cyclohexanone

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226 (> 99.9%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (32.1%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312 (31.2%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (17.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (31.6%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332 (99.6%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P321, P330, P332+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 4081 reports by companies from 32 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects [Warning Germ cell mutagenicity]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H305: May be harmful if swallowed and enters airways [Warning Aspiration hazard]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P321, P330, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Corrosive chemicals will destroy the membranes of the mouth, throat, and esophagus and, in addition, have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water flush promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water promptly. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing and flush the skin with water promptly. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used. CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.).

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide, powder. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

ALCOHOL FOAM, DRY CHEMICAL OR CARBON DIOXIDE

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit and filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Ventilation. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Remove all ignition sources. Ventilate area of spill or leak. For small quantities of liquids containing cyclohexanone, absorb on paper towels and place in an appropriate container. Place towels in a safe place (such as a fume hood) for evaporation. Allow sufficient time for evaporation of the vapors so that the hood ductwork is free from cyclohexanone vapors. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials.

Large quantities of liquids containing cyclohexanone may be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material and placed in an appropriate container. Cyclohexanone should not be allowed to enter a confined space such as a sewer because of the possibility of an explosion. Cyclohexanone may be collected by vacuuming with an appropriate system. If a vacuum system is used, there should be no sources of ignition in the vicinity of the spill and flashback prevention devices should be provided.

Absorb on paper. Evaporate on a glass or an iron dish in hood. Burn the paper.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U057, F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cyclohexanone is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 127 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants.

Keep containers closed; prohibit open flame. Store in cool and dark plane.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - 1,2-Cyclohexanediol (with hydrolysis) in urine: 80 mg/L (end of shift at end of workweek); Cyclohexanol (with hydrolysis) in urine: 8 mg/L (end of shift); See notations in ACGIH TLVs and BEIs.

756.0 [ppm]

50 [ppm]

120 [ppm]

700 [ppm]

25 ppm (100 mg/m³)

TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m3) [skin]

50.0 [ppm]

50 ppm (200 mg/m³)

TWA 50 ppm (200 mg/m3) See Appendix G

700 ppm (NIOSH, 2024)

700.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: It has been reported that exposure to 75 ppm for 3 to 5 minutes has resulted in pronounced irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat [Nelson et al. 1943].

See: 108941

20.0 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 20 ppm; 15 min Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): 50 ppm. Skin.

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

20 ppm as TWA; 50 ppm as STEL; (skin); A3 (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans).

20 ppm [1990]

50 ppm [1990]

40.8 mg/m

skin absorption (H); carcinogen category: 3.

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For fire involving UN1170, UN1987 or UN3475, alcohol-resistant foam should be used.

CAUTION: Ethanol (UN1170) can burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Cyclohexanone appears as a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pleasant odor. Less dense than water. Flash point 111 °F. Vapors heavier than air. Used to make nylon, as a chemical reaction medium, and as a solvent.

Liquid; CBI

Water-white to pale-yellow liquid with a peppermint- or acetone-like odor; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS OILY LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Oily liquid; odour reminiscent of peppermint and acetone

Water-white to pale-yellow liquid with a peppermint- or acetone-like odor.

OILY LIQUID

WATER-WHITE TO PALE YELLOW LIQUID

Water-white to pale-yellow liquid ...

ODOR REMINISCENT OF PEPPERMINT & ACETONE

... Peppermint- or acetone-like odor.

312.1 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

155.6 °C @ 760 MM HG; 132.5 °C @ 400 MM HG; 110.3 °C @ 200 MM HG; 90.4 °C @ 100 MM HG; 77.5 °C @ 60 MM HG; 67.8 °C @ 40 MM HG; 52.5 °C @ 20 MM HG; 38.7 °C @ 10 MM HG; 26.4 °C @ 5 MM HG; 1.4 °C @ 1.0 MM HG

154.00 to 156.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

154-156 °C

155.43 °C @760 [mm Hg]

3 °F (NTP, 1992)

-32.1 °C

-27.9 °C

111 °F (NTP, 1992)

111 °F (44 °C) (closed cup)

44 °C c.c.

50 to 100 mg/mL at 64 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOLUBILITY OF WATER IN CYCLOHEXANONE: 87 G/L AT 20 °C.

