Thiophenol

H226 (99.8%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H300 (86.2%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (13.8%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (22.2%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H311 (77.8%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (14.3%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H315 (83.1%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (84.9%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (> 99.9%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (81%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (81%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1653 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P273, P391, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Thiophenol Exposure: Acute exposure to thiophenol may result in cough, difficulty in breathing, irritation of the lungs, and pneumonia. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are often seen. Contact with thiophenol may result in irritation and redness, pain, inflammation, and severe burns to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to thiophenol may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to thiophenol.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. Transport to a health care facility.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to thiophenol.

3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

5. THOROUGHLY wash exposed skin areas with water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

7. Transport to a health care facility.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support.

2. DO NOT induce vomiting.

4. Activated charcoal is of no value.

5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.

6. Transport to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Spray cooling water on containers that are exposed to flames until well after fire is out. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. (EPA, 1998)

Use powder, AFFF, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Phenyl mercaptan/

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, sulphur oxides.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

Small Spill

· Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 2337 datasheet.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Small spill:

- ISOLATE in all directions: 30 m (100 ft)

Large spill:

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.1 km (0.1 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during DAY time: 0.3 km (0.2 mi)

- PROTECT people from downwind during NIGHT time: 0.4 km (0.2 mi)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Phenyl mercaptan/

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Phenyl mercaptan/

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Vapor knockdown water is corrosive or toxic and should be diked for containment.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P014, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Incineration: Dissolve in a combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Burn in the furnace with after scrubber to neutralize sulfur dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Store in cool place. Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.30 [ppm]

0.53 [ppm]

1.6 [ppm]

0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m³) [15 minutes]

C 0.1 ppm (0.5 mg/m3) [15-minute]

none See Appendix G

See: IDLH INDEX

0.1 [ppm]

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 ppm, skin.

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed three times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 min during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed five times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded.

0.1 ppm as TWA; (skin)

0.1 ppm [2001]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: Methanol (UN1230) will burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.)

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the nervous system.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Benzenethiol:

Phenyl mercaptan appears as a clear liquid with a repulsive odor. Boiling point 168.3 °C. Insoluble in water and denser than water. Very toxic by ingestion, skin absorption, and by inhalation. Used as a chemical intermediate and in mosquito control.

Water-white liquid with an offensive, garlic-like odor; Note: A solid below 5 degrees F; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

colourless to water white or pale yellow mobile liquid with repulsive, penetrating, garlic-like odour

Clear liquid with a repulsive odor.

Water-white liquid with an offensive, garlic-like odor. [Note: A solid below 5 °F.]

Water-white liquid

Repulsive, penetrating, garlic-like odor, especially when impure

334.9 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

169.1 °C

169.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

169 °C; 46.4 °C (10mm Hg)

169.5 °C @760 [mm Hg]

5.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

-14.87 °C

-14.8 °C

127 °F (USCG, 1999)

50 °C (122 °F) (Closed cup)

0.08 % at 77 °F (NIOSH, 2024)

In water, 835 mg/L at 25 °C

Water solubility of 836 mg/l at 25 °C.

In water, 470 mg/L at 15 °C

Very soluble in alcohol; miscible with ether, benzene, carbon disulfide

Soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride

0.835 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water: none

insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; soluble in oils

(in ethanol)

(77 °F): 0.08%

1.0728 at 77 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.0775 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.07

1.073-1.080

1.073 @25 °C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.8

1 mmHg at 65.48 °F (EPA, 1998)

1.93 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure: 1 mm Hg at 18.6 °C; 10 mm Hg at 56 °C; 100 mm Hg at 106.6 °C

1.93 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 18 °C: 0.13

Flammable. Oxidizes upon exposure to air, especially when dissolved in alcoholic ammonia, to form diphenyl disulfide, C6H5SSC6H5 [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Is supplied under an atmosphere of nitrogen. Insoluble in water.

Sulfides, Organic

Air-Reactive

PHENYL MERCAPTAN reacts with acids to generate toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur. [Lewis, 3rd ed., 1993, p. 1021]. Reacts exothermically with strong oxidizing agents.

Strong acids & bases, calcium hypochlorite, alkali metals [Note: Oxidizes on exposure to air].

Incompatible materials: Do not store near acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents.

