cyclohexanol

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.2% (2 of 1012) of reports.

H302 (99.8%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (18.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (99.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (25.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (99.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H412 (18.9%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1012 reports by companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 2 of 1012 reports by companies.

There are 26 notifications provided by 1010 of 1012 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H303: May be harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P318, P319, P332+P317, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, carbon dioxide, foam.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or alcohol foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position ... The only respirators recommended for fire fighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full facepieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Spill handling: evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protectionequipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants. Dry.

Cyclohexanol must be stored to avoid contact with strong oxidizers (such as chlorine, bromine, and fluorine), since violent reactions occur. Metal containers involving the transfer of this chemical should be grounded and bonded. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored in a manner that could created a potential fire or explosion hazard. Wherever this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Screen for 1,2-Cyclohexandiol (with hydrolysis) in urine at end of shift at end of workweek;Screen for Cyclohexanol (with hydrolysis) in urine at end of shift;

50 [ppm]

67 [ppm]

400 [ppm]

50 ppm (200 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) [skin]

50.0 [ppm]

TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) See Appendix G

400 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

400.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Human data: The estimated acceptable concentration for 8 hours was reported in volunteers to be less than 100 ppm [Nelson et al. 1943].

See: 108930

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 50 ppm. Skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

50 ppm as TWA; (skin).

50 ppm [1979]

A harmful contamination of the air will not or will only very slowly be reached on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cyclohexanol:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapors adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance.

Respirator Recommendations: Up to 400 ppm: [Table#169]

For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH/OSHA

Up to 400 ppm:

(APF = 10) Any chemical cartridge respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s)*

(APF = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s)*

(APF = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister

(APF = 10) Any supplied-air respirator*

(APF = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece

Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions:

(APF = 10,000) Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode

(APF = 10,000) Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus

Cyclohexanol appears as a colorless liquid with a camphor-like odor. Soluble in most organic liquids. Flash point 154 °F. May be toxic by inhalation or skin exposure. Vapors are narcotic in high concentrations. Irritates skin, eyes and mucus membranes. Used in making soap, lacquers, and plastics.

Liquid; CBI

Sticky solid or colorless to light-yellow liquid (above 77 degrees F) with a camphor-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID OR WHITE CRYSTALS WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Sticky solid or colorless to light-yellow liquid (above 77 °F) with a camphor-like odor.

Colorless needles or viscous liquid

Hygroscopic crystals

Sticky solid or colorless to light-yellow liquid (above 77 degrees F)

Camphor-like odor

322 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

161.84 °C

161.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

73 °F (NTP, 1992)

25.93 °C

154 °F (NTP, 1992)

62.8 °C (closed cup); 67.8 °C (open cup)

68 °C c.c.

Soluble (NTP, 1992)

3.6% (wt/wt) in water at 20 °C; miscible with ethyl acetate, linseed oil, petroleum solvents.

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone; miscible with benzene; slightly soluble in chloroform

In water, 4.3 g/100 g (4.3X10+4 mg/L) at 30 °C; 4.2 g/100 g (4.2X10+4 mg/L) at 10 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 4

0.947 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9624 at 20 °C/4 °C

Percent in "saturated" air: 0.33 (30 °C); density of "saturated" air: 1.01 (air = 1)

Relative density (water = 1): 0.96

0.962 @ 20°C

3.5 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.5

5.17 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

0.65 [mmHg]

Specific heat = 1.747 Joules/g; Vapor pressure = 0.15 kPa at 20 °C, 0.48 kPa at 45 °C

0.657 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.13

5.17 mmHg

1 [mm Hg] @21 °C

log Kow = 1.23

Henry's Law constant = 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

572 °F (USCG, 1999)

572 °F (300 °C)

Less dense than water and slightly soluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

CYCLOHEXANOL is an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. Violent reaction with nitric acid. Incompatible with strong oxidizers (chromium trioxide, nitric acid, etc.). (NTP, 1992)

Contact with strong oxidizers causes a fire and explosion hazard. Attacks some plastics.

