84.9 J/g; Heat capacity = 1.338 J/g K at 20 °C; Dielectric constant = 5.641 at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.11

1.1058 @ 20°C

3.88 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.88 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.88

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Aryl Halides

Highly Flammable

CHLOROBENZENE undergoes a sometimes explosive reaction with powdered sodium or phosphorus trichloride + sodium. May react violently with dimethyl sulfoxide. Reacts vigorously with oxidizing agents. Attacks some forms of plastic, rubber and coatings. Forms a shock sensitive solvated salt with silver perchlorate. (NTP, 1992).

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions.

Reacts with strong oxidizing materials.

... Violent reaction with AgClO4.

Strong oxidizers.

For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Strong oxidizers

CDC-ATSDR Toxicological Profile

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chlorobenzene is a colorless liquid with a characteristic penetrating, almond-like odor. It is used as an Intermediate in the manufacture of chloronitrobenzenes, oxide, DDT, and silicones; as a process solvent for methylene diisocyanate, adhesives, polishes, waxes, pharmaceutical products, paints, and natural rubber; as a degrading solvent; heat transfer medium; in textile processing; and tar and grease remover. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Dermal exposure to chlorobenzene for 1 hour resulted in burning pain, hyperemia, whealing, and erythema formation at the application site. Twelve hours postexposure, a minimal local vesiculation was seen. Continuous contact for a week may result in moderate erythema and slight superficial necrosis. Clinical symptoms included hyperpnea, ataxia, labored breathing, prostration, and death from respiratory paralysis. Humans occupationally exposed to chlorobenzene intermittently for up to 2 years at levels above current federal limits displayed signs of neurotoxicity including numbness, cyanosis (from depression of respiratory center), hyperesthesia, and muscle spasms. Early complaints included headache and irritation of the upper respiratory tract and mucosa of the eyes. Clinical examination of workers exposed to chlorobenzene in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride showed that some workers reported nerve lesions, hepatitis, chronic gastritis with gastric juice hypoacidity, and bronchitis. Severe anemia and medullary aplasia in a 70 year old woman was related to her employment in hat making, which required the use of glue containing 70% chlorobenzene. A 2 year old boy swallowed 5 to 10 mL of Puran, a cleaning agent containing chlorobenzene and 2.5 hr after ingestion, lost consciousness and suffered vascular paralysis and heart failure. He survived, and the odor of chlorobenzene was present in breath and urine for 5 to 6 days. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chlorobenzene is lethal following acute, intermediate, and chronic oral exposures in animals. Neurological effects of chlorobenzene have also been reported in animals following inhalation. Acute inhalation exposure produced muscle spasms followed by /CNS depression/ in rabbits exposed to 5 mg/L chlorobenzene (1,090 ppm) or greater for 2 hours. Dermal contact resulted in moderate skin and eye irritant (tested in the guinea pig and rabbit, respectively). Single ip injections of chlorobenzene in rats resulted in time- and dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, including liver necrosis, increased liver weights, and increased serum enzyme activities with dose-dependent recovery. Systemic effects of single ip injections of chlorobenzene also included damage to the kidney, effects on bile and pancreatic flow, increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and centrilobular necrosis. Death occurred within 2 to 3 days after a single exposure to 4,000 mg/kg in corn oil by gavage in rats of both sexes, and in mice after a single exposure to 1,000 mg/kg. Administration of chlorobenzene by gavage resulted in dose-dependent chemical induced injuries to the liver (centrilobular hepatocellular degeneration and necrosis), kidney (necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium), bone marrow (myeloid depletion), spleen (lymphoid depletion or necrosis) and thymus at doses > or = 250 mg/kg. Male and female mice exposed to chlorobenzene at 2500 mg/cu m daily, 7d/wk for 3 weeks showed loss of appetite, general emaciation, marked somnolence and weight loss; 5 animals died. Autopsy revealed fatty degeneration in the liver, leading to acute yellow atrophy. The majority of mice showed a decrease in white blood cell number with relative decrease in neutrophils and relative increase in lympocytes. Chronic exposure of mice to chlorobenzene at 100 mg/cu m daily for 3 months, showed increased agitation and motility and decreased white blood cell count with relative decrease in neutrophils and relative increase in lymphocytes. In a two-generation study in rats, chlorobenzene in concentrations up to 450 ppm did not adversely affect reproductive performance or fertility. Chlorobenzene was not mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 or TA1538, with or without addition of rat liver or hamster liver homogenate. Chlorobenzene did not induce DNA damage in Escherichia coli strains WP2 uvr A+ rec A+ or WP100 uvr A- rec A- or S. typhimurium strains TA1978 uvr B+ or TA1538 uvr B-. Slight leukopenia and lymphocytosis occurred in mice exposed to chlorobenzene (0.1 mg/L) for 3 months. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Chlorobenzene was less hepatotoxic to trout than rats. This difference could not be totally accounted for by reduced absorption in trout. Chlorobenzenes caused significant increases in serum testosterone concentration in the crucian carps compared to the controls.