150 G/L IN WATER @ 10 °C; 50 G/L IN WATER @ 30 °C

SOL IN ACETONE; ETHYL ETHER; ETHANOL; WATER

SOLUBLE IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, AND OTHER COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS

25 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 8.7

water; ether; chloroform; organic solvents

Miscible at room temperature (in ethanol)

0.945 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9421 @ 25 °C/4 °C; 0.9478 @ 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.95

0.947-0.950

0.9421 @25 °C

3.4 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.4 (air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.4

5.2 mmHg at 77 °F ; 10 mmHg at 101.7 °F (NTP, 1992)

Flammable. Soluble in water.

Highly Flammable

Peroxidizable Compound

CYCLOHEXANONE forms an explosive peroxide with H2O2, and reacts vigorously with oxidizing materials (nitric acid). (NTP, 1992)

Incompatible with oxidizing agents.

Under controlled conditions, the explosive dimeric and trimeric acetone peroxide were produced. 2-Butanone and 3-pentanone gave shock and heat sensitive oily peroxides. Cyclopentanone reacts vigorously, giving a solid which soon produces a series of explosions if left in contact with the undiluted reaction liquor. Cyclohexanone gave oily, rather explosive peroxides.

Oxidation of 4-methylcyclohexanone by addition of nitric acid at about 75 °C caused a detonation to occur. These conditions have been used previously to oxidize the corresponding alcohol, but although the ketone is apparently an intermediate in oxidation of the alcohol, the former requires a much higher temp to start and maintain the reaction.

Oxidizers, nitric acid.

Oxidizers, nitric acid

Cyclohexanone

D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides

9 samples, >1yrs, 1-3 ppm

Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

Cyclohexanone

5 mg/kg-day

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Evaluation: No epidemiological data relevant to the carcinogenicity of cyclohexanone were available. There is inadequate evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of cyclohexanone. Overall evaluation: Cyclohexanone is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3).

A3; Confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 47: (1989) Some Organic Solvents, Resin Monomers and Related Compounds, Pigments and Occupational Exposures in Paint Manufacture and Painting

Volume 71: (1999) Re-evaluation of Some Organic Chemicals, Hydrazine and Hydrogen Peroxide (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Sore throat. Dizziness. Drowsiness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation.

irritation eyes, skin, mucous membrane; headache; narcosis, coma; dermatitis; In Animals: liver, kidney damage

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Skin Sensitizer - An agent that can induce an allergic reaction in the skin.

ACGIH Carcinogen - Confirmed Animal.

2 mg/kg-day

7 x 10^-1 mg/m^3

7 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

IRIS Current

LC50 (rat) = 8,000 ppm/4 hr

Consider the points of attack /respiratory system, eyes, skin, central nervous system/ in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.

IT HAS LOW ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY. OCCASIONAL SKIN CONTACT WITH LIQUID ... SHOULD CAUSE NO IRRITATION. ... BECAUSE IT IS CAPABLE OF DEFATTING SKIN, PROLONGED OR FREQUENTLY REPEATED SKIN CONTACT MAY ... /CAUSE/ IRRITATION OR DERMATITIS. EYE CONTACT WITH LIQUID MAY RESULT IN ... IRRITATION & ... TRANSIENT CORNEAL INJURY.

/CYCLOHEXANONE IS/ A WEAK CENTRAL NERVOUS DEPRESSANT ...

Exposure at 25 ppm of cyclohexanone was not uncomfortable for most subjects; 50 ppm was irritating especially to the throat; exposure at 75 ppm for 3 to 5 minutes resulted in more pronounced irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat.

... Achromatic regions, breaks, & deletions were seen in karyograms of human leukocytes which had been cultured on media containing 1x10-2, 1x10-3, 1x10-4 M cyclohexanone.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXANONE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Mice were exposed to various concentrations of cyclohexanone during 4 hours. The central nervous system was primarily affected. After exposure, measurements were made to see whether the neurotoxicant would decrease the immobility developed in a behavioral despair swimming test /SRP: ie, not longer attempt to escape and adopt an immobile posture as measured by the duration of immobility during a 3 minute test. All solvents, in concn related manner, reduced the total duration of immobility/.