Strong acids & bases, calcium hypochlorite, alkali metals [Note: Oxidizes on exposure to air.]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Thiophenol is a water-white liquid or prism-like crystal with a repulsive, penetrating odor similar to garlic, especially when impure. It is primarily used as a mosquito larvicide and chemical intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals and amber dyes. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Thiophenols causes conversion of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin in human red blood cells and dose-dependent oxidative stress. ANIMAL STUDIES: Application of a drop to rabbit eyes caused severe irritation, moderate redness, chemosis of the conjunctiva with discharge for 3-4 days. Corneas developed opacities which gradually increased during 2-3 wk, becoming opalescent and obscuring details of pupil and iris. However, in 2 months the eyes recovered. Thiophenol administration in rats during gestation increased postimplantation loss, decreased the live litter size, decreased fetal body weight/litter, and increased the incidence of external malformations in the high dose group. In summary, maternal toxicity, observed as maternal mortality, a persistent decrease in body weight and weight gain, and decreased in food consumption during the treatment period occurred at the high dose level of 50 mg/kg/day. Rooting behavior was observed in all thiophenol groups during the dosing period indicating an aversion to the dosing formulation. Rooting behavior showed a dose-related increase and an earlier onset with increasing dose. The lowest observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) was 20 mg/kg/day for maternal toxicity based upon minor, transient decreases in maternal weight gain & food consumption on gestation day 6-9. In another experiment in Sprague Dawley rats, F0 and F1 liver and kidney weights increased with increasing dose of thiophenol and were associated with centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and renal tubule degeneration. Decreased (5-6%) sperm motility was observed in Sprague Dawley F0 rats administered 18 and 35 mg/kg. Inhibited spermiation was observed in all treated F1 males but not the F0 males. In developmental study in rabbits NOAEL for developmental toxicity was > or = 40 mg/kg/day; The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 10 mg/kg/day. Thiophenol, in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100 and TA98, showed relative mutagenic response with and without metabolic activation.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Cough. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; dermatitis; cyanosis; cough, wheezing, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), pulmonary edema, pneumonitis; headache, dizziness, central nervous system depression; nausea, vomiting; kidney, liver, spleen damage

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, kidneys, liver, spleen

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Benzenethiol

1 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-2 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 33 ppm/4h

LD50 Rat oral 46 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 10 mg/kg

LD50 Rat dermal 300 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 25 mg/kg

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for THIOPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1. Sulphur mustard reacts directly with benzenethiols and cysteine esters in aqueous medium. 2. Benzenethiols diffuse into lung slices in short term culture. 3. Treatment of lung slices in short term culture with benzenethiols does not protect cellular glutathione from conjugation with sulphur mustard. 4. Following uptake of cysteine ester into lung slices cysteine is elevated but this does not protect cellular glutathione from sulphur mustard. /benzenethiols/