The reactive metabolites of chlorobenzene are believed to bind both liver and kidney proteins, causing direct damage. Chlorobenzene also activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, inducing the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) by lung epithelial cells, causing an inflammatory reponse. (T36, A141)

Chlorobenzene

2 x 10 ^-2 mg/kg-day

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Listed as monochlorobenzene

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Cancer Classification: Group D Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity

CLASSIFICATION: D; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. BASIS FOR CLASSIFICATION: No human data, inadequate animal data and predominantly negative genetic toxicity data in bacterial, yeast, and mouse lymphoma cells. HUMAN CARCINOGENICITY DATA: None. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Inadequate. /Based on former classification system/

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

TR-261: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Chlorobenzene (CASRN 108-90-7) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) (1985 )

02/28/83

Equivocal Evidence

No Evidence

Under the conditions of these studies, chlorobenzene administration increased the occurrence of neoplastic nodules of the liver in high dose (120 mg/kg/day) male F344/N rats, providing some but not clear evidence of carcinogenicity of chlorobenzene in male rats. Carcinogenic effects of chlorobenzene were not observed in female F344/N rats or in male or female B6C3F1 mice

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Effects on the central nervous system from breathing chlorobenzene may include unconsciousness and death. Chronic exposure can cause liver and kidney damage. (L200)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L200) ; inhalation (L200)

Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Redness. Dry skin.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose; drowsiness, incoordination; central nervous system depression; In Animals: liver, lung, kidney injury

Symptoms of chlorobenzene exposure include headaches, nausea, sleepiness, numbness, and vomiting. Effects on the central nervous system from breathing chlorobenzene include unconsciousness, tremors, restlessness, and death. (L200)

Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver), Immunological (Immune System), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

1.008 mg/day

7 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

5 x 10^-2 mg/m^3

5 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

See the IRIS entry for Chlorobenzene

PPRTV Current

LC50; Species: Eisenia foetida (Earthworm) contact test (filter paper) 0.01-0.001 mg/sq cm for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Chlamydomonas angulosa (Green algae) age 3-4 days, exponential growth phase 5X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 503 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae) age 3-4 days, exponential growth phase 20X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 880 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae) initial concentration 500000 cells/L; Conditions: static, 20 °C; Concentration: 12500 ug/L for 96 hr; Effect: growth, general

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (43 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Chlorobenzene was less hepatotoxic to trout than rats. This difference could not be totally accounted for by reduced absorption in trout. ... Glutathione concentrations in trout livers were 1/3 of those of the rat and prior depletion of the tripeptide /glutathione/ led to irreversible binding of chlorobenzene to trout liver protein; equivalent to that of rats suffering extensive liver necrosis. No consistent correlation between glutathione content or protein binding and liver damage was seen in either species.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Four chlorobenzenes (chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, p-chloro-methylbenzene) were administrated to the crucian carps (Carassius auratus) by peritoneal injections in the laboratory for 30 days. Serum testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol concentrations were detected using radioimmunology assay (RIA), and the activities of two hepatic microsome enzymes, glutathione s-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT), were measured using the modified methods as described by Habig and Owens. Results showed that the four chlorobenzenes caused significant increases in serum testosterone concentration in the crucian carps (P < 0.05) compared to the controls, but they caused no significant effect on 17 beta-estradiol level. All test chemicals caused a change in hepatic GST activity in crucian carps, with significant increases in enzyme activity (P < 0.05). Chlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene and p-chloro-methylbenzene resulted in a marked inhibition to UDPGT activity in crucian carp (P < 0.05) except 1,4-dichlorobenzene. The changes in hepatic microsome enzyme activities may have resulted in the alterations of serum sex steroids levels in the crucian carps.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This study investigates the effects of chlorobenzenes on the diatom Cyclotella meneghiniana using DNA measurement as a toxicity parameter and related toxicity to different physicochemical properties of chlorobenzenes. The organisms were exposed to chlorobenzene solutions for 48 hr to obtain effective concentration (EC50) values (in terms of percent DNA reduction). The toxicity (EC50) increased with increasing degree of chlorination, as follows: monochlorobenzene (235.74 mg/L), dichlorobenzenes (23.33-51.88 mg/L), trichlorobenzenes 0.59-6.42 mg/L), tetrachlorobenzenes (0.27-1.39 mg/L), pentachlorobenzene (0.008 mg/L) and hexachlorobenzene (0.002 mg/L). Quantitative structure-activity relationships were developed showing high correlations, as follows: water solubility (r2 = 0.96); molecular volume (r2 = 0.92); zero-order connectivity index (r2 = 0.92); second-order connectivity index (r2 = 0.02); molecular surface area (r2 = 0.92); octanol/water partition coefficients (r2 - 0.86); bioconcentration factor (r2 = 0.86); and inorganic/organic character (r2 = 0.83). A poor correlation, however, was obtained with the molecular negentropy index (r2 = 0.25). The toxic effect (EC50) was explained in terms of a partitioning process as a function of the aqueous solubility of the chlorobenzenes and was found to occur at similar degrees of exposure saturation.