A toxicity evaluation of cyclohexanone was conducted on various species of animals. Inhalation exposure of mice to cyclohexanone (19 mg/l) resulted in a mean time to death of 99.9 minutes. Histological exam of the lungs revealed acute congestion and edema with focal to diffuse hemorrhage of the lung parenchyma. Cyclohexanone was a primary irritant dermally and ophthalmically. It was cytotoxic to mouse fibroblast cells in culture.

Four groups (I-IV) comprised of three male dogs each received a dosage of 284 mg cyclohexanone/kg/day intravenously for 18-21 days as follows: 6% (volume/volume) solution at 75 (I) or 5 ml/minute (II); or 0.75% solution at 75 (III) or 5 ml/minute (IV). Signs of toxicity that were observed were vocalization, lacrimation, scleral vasodilation, mydriasis, salivation, urination, defecation, restlessness, stupor, ataxia, occasional convulsive movements, hyperpnea, and/or dyspnea. Regimen I produced a metabolic acidosis with an apparent respiratory component. The severity of the responses correlated well to the maximal plasma concentrations of cyclohexanone attained, which ranged from 80 to 320 ug/ml, and to the conditions of administration as follows: I > II > III > IV.

Using analogous methods of the cell multiplication inhibition test, the toxicity threshold (TT) of cyclohexanone was determined for model organisms of biological self purification, ie bacteria (Pseudomonas putida), green algae, (Scenedesmus quadricauda), and flagellate protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum). Cyclohexanone exhibited selective toxic action on Pseudomonas putida with a toxicity threshold value of 180 mg/l.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 527 mg/l 96 hr flow-through bioassay, wt 0.12 g, water hardness 45.5 mg/l CaCO3, temp: 25 +/- 1 °C, pH 7.5, dissolved oxygen greater than 60% of saturation

2.80e+04

1.30e+05

7.30e+02

3.10e+03

1.40e+03

2.00e+02

3.40e-01

5.00e+00

7.00e-01

Volatile

5.11e+03

8.50e+04

3.80e+05

2.20e+03

9.20e+03

4.30e+03

Cyclohexanone may be released to the environment as a result of its manufacture, industrial use, transport, and disposal. Its major uses are as an intermediate in the production of adipic acid and caprolactam, which are used to make nylon 66 and nylon 6, respectively. It is also used as a solvent for materials such as synthetic resins, polymers, lacquers, inks, paint, and spot removers and a chemical intermediate in the production of plasticizers, insecticides, and other chemicals. Cyclohexanone is estimated to have high mobility in soil. It would also be expected to volatilize from surface layers of soil. It is readily biodegradable in aerobic biodegradation screening tests and a river die-away test and therefore would be expected to biodegrade in soil. If released in water, cyclohexanone would be slowly lost by volatilization. Its estimated half-lives in a model river and model lake are 4.1 and 33 days, respectively. It also would be expected to biodegrade, but rates in natural water are unavailable. It is not expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter in the water column or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. In the atmosphere, cyclohexanone will degrade by reacting with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals (estimated half-life 1.3 days). The general population is exposed to cyclohexanone from ambient air and possibly from contaminated drinking water. Occupational exposure would be via inhalation and dermal contact with solutions containing cyclohexanone. (SRC)

Cyclohexanone may be released to the environment, primarily air and wastewater, as a result of its manufacture, use, transport, and disposal. Cyclohexanone is emitted to the atmosphere during its industrial production from venting of "spent air" and other vent streams(1). Over 96% of all cyclohexanone produced is oxidized to adipic acid (for the manufacture of nylon 66) or converted to caprolactam (for the manufacture of nylon 6)(2). Other industrial uses are: thinner or solvent for synthetic resins, polymers, lacquers, inks, paint, and spot remover; and synthesis of insecticides, herbicides, and pharmaceuticals(1,2).