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Thiophenol and aminothiophenol were used to study levels of toxicity in human red blood cells. Thiophenols caused conversion of oxyhemoglobin to methemoglobin. Reduction of corresponding disulfides by intracellular glutathione caused cyclic reduction/oxidation reactions, resulting in increased oxidative flux. Three levels of oxidative stress were observed in these experiments; the lowest level resulted from incubation with 0.25 mM thiophenol; the intermediate level with 0.50 mM thiophenol or 0.25 mM 4-aminothiophenol; the highest levels with 0.50 mM 4-aminothiophenol. Methemoglobin formation increased with increasing level of oxidative stress. Glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt were inhibited at the intermediate and highest levels of stress, respectively. Above the highest level of stress non-intact hemoglobin was formed and cell lysis occurred. These metabolic responses were reflected in cellular levels of NADH, NADPH and reduced glutathione. At the lowest level of oxidative stress, both glycolysis and hexose monophosphate shunt were increased such that near-normal levels of NADH, NADPH and reduced glutathione were maintained and methemglobin formation was kept to a minimum. The response of red cells to 0.25 mM thiophenol appears to represent a level of oxidative stress to which the cell is capable of adaptive metabolic response. Glycolysis contributes approximately one quarter of the total reducing equivalents from glucose metabolism in response to the oxidative challenge by thiophenol.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Application of a drop to rabbit eyes caused severe irritation, moderate redness, & chemosis of the conjunctiva with discharge for 3-4 days ... corneas developed opacities which gradually increased during 2-3 wk, becoming opalescent & obscuring details of pupil & iris. However, in ... 2 months the eyes recovered .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ The potential reproductive toxicity of thiophenol in S-D rats was evaluated using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding protocol. Thiophenol was nominated for testing due to the relative lack of reproductive toxicity information; it is used as a chemical intermediate and mosquito larvicide. Thiophenol in corn oil was administered by oral gavage at doses of 9, 18, and 35 mg/kg/day to 20 animals/sex/group. Rats were individually housed for one week and then cohabitated for 16 weeks. During cohabitation, litters were euthanized after evaluation on postnatal day (PND) 1. Litters born after Week 17 were reared until PND 21 and selected weanlings were administered the same dose levels as their respective parents. On PND 81 +/- 10, F1 animals were cohabitated within groups for one week and necropsied following delivery of the litters. During 16 weeks of cohabitation, adjusted live pup weight was decreased by 4 and 6% in the 9 and 35 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. At the crossover mating trial to determine the affected sex, the pups born to 35 mg/kg females weighed 8-9% less; no effects were observed in litters from thiophenol-treated males. In the F1 mating trial, live F2 pup weight was decreased by 9 and 12% in the 18 and 35 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. Throughout the study, the body weights of the F0 and F1 35 mg/kg males were consistently decreased. F0 and F1 liver and kidney weights increased with increasing dose and were associated with centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy and renal tubule degeneration. Decreased (5-6%) sperm motility was observed in the 18 and 35 mg/kg F0 group. Inhibited spermiation was observed in all treated F1 males but not the F0 males. In conclusion, thiophenol is not a selective reproductive toxicant, because the effects on male (decreased sperm motility and inhibited spermiation) and female (decreased live pup weight during the crossover mating) endpoints occurred concomitant with, or at doses greater than, those that produced hepatic or renal effects.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Heteroatomic analogs of 4,4'-methylenedianiline, including thiophenol, in Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA100 & TA98 showed relative mutagenic response with & without metabolic activation.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; Click on the "Chemical Explorer" button on the tool bar to see the data./[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of June 27, 2014: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 20, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=108-98-5]