Ignites on contact with chromium trioxide. Violent reaction with /nitric acid/. Incompatible with oxidants.

Strong oxidizers (such as hydrogen peroxide & nitric acid)

Cyclohexanol

B*: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)

8 samples, >1- to 30 yrs, 3-2000 ppm

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; narcosis

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

LC (rat) > 6,500 mg/m3/1h (inhalation)

LD50 Rat oral 2060 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral (gavage) 1550 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 1352 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse sc 2480 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... This study explored the acute effect of ethanol (EtOH) on the urinary excretion of cyclohexanol (CH-ol), 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanediol (CH-diol), biomarkers of exposure to important solvents, and chemical intermediates cyclohexanone (CH-one), cyclohexane (CH) and cyclohexanol. ... Volunteers (5-8 in each group) were exposed for 8 hours either to CH-one, CH or CH-ol vapor at concentrations of about 200, 1000, and (SRP: 2000) mg/cu m, respectively, with concomitant ingestion of EtOH (4 14-g doses taken during the exposure). Urine was collected for 72 hours and analyzed for CH-ol and CH-diols ... . RESULTS: The metabolic yields of CH-ol, 1,2-, and 1,4-CH-diol, respectively, in the exposures with EtOH were as follows: 11.3%, 36%, 23% after the exposure to CH-one, 3.1%, 15%, 8% after the exposure to CH, and 6.6%, 24%, 18% after the exposure to CH-ol. [The corresponding values obtained previously in matching experiments without EtOH were as follows: 1.0%, 39%, 18% (CH-one); 0.5%, 23%, 11% (CH); and 1.1%, 19%, 8% (CH-ol).] The excretion curves of the metabolites in the exposures with EtOH were not delayed when compared with the corresponding curves of a comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary excretion of CH-diols is much less sensitive to EtOH than that of CH-ol. It is recommended to employ CH-diols as useful and more reliable biomarkers of exposure to CH-one, CH and CH-ol in field examinations.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques, with a bag-valve-mask device, may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or dextrose strip or glucometer readings below 50 mg) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Higher alcohols (>3 carbons) and related compounds/