Use of cyclohexanone as a solvent results in its evaporation into the air. Applications in which cyclohexanone is used as a solvent would be expected to release more chemical than those in which it is used as a chemical intermediate in closed systems. Cyclohexanone may be produced as a disinfection byproduct in drinking water(1). In a pilot plant study in Evansville, IN, it was identified in raw water treated with liquid or gaseous ClO2, Cl2, and FeCl2 with dual media filtration, but not in raw water or raw water treated with ClO2 alone. In a 1978-1982 German survey of industrial solvents commonly found in thinners, degreasers, paints, inks and some reagents, cyclohexanone was found in 1.1% of the 275 products analyzed(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Cyclohexanone is estimated to be highly mobile in soil(1,3,SRC). In view of its moderate vapor pressure(2) and low adsorption to soil(3), it would be expected to volatilize from surface soil. Although data are lacking, it may also undergo direct photolysis on the soil surface(4). Cyclohexanone is readily biodegradable according to aerobic screening tests(5-12) and therefore would be expected to biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: If released in water, cyclohexanone would be slowly lost by volatilization. Its estimated half-lives in a model river and model lake are 4.1 and 33 days, respectively(1,2). Cyclohexanone is readily biodegradable according to aerobic screening tests(6) and in a die-away test performed using microorganisms from river water(3) and therefore, may be expected to biodegrade in natural waters. Adsorption to sediment(2,4) and bioconcentration(2,5) in aquatic organisms should be minimal(2) based upon its high water solubility(4) and low octanol/water partition coefficient(5).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: In the atmosphere, cyclohexanone will degrade by reacting with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals. Its estimated half-life resulting from this reaction is 1.3 days(1,2).

Cyclohexanone is readily biodegradable according to most aerobic screening tests reported in the literature. Cyclohexanone was found to be significantly biodegradable using the Japanese MITI test protocol(3,4). The Japanese Chemical Testing and Inspection Institute obtained 97% of theoretical BOD in a 4-week test using 100 mg/L test concentration and a 30 mg/L sludge inoculum(1). A 5-day 32% theoretical BOD was determined using the AFNOR T 90/103 test (screening biodegradation test) and microbes from 3 polluted surface waters(5). A 96% removal (based on COD) in a mineral salts solution was observed using an acclimated activated sludge inoculum(6). Five-day BODs of 68.2% and 62.4% of theoretical were obtained using standard and seawater dilution methods, respectively(7). In Warburg respirometer studies, 50% of theoretical BOD was observed in 20 and 50 hours using adapted and nonadapted cultures, respectively(8). Fifty percent of theoretical BOD was obtained in a 5-day test using mixed microbial cultures(2).

Cyclohexanone appears to be removable by biological treatment based upon the 98-99% reduction in BOD observed in tests of an acclimated activated sludge biological simulator treating caprolactam production waste that contains cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, cyclohexanone oxime, and caprolactam(1). The total removal of cyclohexanone from a pilot-scale activated sludge system, including stripping, sorption, and biodegradation was 82%(2,3).

Cyclohexanone (27 ppm) was readily biodegradable in a 28-day total organic carbon die-away test using artificial river water and microorganisms from the Ina and Neya Rivers in Japan obtained in the spring and fall(1). In a study of the biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol under methanogenic conditions using an enrichment culture of anaerobic bacteria obtained from industrial wastewater treatment sludge, complete mineralization occurred and cyclohexanone was one of the intermediates observed(2). Therefore, cyclohexanone may biodegrade under methanogenic conditions(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cyclohexanone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated to be 12.6X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 degC(1) which corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of 1.3 days, assuming a hydroxyl radical concentration of 5X10+5 radicals/cu cm. Cyclohexanone absorbs UV radiation up to an approximate cutoff point of 325 nm(2). The measured direct photolysis rate constant in air is approximately 0.16 days, which corresponds to a half-life of 4.3 days(2). Ketones are resistant to hydrolysis(3).

The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for cyclohexanone can be estimated to be 2.4 based on the log Kow of 0.81(1) and a recommended regression equation(2). This BCF indicates that cyclohexanone will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC).

Based on a water solubility of 23,000 mg/l at 20 °C(1) and a log Kow of 0.81(2), the log BCF for cyclohexanone has been estimated to be 0.14 and 0.39, respectively, from recommended regression equations(1,3,SRC).