The potential reproductive toxicity of thiophenol in Sprague-Dawley rats was evaluated using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) protocol. Based on acute oral LD50 of 46.2 mg/kg & the increased mortality in the 40 mg/kg/day females & the increased liver weights at 30 mg/kg/day noted during a previous RACB study with thiophenol, dose levels for the continuous breeding phase for this study were set at 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg. Male & female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to thiophenol in corn oil by oral gavage. During 16 wks of cohabitation, live pup weight adjusted for litter size was decreased by 4 & 6% in the 9 & 35 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The number of live pups was slightly but not significantly decreased (7%) at 35 mg/kg. No differences were observed in the pregnancy index, cumulative days to litter, mean avg litters/pair, proportion of pups born alive, or sex ratio of pups. A crossover mating trial (Task 3) revealed the females as the affected sex. When naive males were mated with control or 35 mg/kg females, the mean live pup weight & adjusted live pup weight were reduced in the 35 mg/kg group by 8-9%. No other treatment-related effects were seen. When naive females were mated with control or 35 mg/kg males, reproductive parameters were comparable between dose groups. Throughout the study, the body weights of the F0 35 mg/kg males were 7-15% less than controls. F0 female body weights were not adversely effected by thiophenol. At necropsy, liver & kidney weights increased with increasing dose: liver weights (relative to body weight) of the 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg animals were increased by 20, 35, & 50% (males) & 11, 18, 36% (females), respectively. Relative kidney weights of the 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg animals were increased by 30, 53, & 104% (males) & 8, 5, 20% (females), respectively. There was a treatment-related incr in the incidence of enlarged & pitted kidneys in the F0 males at necropsy. Increased incidences of renal tubule degeneration (30%, 35%, & 40%, respectively) were observed in 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg F0 males & females. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in the 18 & 35 mg/kg F0 males & 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg F0 females. Evaluation of epididymal computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) data revealed treatment-related decreases (5-6%) in percent motile sperm in the 18 & 35 mg/kg groups compared to controls. Other reproductive endpoints at necropsy were comparable among dose groups. In Task 4 (second generation evaluation), the pup weights of the 35 mg/kg F1 males & females were decreased by 13-16% during Postnatal Day (PND) 4 & 7 of lactation; however, no differences were observed on /postnatal day/ 1, 14 or 21. There was no treatment-related incr in pre-weaning mortality of the F1 animals. In the F1 mating trial, live F2 pup weight was decreased by 9 & 12% in the 18 & 35 mg/kg dose groups, respectively, when compared to controls. Other endpoints were unchanged. Body weights of the 35 mg/kg F1 males were 11-17% less than controls on Task Weeks 2 & 4, & at delivery & necropsy. At necropsy, the liver & kidneys were also enlarged in a treatment-related fashion for both sexes in the F1 animals: relative liver weights of the 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg animals were increased by 18, 37, & 62% (males) & 14, 17, 43% (females), respectively. Relative kidney weights of the 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg animals were increased by 52, 67, & 163% (males) & 12, 6, 26% (females), respectively. There was a treatment-related incr in the incidence of enlarged, pale, & soft kidneys in the F1 males at necropsy. As observed in the F0 animals, renal tubule degeneration was observed in 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg F1 males & 18 & 35 mg/kg F1 females. Centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy was observed in the 9, 18, & 35 mg/kg F1 males & females. Microscopic evaluation of the left testis from F1 males revealed a treatment-related incr in inhibited spermiation of the stage VIII-X tubules. No F1 sperm endpoints were significantly changed. Results of this study show that thiophenol is not a selective reproductive toxicant, because the minor effects on development (decreased live pup weight during the crossover mating) occurred concomitant with, or at doses greater than, those doses that produce hepatic or renal effects. The no-observable-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was not established in this study as the 9 mg/kg animals displayed increased liver & kidney weights (absolute & relative) & treatment-related microscopic lesions. A max tolerated dose (MTD) was reached for the 35 mg/kg F0 & F1 generation animals, based on decreased body weights (males only), increased liver & kidney weights, & treatment-related renal & hepatic lesions.

This study was conducted to assess the potential for orally administered thiophenol (THIO) to cause developmental toxicity. ... THIO ... was administered by gavage in corn oil to mated CD rats (25/group) on gestation days (gd) 6-15 at levels of 0, 20, 35, or 50 mg/kg/day. Animals were observed daily for clinical signs of toxicity. Body weight was recorded on the mornings of /gestation day/ 0, 3, 6-15, 18 & 20. Food & water weights were recorded for the animals in each group on /gestation day/ 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, & 20. All animals in the developmental toxicity study were killed on /gestation day/ 20 & examined for maternal body & organ weights, implant status, fetal weight, sex, & morphological development. Four animals in the high dose group died or were sacrificed in extremis. For animals surviving to scheduled necropsy on /gestation day/ 20, pregnancy rates were 100%, 100%, 96% & 100% in the control through high exposure groups, respectively. Clinical signs consisted primarily of rooting behavior after gavage admin of THIO. The incidence of rooting behavior increased with increasing dose, & also with time across the dosing period. Thus, rooting was first noted on /gestation day/ 11 (low dose), /gestation day/ 8 (mid dose) & /gestation day/ 6 (high dose), reaching a max incidence of 0% (control), 28% (low dose), 92% (mid dose) & 100% (high dose) by /gestation day/ 15. This behavior was not observed after the treatment period was concluded. Maternal body weight was significantly depressed in the high dose group from /gestation day/ 9 to termination on /gestation day/ 20. Maternal body weight change was depressed in all treatment groups for the period of /gestation day/ 6-9, & in the high dose group for /gestation day/ 9-12, during the treatment & total gestational periods, & for corrected maternal weight gain. Maternal food consumption (g/kg/day) was decreased in all treated groups for /gestation day/ 6-9, & in the high dose group on /gestation day/ 9-12, & the treatment period (/gestation day/ 6-15). Relative maternal food consumption increased in the high dose group during the post-treatment period (/gestation day/ 15-18, 18-20, & 15-20). Maternal water consumption (g/kg/day) was higher in the high dose group compared to the control group on /gestation day/ 6-9, 9-12, 12-15, 15-18, 18-20, during the treatment period (/gestation day/ 6-15), & the post-treatment period (/gestation day/ 15-20). Necropsy of the maternal animals revealed increased relative (% body weight) & adjusted (for maternal weight) liver weight in the high dose group, but no change in right kidney weight. Gravid uterine weight was decreased at the high dose. THIO admin during gestation increased postimplantation loss, decreased the live litter size, decreased fetal body weight/litter, & increased the incidence of external malformations in the high dose group. In summary, maternal toxicity, observed as maternal mortality, a persistent decr in body weight & weight gain, & decr in food consumption during the treatment period occurred at the high dose level of 50 mg/kg/day. Rooting behavior was observed in all THIO groups during the dosing period indicating an aversion to the dosing formulation. Rooting behavior showed a dose-related incr & an earlier onset with increasing dose. The lowest observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) was 20 mg/kg/day for maternal toxicity based upon minor, transient decreases in maternal weight gain & food consumption on /gestation day/ 6-9. The maternal NOAEL could not be determined based upon the doses evaluated in this study. Developmental toxicity, observed as increased postimplantation death, decreased litter size, decreased fetal body weight, & an incr in the incidence of external malformations occurred at the high dose. Reduced female fetal body weight was observed at 35 mg/kg/day, suggesting a NOAEL for developmental toxicity of 20 mg/kg/day.