Physical examinations of exposed personnel annually, including studies of liver and kidney function.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ In a 48 hour closed patch test using 4% cyclohexanol in petrolatum, there was evidence of erythema or edema in human subjects.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Ten human subjects /were exposed/ to various concentrations of cyclohexanol for 3-5 minutes. The estimated acceptable concentration in air for 8 hours was reported by the volunteer subjects to be less than 100 ppm. No person was actually exposed to any of the test concentrations for 8 hours.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... This study explored the acute effect of ethanol (EtOH) on the urinary excretion of cyclohexanol (CH-ol), 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanediol (CH-diol), biomarkers of exposure to important solvents, and chemical intermediates cyclohexanone (CH-one), cyclohexane (CH) and cyclohexanol. ... Volunteers (5-8 in each group) were exposed for 8 hours either to CH-one, CH or CH-ol vapor at concentrations of about 200, 1000, and 200 mg/cu m, respectively, with concomitant ingestion of EtOH (4 14-g doses taken during the exposure). Urine was collected for 72 hours and analyzed for CH-ol and CH-diols ... . RESULTS: The metabolic yields of CH-ol, 1,2-, and 1,4-CH-diol, respectively, in the exposures with EtOH were as follows: 11.3%, 36%, 23% after the exposure to CH-one, 3.1%, 15%, 8% after the exposure to CH, and 6.6%, 24%, 18% after the exposure to CH-ol. [The corresponding values obtained previously in matching experiments without EtOH were as follows: 1.0%, 39%, 18% (CH-one); 0.5%, 23%, 11% (CH); and 1.1%, 19%, 8% (CH-ol).] The excretion curves of the metabolites in the exposures with EtOH were not delayed when compared with the corresponding curves of a comparison group. CONCLUSIONS: The urinary excretion of CH-diols is much less sensitive to EtOH than that of CH-ol. It is recommended to employ CH-diols as useful and more reliable biomarkers of exposure to CH-one, CH and CH-ol in field examinations.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In a group of 174 women and 279 men who were exposed daily to less than the "permitted" concentration of cyclohexanol, 114 individuals showed nonspecific disturbances of the autonomic nervous system during a 2 year period, while only 8 out of 100 persons in a nonexposed control group had similar disturbances.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Cyclohexanol produces central nervous system effects in rabbits, including tremors, convulsions, /SRP: CNS depression/, lethargy and hypothermia. ... Oral exposure to lethal concn ... greater than 2.6 g/kg produces /SRP: CNS depression/ and loss of reflexes.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ With oral admin ... it can cause lacrimation, diarrhea & mild convulsions, but with inhalation only a few mild convulsions occur. /CNS depression results/ ... if dosage is less than lethal, ... is recovered from 5.5 to 16 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... /Following/ ip injection of cyclohexanol ... appearance of polymorphonuclear leukocytosis /was noted/ ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Even without direct contact of the vapor with the eyes, it can cause lacrimation in animals when applied to the skin as a constituent of soaps.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (45 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 1100 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina; Conditions: synthetic seawater, static, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 720 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: Lake Superior water, static, 18-22 °C; Concentration: 1033 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 25.4 °C, pH 7.75, dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 732 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 696-770 mg/L)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cyclohexanol's production and use as in the synthesis of adipic acid, caprolactam (with cyclohexanone); as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions; as a solvent for lacquers, varnishes, oils, and shellacs, phenolic insecticides, for alkyd and phenolic resins, cellulosics; as a blending agent for lacquers, paints and varnishes; in finish removers, leather degreasing, polishing, plasticizers, plastics, and germicides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.657 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates cyclohexanol will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyclohexanol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hours. Cyclohexanol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, cyclohexanol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 11. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 96% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Various aerobic screening studies reported 5-day degradations ranging from 57% to 96% based on theoretical BOD in acclimated sewage inoculums or mixed microbial cultures. If released into water, cyclohexanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8.4 days and 64 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.0 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to cyclohexanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cyclohexanol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cyclohexanol via inhalation of ambient or indoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing cyclohexanol. (SRC)

Cyclohexanol's production and use in the synthesis of adipic acid, caprolactam (with cyclohexanone); as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions; as a solvent for lacquers, varnishes(1), oils, and shellacs(2), phenolic insecticides, for alkyd and phenolic resins, cellulosics; as a blending agent for lacquers, paints and varnishes; in finish removers, leather degreasing, polishing, plasticizers, plastics, and germicides(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

LC50; Species: Lepomis macrochirus; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 1100 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Menidia beryllina; Conditions: synthetic seawater, static, 23 °C, mild aeration applied after 24 hr; Concentration: 720 ppm for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: Lake Superior water, static, 18-22 °C; Concentration: 1033 mg/L for 96 hr

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow through, 25.4 °C, pH 7.75, dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 41.0 mg/L CaCO3; Concentration: 732 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 696-770 mg/L)

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Cyclohexanol (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cyclohexanol's production and use as in the synthesis of adipic acid, caprolactam (with cyclohexanone); as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions; as a solvent for lacquers, varnishes, oils, and shellacs, phenolic insecticides, for alkyd and phenolic resins, cellulosics; as a blending agent for lacquers, paints and varnishes; in finish removers, leather degreasing, polishing, plasticizers, plastics, and germicides may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.657 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates cyclohexanol will exist solely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyclohexanol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hours. Cyclohexanol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, cyclohexanol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 11. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 96% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks indicating that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process. Various aerobic screening studies reported 5-day degradations ranging from 57% to 96% based on theoretical BOD in acclimated sewage inoculums or mixed microbial cultures. If released into water, cyclohexanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8.4 days and 64 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3.0 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to cyclohexanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cyclohexanol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cyclohexanol via inhalation of ambient or indoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing cyclohexanol. (SRC)