/FIELD STUDIES/ This risk assessment on monochlorobenzene was carried out for the marine environment, following methodology given in the EU risk assessment Regulation (1488/94) and Guidance Document of the EU New and Existing Substances Regulation (TGD, 1996). Data from analytical monitoring programs in large rivers and estuaries in the North Sea area were collected and evaluated for effects and environmental concentrations. Risk is indicated by the ratio of predicted environmental concentration (PEC) to predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for the marine aquatic environment. In total, 27 data for fish, 24 data for invertebrates and 13 data for algae were evaluated. Acute and chronic toxicity studies were taken into account and appropriate assessment factors used to define a final PNEC value of 32 microg/L. Recent monitoring data indicate that monochlorobenzene levels in surface waters are below determination limits of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 ug/L used in monitoring programs. Assuming that half of the lowest determination (0.1 ug/L) is typical, a PEC of 0.05 ug/L was derived. A worst case of 0.5 ug/L is assumed. PEC/PNEC ratios give safety factors of 60 to over 500, taking no account of dilution in the sea. Monochlorobenzene is not a toxic, persistent and liable to bioaccumulate substance sensu the Oslo and Paris Conventions for the Prevention of Marine Pollution (OSPAR-DYNAMEC) criteria. Environmental fate and effects data indicate that current use of monochlorobenzene poses no unacceptable risk to the aquatic environment.

2.80e+02

1.30e+03

5.20e+01

2.20e+02

7.80e+01

1.00e+02

5.30e-02

6.80e-02

2.00e-02

5.00e-02

Volatile

7.61e+02

8.30e+02

4.00e+03

1.60e+02

6.60e+02

2.30e+02

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

Chlorobenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate, solvent, and heat transfer medium may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. Chlorobenzene has been identified as one of various halocarbons emitted in volcanic gases. It has been detected in flue gas emissions from municipal waste incinerators. Chlorobenzene can be formed in the environment through microbial degradation of higher chlorinated benzenes. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 12 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates chlorobenzene will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorobenzene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 hrs. Chlorobenzene absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. Vapor-phase deposition of chlorobenzene from ambient air to snow and ice may occur through sorption. If released to soil, chlorobenzene is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon a Koc range of 4.8 to 313. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.11X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. Chlorobenzene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data are conflicting. Chlorobenzene biodegrades slowly in soil and aquifer material. Biological screening tests have observed slow biodegradation, with degradation occurring more rapidly with acclimated microorganisms. If released into water, chlorobenzene may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.4 hours and 4.3 days, respectively. Reported BCF values of 3.9 to 450 suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. In water, some biodegradation occurs, proceeding more rapidly in fresh water than in estuarine and marine waters. Occupational exposure to chlorobenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chlorobenzene is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chlorobenzene via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal and inhalation contact with consumer products containing this compound. (SRC)

Chlorobenzene was identified as one of various halocarbons emitted in volcanic gases(1). In addition to volcanoes, chlorobenzene can be formed in nature via high temperatures present during the formation of meteorites(2).