This study was conducted to assess the potential for orally administered thiophenol (THIO) to cause developmental toxicity. ... THIO ... was administered by gavage in corn oil to artificially inseminated New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits on gestation days (gd) 6-19 at levels of 0, 10, 30, or 40 mg/kg/day during the period of major organogenesis. A slightly higher dose (50 mg/kg/day) was excluded from the final study design due to excessive maternal toxicity. Maternal clinical signs, body weight, & food consumption were monitored at regular intervals from /gestation day/ 0-30. On /gestation day/ 30, fetuses were removed from the does & examined for evidence of THIO-induced developmental toxicity. Two does died during the study, one each in the 10 & 30 mg/kg/day groups. No consistent clinical signs were observed during the course of the study. Maternal relative food consumption during the end of the dosing period tended to be lower in the 30 & 40 mg/kg/day groups, but overall food consumption during & after the dosing period was comparable to controls in all THIO groups. Maternal body weight gain displayed transient decreases which were confined to /gestation day/ 12-15 within the dosing period & limited to the 30 & 40 mg/kg/day groups. Overall maternal body weight gain during the dosing period (/gestation day/ 6-19) tended to be lower in the THIO-treated does, but maternal body weights in the THIO groups were comparable to control values at all gestational ages. Necropsy of the maternal animals on GD 30 indicated no THIO-related effects on gravid uterine weight or absolute or relative (% body weight) liver or right kidney weights. The number of implantation sites/litter & the % preimplantation loss/litter was comparable in all groups. THIO admin did not adversely affect average live litter size, sex ratio, or avg fetal body weight/litter. Morphological evaluation of the fetuses showed no THIO-related increases in the incidence of malformations (external, visceral, or skeletal) or variations. In summary, 40 mg/kg/day THIO did not adversely affect the growth, viability, or morphological development of the offspring. Thus, the NOAEL for developmental toxicity in this study was > or = 40 mg/kg/day; the LOAEL could not be determined at the doses evaluated in this study. The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 10 mg/kg/day. Toxic effects at 30 & 40 mg/kg/day were minor & transient so that the evidence of toxicity was equivocal. However, a slightly higher dose (50 mg/kg/day) was found to be excessively toxic resulting in maternal morbidity & mortality. Thus, the dose-range evaluated in this study was appropriately selected, & evaluation of developmental toxicity at doses above 40 mg/kg/day was precluded by excessive maternal toxicity.