Cyclohexanol's production and use in the synthesis of adipic acid, caprolactam (with cyclohexanone); as a stabilizer and homogenizer for soaps and synthetic detergent emulsions; as a solvent for lacquers, varnishes(1), oils, and shellacs(2), phenolic insecticides, for alkyd and phenolic resins, cellulosics; as a blending agent for lacquers, paints and varnishes; in finish removers, leather degreasing, polishing, plasticizers, plastics, and germicides(3) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.23(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyclohexanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyclohexanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Cyclohexanol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.657 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). In the Japanese MITI test, a 96% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge was reached in 4 weeks(6). Various other aerobic screening studies reported 5-day degradations ranging from 57% to 96% based on theoretical BOD in acclimated sewage inoculums or mixed microbial cultures(7-9). These data suggest that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.23(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyclohexanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 8.4 days and 64 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.0(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). In the Japanese MITI test, a 96% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge was reached in 4 weeks(7). Various other aerobic screening studies reported 5-day degradations ranging from 57% to 96% based on theoretical BOD in acclimated sewage inoculums or mixed microbial cultures(8-10). These data suggest that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyclohexanol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.657 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cyclohexanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Cyclohexanol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Cyclohexanol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 96% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). A 5-day theoretical BOD of 74% was observed for cyclohexanol using the standard dilution technique and an acclimated sewage inoculum(2). A 96% removal was observed in 5 days in a test using a vigorous acclimated, activated sludge system(3). Another test gave a 57% of theoretical BOD after 5 days using an acclimated mixed microbial culture inocula(4). In an aqueous aerobic sewage die-away screening test, a theoretical BOD of 78% was observed after 5 days(5). These data suggest biodegradation will be an important environmental fate process(SRC).

AEROBIC: Aqueous aerobic screening tests with an inoculum of trench leachate from a low-level radioactive waste disposal site added to a medium consisting of filtered, sterilized leachate gave 49% and 17% removal of cyclohexanol (initial concentration 1.2 ppm) after 21 days with and without supplemental addition of ammonium nitrate, respectively(1). Cyclohexanol appears to be removable by biological treatment based upon the 98-99% reduction in BOD observed in tests of an acclimated activated sludge biological simulator treating caprolactam production waste that contained cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanone oxime, and caprolactam(2).

ANAEROBIC: Cyclohexanol was identified as an intermediate in the anaerobic degradation of 4-nitrophenol, which completely mineralized in bacteria from industrial wastewater treatment sludge under methanogenic conditions(1). Therefore, cyclohexanol may biodegrade under methanogenic conditions(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cyclohexanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.7X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Cyclohexanol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Cyclohexanol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.0 was calculated for cyclohexanol(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.23(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of cyclohexanol is estimated as 11(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.23(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that cyclohexanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for cyclohexanol is 4.40X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cyclohexanol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8.4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 64 days(SRC). Cyclohexanol's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Cyclohexanol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.657 mm Hg(3).

GROUNDWATER: Cyclohexanol was qualitatively detected in samples of groundwater taken between 1975 and 1978 from an aquifer polluted by organic waste from western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia(1). It was detected at a maximum concentration of 1 ppb in samples of groundwater taken between 1976 and 1978 at contaminated dump sites in the Netherlands(2). It was detected at a concentration of 1 ppb in groundwater taken from a landfill site near Norman, OK(3).

DRINKING WATER: Cyclohexanol was qualitatively detected in 8 of 16 samples of drinking water concentrate derived from large volume (>400 gallons) samples from 6 of 7 cities (Cincinnati, OH, Oct 1978; Miami, FL, Feb 1976; New Orleans, LA, Jan 1976; Philadelphia, PA, Feb 1976; Ottumwa, IA, Sept 1976; Seattle, WA, Nov 1976(1).