Chlorobenzene's production and use as a chemical intermediate, solvent, and heat transfer medium(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Chlorobenzene can be formed in the environment by microbial degradation of higher chlorinated benzenes or chlorinated compounds such as lindane(2). Chlorobenzene has been detected in flue gas emissions from municipal waste incinerators(3).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4.8(2) to 313.1(3) indicate that chlorobenzene is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chlorobenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.11X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chlorobenzene is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 12 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). Chlorobenzene biodegrades slowly in soil and aquifer material(6). Biodegradation data are conflicting. A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test classifies chlorobenzene as not readily biodegradable(7). Other biological screening tests have observed slow biodegradation(8). Biodegradation occurs more rapidly with acclimated microorganisms(6,8).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4.8(2) to 313.1(3) indicate that chlorobenzene may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.11X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.4 hours and 4.3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 3.9 to 450(7,8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to high(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process(SRC) since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). Chlorobenzene biodegrades slowly(9). However, biodegradatoin data are conflicting. In water, some biodegradation occurs, proceeding more rapidly in fresh water than in estuarine and marine waters(9). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test classifies chlorobenzene as not readily biodegradable(7). Other biological screening tests have observed slow biodegradation(10). Biodegradation occurs more rapidly with acclimated microorganisms(9,10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chlorobenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 12 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chlorobenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 21 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.70X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Chlorobenzene absorbs light at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). Vapor-phase chlorobenzene in the atmosphere has been shown to partition from the air to snow and ice via sorption(5).

Information ... concerning the biodegradation potential of chlorobenzene indicates that this compound will ... eventually degrade, but not at an environmentally important rate unless the microorganisms present are already growing on another hydrocarbon source.

AEROBIC: 76.7% Chlorobenzene was removed after 8 weeks incubation at 22 °C in a groundwater microcosm(1). The biodegradation half-life of chlorobenzene was reported to be 150 days in river water and 75 days in sediment(2). Chlorobenzene was generally not mineralized after 8 months incubation in soil(3). A half-life of 7 days was measured in soil-groundwater slurries using natural microbial consortia isolated from contaminated soils and groundwater(4). No degradation of chlorobenzene occurred over a period of 8 months in a laboratory study using subsurface soil samples from an uncontaminated environment(4). Chlorobenzene, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(5). 99.0% removal of chlorobenzene was observed in a pilot-scale activated sludge system, an estimated 82.8% was attributed to biodegradation, 1.5% was adsorbed, and 14.7% was stripped(6). Chlorobenzene achieved 15% degradation after a 28-day incubation period using an activated sludge inoculum and a modified MITI test protocol(7). Using OECD 301B (Modified Sturm Test - CO2 Evolution) with an adapted activated sludge inoculum, only 10% theoretical CO2 evolved after 63 days(7). Greater than 90% degradation of chlorobenzene occurred after 15 days in a Sapromat respirometry test using an industrial non-adapted activated sludge inoculum(7). Using a closed-bottle 28-day BOD test protocol, chlorobenzene achieved a 73% degradation classifying the compound as readily biodegradable(8).

AEROBIC: In a series of batch transformation studies, after a 25-day lag period, 49% of chlorobenzene was removed in pond water from a strip-pit pond over 43 days(1). In pond water amended with nutrients and in pond water amended with nutrients and sewage inoculum, chlorobenzene was reduced to concentrations below the detection limit after 12 days incubation; in pond water amended with nutrients and a sewage inoculum, the major product of chlorobenzene biotransformation was carbon dioxide(1). No loss of chlorobenzene was observed in sterile controls(1). The addition of sediment (0.61 g/L) did not significantly affect the biotransformation of chlorobenzene(1). Bacterial isolates obtained from groundwater and soils contaminated with chlorobenzene could mineralize approx 54% of the chlorobenzene within 7 days when supplemented with ammonium and phosphate; 85 and 99% of chlorobenzene added to groundwater microcosms was utilized by 28 days(2). In soil/groundwater microcosms at a former solvent storage site, a 49% reduction in the chlorobenzene concentration was observed over a 1-month period; 42% and 59% reduction in the chlorobenzene concentration was observed in microcosms amended with nutrients(3). A turnover time of 60,731 hours was measured in Lula, OK aquifer solid slurries under aerobic conditions(4). Biodegradation half-lives in not heavily polluted aquifer material were >540 days, 240 to 281 days, 88 years, and >490 days in Oklahoma sandy clay, OK gravel, OK sand, and OK sand, respectively(5). Complete mineralization of chlorobenzene, up to its maximum solubility level, occurred after 3 weeks of continuous operation in a stirred tank bioreactor(6). Results of flow-through column studies using sediment samples collected from sites contaminated by chlorobenzene revealed that chlorobenzene was readily biodegraded when migrating across the sediment/water interface(7).