LC100 bluegill sunfish 6 hr 5 mg/L/Conditions not stated/

LC100 trout 1 hr 5 mg/L /Conditions not stated/

LD50 Wild bird oral 24 mg/kg

LC100 yellow perch 3 hr 5 mg/L/Conditions not stated/

LC100 bluegill sunfish 6 hr 5 mg/L/Conditions not stated/

LC100 trout 1 hr 5 mg/L /Conditions not stated/

LD50 Wild bird oral 24 mg/kg

LC100 yellow perch 3 hr 5 mg/L/Conditions not stated/

LC100 goldfish 23 hr 5 mg/L/Conditions not stated/

7.80e+01

1.20e+03

1.70e+01

5.00e+00

1.10e-02

1.00e-03

Volatile

1.26e+03

2.30e+02

3.50e+03

5.00e+01

Thiophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and amber dyes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 1.93 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates thiophenol will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophenol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 hours. Thiophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, thiophenol is expected to have moderate mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 230. The pKa of thiophenol is 6.62, indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization of the neutral form from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.35X10-4 atm-cu m/mole. Volatilization of the anionic form from moist soil is not expected because anions do not volatilize. The neutral form of thiophenol may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks. However, in water, using an activated sludge inocula, thiophenol reached 30-42% of its theoretical BOD in 6 days. These studies indicate that biodegradation may or may not be an important environmental fate process. If released into water, thiophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected for the anionic form, but is expected for the neutral form of thiophenol based upon the estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 5 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 20 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to thiophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiophenol is produced or used. (SRC)

Thiophenol's production and use as a chemical intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and amber dyes(1) and food additive(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that thiophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of thiophenol is 6.62(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially as an anion in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of the anion form of thiophenol from moist soil surfaces is not expected because anions do not volatilize(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral form of thiophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.35X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1.93 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 835 mg/L(6). Thiophenol in its neutral form is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Thiophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(7). However, in water, using an activated sludge inocula, thiophenol reached 30-42% of its theoretical BOD in 6 days(8). These studies suggest that biodegradation in soil may or may not be an important fate process(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 230(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that thiophenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 6.62(3) indicates thiophenol will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the anion form from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Volatilization of the neutral form from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.35X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.93 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 835 mg/L(6). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for the neutral form for a model river and model lake are 6 hours and 5 days, respectively(SRC). Thiophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 20(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.52(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Thiophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(9). However, in water, using an activated sludge inocula, thiophenol reached 30-42% of its theoretical BOD in 6 days(10). These studies suggest that biodegradation in aquatic systems may or may not be an important fate process(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 1.93 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase thiophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 34 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.12X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Thiophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: Using a Warburg respirometer and activated sludge inocula, thiophenol reached 30-42% of its theoretical BOD in 6 days(1). Using a Warburg respirometer and phenol or resorcinol-adapted yeast cells isolated from soil, oxidation of thiophenol occurred after a 10-30 min test lag(2). Thiophenol, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of thiophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been reported as 1.12X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 34 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Thiophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Thiophenol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 20 was calculated in fish for thiophenol(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.52(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of thiophenol can be estimated to be 230(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that thiophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of thiophenol is 6.62(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). The sorption coefficient for thiophenol to snow was measured as log Ki 3.65 cu m/sq m(5).

A pKa of 6.62(1) indicates thiophenol will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization of the anion form is not expected(SRC). The Henry's Law constant for thiophenol is estimated as 3.35 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.93 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 835 mg/L(3). This Henry's Law constant indicates that neutral thiophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(4). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(4) is estimated as 6 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(4) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). Thiophenol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization of the neutral form from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of the neural form of thiophenol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure(2).

Thiophenol has been identified in the effluent from a petroleum refining industry(1). Thiophenol was detected as a minor component of pyrolysis of eucalyptus kraft lignin(2).

SEDIMENTS: Thiophenol was found in sediment from the Wisconsin River and postulated to come from pulp mill activities on the river(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of thiophenol is <10; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 879 workers (187 of these were female) were potentially exposed to thiophenol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to thiophenol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiophenol is produced or used.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number P014, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Incineration: Dissolve in a combustible solvent such as alcohols, benzene, etc. Burn in the furnace with after scrubber to neutralize sulfur dioxide.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for thiophenol: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for THIOPHENOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Phenyl mercaptan/

Table: Table of Isolation and Protective Action Distances for Thiophenol [Table#5383]

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for THIOPHENOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2337; Phenyl mercaptan

IMO 6.1; Phenyl mercaptan

49 214 13; Phenyl mercaptan

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Poison Inhalation Hazard Flammable Liquid

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Subsidiary Risks: 3; UN Pack Group: I