Cyclohexanol was qualitatively detected in 5 of 16 samples derived from large volume (>400 gallons) samples of advanced treatment concentrate from 4 of 6 cities (Lake Tahoe, CA, Oct 1974; Orange County, CA, Feb 1976; Dallas, TX, Nov 1974; Blue Plains, Washington, DC, May 1975)(1). Cyclohexanol was found at concentrations ranging from 0.24 to 1.2 mg/L in trench leachate from low level radioactive waste sites at Maxey Flats, KY and West Valley, NY(2,3). It has been found at concentrations >0.5 ppm in wastewaters from unspecified industries in the organic chemicals and plastics/synthetic fibers industrial categories(4). A concentration of 1 ppb was found in samples of leachate or samples of groundwater plume taken at an unspecified municipal landfill at an unspecified time(5). The cyclohexanol concentration found in wastewater from a Russian caprolactam manufacturing facility was reported to be 3.5 mg/L(6). Cyclohexanol was detected in the distillate of landfill leachate of Japanese municipal waste at a concentration of 112 ug/L(7).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Cyclohexanol was qualitatively detected in ambient air samples taken from an unspecified site in the Los Angeles Basin between 1974 and 1975(1).

Cyclohexanol was detected in boiled and roasted Chinese chestnuts commercially grown in western Pennsylvania in 1994(1). Cyclohexanol was detected in raw earth almond from Valencia, Spain, but was not detected after subsequent roasting(2). Cyclohexanol was qualitatively detected in mixtures of volatile flavor components from fried chicken(3) and baked potatoes (Idaho Russet Burbank potatoes)(4).

Plants containing cyclohexanol(1). [Table#173]

Cyclohexanol was detected in recently manufactured 100% nylon carpeting with polypropylene backing and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) adhesive. A residence time of 28.8 minutes was observed in screening studies measuring VOC concentration in headspace of the storage bags(1). In a study testing VOC emissions from commercially available lacquers and foils for furniture coatings, cyclohexanol was detected 2 times out of 44 samples analyzed in gas chamber tests(2). Cyclohexanol was detected in 1 out of 10 emission samples of PVC cushion vinyls for flooring materials at average concentrations of 16 ug/sq m-hr for a 3 day old sample and 9 ug/sq m-hr for a 28 day old sample(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of cyclohexanol is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 112,365 workers (41,412 of these were female) were potentially exposed to cyclohexanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to cyclohexanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cyclohexanol is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cyclohexanol via inhalation of ambient or indoor air, ingestion of food and drinking water, and dermal contact with this compound or other consumer products containing cyclohexanol(SRC).

... Human subjects exposed ... for 3-5 min to 100 ppm ... the majority ... believed that highest permissible concn for an 8-hr exposure, from standpoint of comfort, should be less than 100 ppm. At concn of 272 ppm ... odor of cmpd was recognized at once by human subjects.

Cyclohexanol was detected in the expired air of 5 of 8 volunteer employees from the U.S. Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base, Texas; the concentration averaged 0.78 ug/hr (for positive samples) and ranged between 0.28 and 1.6 ug/hr(1). It was detected in 65.6% of 387 samples of expired air taken from 54 study subjects who were carefully selected from urban areas and were normal, healthy, and non-smoking individuals; the geometric mean was 2.6 ng/L of expired air(2). In a study of 59 workers with occupational exposure to cyclohexanone, it was found that urinary cyclohexanol correlated with the time-weighted-average cyclohexanone exposure(3). When the time-weighted exposure was 25 ppm, the corresponding calculated cyclohexanol level was 54.5 mg/L.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1993 128(combustible liquid, n.o.s.)

49 155 18; Cyclohexanol

Flammable Liquid Poison

Symbol: Xn; R: 20/22-37/38; S: (2)-24/25