The Koc for cyclohexanone estimated using structure activity relationships (SAR) is 15(1). A Koc of 17 can be estimated from the water solubility, 23,000 mg/L(2), using a recommended regression equation(3). According to a suggested classification scheme(4), these Koc values indicate that cyclohexanone will be highly mobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for cyclohexanone, 9.00X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 degC(1), may be used to estimated the volatilization half-lives of cyclohexanone from a model river and lake. Its half-life in a 1 m deep model river with a 1 m/s current and 3 m/s wind is 4.1 days(2). Its half-life in a model lake 1 m deep with a 0.05 m/s current and a 0.5 m/s wind is 33 days. In view of cyclohexanone's moderate vapor pressure, 4.33 mm Hg at 25 degC(3), and low soil adsorptivity, it would be expected to volatilize from surface layers of soil(2).

DRINKING WATER: Cyclohexanone was qualitatively detected in drinking water from Miami, FL; Ottumwa, IA; Philadelphia, PA; and Cincinnati, OH(1). Ottumwa, IA tap water contained 0.1 ppb cyclohexanone(2). Positive identifications in drinking water from Cincinnati, OH (Jan 1980), Miami, FL (Feb 1976), New Orleans, LA (Jan 1976), Ottumwa, IA (Sept 1976), and Seattle, WA (Nov 1976)(3).

GROUND WATER: Maximum concn of 30 ppb detected in ground waters from the Netherlands(1). Qualitative detection in a ground water aquifer in Australia(2).

SURFACE WATER: Cyclohexanone was qualitatively detected in surface waters within the blast zone of Mount St. Helens, WA 2.5 and 3.5 months after the volcanic eruption in May 18, 1980(1). The low molecular weight organic materials found are believed to be derived from pyrolysis of plant and soil organic materials(1). Qualitative detection of cyclohexanone was reported in the Rhine River(2).

In a comprehensive survey of wastewater from 4,000 industrial and publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) sponsored by the Effluent Guidelines Division of the U.S. EPA, cyclohexanone was identified in discharges of the following industrial category (positive occurrences, median concentration in ppb): leather tanning (4; 593), iron and steel manufacturing (2; 13.3), nonferrous metals (1; 28.1), paint and ink (5; 34.4), printing and publishing (2; 149), ore mining (2; 3.1), inorganic chemicals (5; 32.7), plastics and synthetics (23; 75.8), auto and other laundries (1; 1.2), pharmaceuticals (2; 44.2), explosives (1; 16.8), aluminum (4; 12.9), electronics (4; 11.9), organic chemicals (2; 62.7), and POTWs (12; 23.5)(1). Maximum effluent concentrations above 1000 ppb were observed in leather tanning (1,927 ppb), inorganic chemicals (10,256 ppb), and plastics and synthetics (2,345 ppb)(1).

Wastewater from advanced treatment facilities in Lake Tahoe, CA, Dallas, TX, and Blue Plains, Washington, DC contained cyclohexanone(1). A final effluent grab sample from the Danville, IL POTW collected in June 1980 contained cyclohexanone(2). Wastewaters from processing shale oil have been found to contain cyclohexanone(3,4). It was identified in leachate from a municipal landfill in Ontario, Canada(5). The concentration of cyclohexanone in active compost blower exhaust from a wastewater sludge composting facility was 13 ug/cu m(6).

RURAL: Cyclohexanone was qualitatively identified in air samples from the Whitaker Forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA, a forest containing mixed conifers, in June 1990(1) and in the southern Black Forest in Germany in 1983(2).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Cyclohexanone was detected in 4 of 12 air samples collected near American Cyanamide in Linden, NJ (1976-8) at levels of 22-629 ng/cu m, 270 ng/cu m average(1). Maximum ground levels of 153 ug/cu m were detected on the boundary of the Holston Army Munitions Plant(2).

INDOOR AIR: Cyclohexanone was detected in one of six homes tested in Northern Italy at a concentration of 6 ug/cu m(1).

No cyclohexanone was detected (detection limit 50 ppm) in 26 samples of glue from 12 different manufacturers in Europe and the U.S. obtained in Denmark, especially from toy dealers(1).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U057, F003, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage,transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Cyclohexanone is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration.

A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 127: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CYCLOHEXANONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1915; Cyclohexanone

IMO 3.3; Cyclohexanone

49 131 79; Cyclohexanone

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: Xn; R: 10-20; S: (2)-25

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III