ANAEROBIC: A half-life of 46.2 days was measured for chlorobenzene in an anaerobic estuarine sediment that was pre-exposed to various anthropogenic chemicals from the surrounding industries; benzene was identified as the product; in autoclaved sediment, the half-life was approximately 400 days(1). An 81.3% loss (half-life of 138 days) of chlorobenzene was observed in sediment samples obtained from the Tsurumi River, Japan over 1 year under anaerobic conditions; in autoclaved sediment, approx 50% loss of chlorobenzene was observed over the 1-year incubation period(2). 82% of the original chlorobenzene concentration was removed during a 47-day study using denitrifying bacteria, capable of degrading a mixture of aromatic compounds, isolated from sequential batch cultures; 60% was converted to carbon dioxide(3). In laboratory microcosm studies, anaerobic biodegradation of radio-labeled monochlorobenzene was demonstrated by mineralization to radio-labeled CO2(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chlorobenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 7.70X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 21 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chlorobenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Chlorobenzene absorbs light in the environmental spectrum between 290-310 nm and may be susceptible to direct photolysis in the trophosphere and in surface water(3). Monochlorobiphenyl has been identified as a photoproduct(4). A photolysis half-life of 21 sunlight days was measured in water(5). Photolysis half-lives of 17.5 hours and 3.80 hours were measured in distilled water and Isar River water, Germany, respectively; chlorophenol and phenol were identified as photoproducts in river water(6).

BCF values of 4.3 to 39.6 and 3.9 to 22.8 were measured for chlorobenzene in carp (Cyprinus carpio) at chemical concentrations of 0.15 and 0.015 mg/L, respectively(1). A log BCF of 2.65 has been reported for chlorobenzene in fathead minnows(2) that corresponds to a BCF of 450(SRC). A BCF of 41 was measured in bluegill fish (Lepomis macrochirus) over a 14-day exposure period(3). According to a classification scheme(4), these BCF values suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms ranges from low to high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). Dissolved organic matter that is present in interstitial water may greatly reduce the amount of a chemical that is available for accumulation(5). In one set of experiments, midge larvae were found to accumulate higher tissue-to-sediment ratios of chlorobenzene from a low-organic content sediment than from a high-organic content sediment(5). BCFs of 0.25 (from sediment), 11 (from interstitial water), and 10 (overlying water) were measured for midge larvae exposed to chlorobenzene under equilibrium exposure conditions(5). BCFs of 0.15 (from sediment), 310 (from interstitial water), and 5 (from overlying water) were measured for midge larvae exposed to chlorobenzene sorbed to high-organic content sediment under nonequilibrium exposure conditions(5). BCFs of 0.72 (from sediment), 18 (from interstitial water), and 2,187 (from overlying water) were measured for midge larvae exposed to chlorobenzene sorbed to low-organic content sediment under nonequilibrium exposure conditions(5).

Koc values of 313.1 and 146.5 were measured on Captina silt loam (1.49% organic carbon) and McLaurin sandy loam, (0.66% organic carbon), respectively(1). Equilibrium sorption constant (Ks) values of 0.295 and 0.09 were determined in Eustis fine sand (13 g/kg clay, 32 g/kg silt, 955 g/kg sand, 3.9 g/kg organic carbon) and Tampa (6 g/kg clay, 23 g/kg silt, 971 g/kg sand, and 1.3 g/kg organic carbon) soils, respectively(2); corresponding Koc values are 76 and 69(SRC). Equilibrium sorption coefficients of 0.014 and 10.20 were measured on Borden (98% sand, 1% silt, 1% clay, 0.29% organic carbon) and Mt. Lemmon (60.3% sand, 24.0% silt, 15.7% clay, 12.6% organic carbon) soils, respectively(3); corresponding Koc values are 4.8 and 81(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), these Koc values suggest that chlorobenzene is expected to have moderate to very high mobility in soil(SRC). The sorption isotherm for chlorobenzene onto muck soil (49.0% organic carbon) was linear(5). A Kd value of 166.34 was measured for chlorobenzene using dewatered activated sludge (18% solids) that had been dried and sieved; 3.28% of the chlorobenzene was desorbed during the desorption phase of the experiment(6). Partition coefficients of 0.35, 0.33, and 0.38 were measured for chlorobenzene on primary sludge, mixed liquor solids, and digested sludge, respectively(7). Sorption coefficients of 0.48 and 0.29 were measured on primary sludge and anaerobically digested sludge, respectively(8). Partition coefficients of 48 and 29 were measured in high organic carbon (14.5%) and low organic carbon (3.6%) Sherman Island sediments, respectively(9).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste numbers U037, F002, and D021 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Chlorobenzene is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. Preferably after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be exercised to assure complete combustion to prevent the formation of phosgene; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLOROBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1134; Chlorobenzene

IMO 3; Chlorobenzene

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xn, N; R: 10-20-51/53; S: (2)-24/25-61

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III