3-methylpyridine

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2% (36 of 1774) of reports.

H226 (95.7%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (98%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311+H331 (82.3%): Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled. [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H311 (96.3%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (87.9%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (84.8%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (10.1%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (84.6%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (12.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (13.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1774 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 36 of 1774 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 1738 of 1774 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H402: Harmful to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material should be controlled using a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. /Picolines/

Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture: Carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapours accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapours can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 3-METHYLPYRIDINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. STORE AWAY FROM SOURCES OF IGNITION. (NTP, 1992)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants.

Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities: Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Hygroscopic. Storage class (TRGS 510): Flammable liquids.

5.0 [ppm]

24 [ppm]

150 [ppm]

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 2 ppm, skin; Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) 5 ppm, 15 min, skin.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes and skin. The vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Self contained breathing apparatus, protective clothing, rubber boots, and heavy rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. ... Wearing positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Picolines/

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 38 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Beta-picoline is a colorless liquid with a sweetish odor. (NTP, 1992)

Liquid; CBI

Colorless liquid with a sweet, but not unpleasant odor; [Merck Index]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid

Sweetish, not unpleasant odor

290 to 291 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

144.1 °C

143-144 °C

144.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-0.9 °F (NTP, 1992)

-18.1 °C

-18.14 °C

97 °F (NTP, 1992)

37 °C (99 °F) (Closed cup)

38 °C c.c.

Very soluble (NTP, 1992)

Miscible with water at 20 °C

Miscible with alcohol, ether

Very soluble in acetone; soluble in carbon tetrachloride

Solubility in water: miscible

0.957 (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9566 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.96

0.9613 @ 20°C

3.21 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.2

6.05 [mmHg]

6.05 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 0.6

6.05 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.20

Henry's Law constant = 7.73X10-6 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

1000 °F (USCG, 1999)

488 °C (910 °F) at 1,009 hPa (757 mmHg)

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides/.

37.35 kJ/mol at 144.14 °C; 44.44 kJ/mol at 25 °C

Index of refraction: 1.5043 at@ 24 °C/D

5.63 (at 25 °C)

Highly Flammable. Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Highly Flammable

BETA-PICOLINE may react with oxidizing materials (NTP, 1992). Neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

... Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Incompatible materials: Acids, acid chlorides, oxidizing agents, chloroformates.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 3-Methylpyridine is a colorless liquid. It is used as a solvent; intermediate in dye and resins industries; in manufacture of insecticides, waterproofing agents, niacin and niacinamide. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: 3-Methylpyridine caused eye irritation, gastro-intestinal disturbances and central nervous system (CNS) effects in one worker and may have produced liver abnormalities and facial skin eruptions in another. ANIMAL STUDIES: 3-Methylpyridine was a marked skin irritant in rabbits and guinea-pigs and has caused severe eye irritation in rabbits.. It has affected electrophysiological parameters in rats. Moderate acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity was demonstrated in laboratory animals, the principal site of toxic attack being the CNS. Repeated inhalation exposure resulted in increased liver weight in rats. 3-Methylpyridine was tested in three independent bacterial gene mutation studies; all studies gave negative results in S. typhimurium or E. coli tester strains, with and without exogenous metabolic activation. In vivo, no significant increases in the frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in peripheral blood of male or female mice. In NTP cancerogenicity studies there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3-methylpyridine in male mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3-methylpyridine in female mice based on the increased incidences of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in the lung and of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma in the liver. In the similar studies in rats there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3-methylpyridine in male rats. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of 3-methylpyridine in female rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined).

β-Picoline

Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans

Volume 122: (2019) Isobutyl Nitrite, β-Picoline, and Some Acrylates

β-Picoline

TR-580: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of beta-Picoline (CASRN 108-99-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Drinking Water Studies) (2014 )

02/08/12

No Evidence

Some Evidence

Equivocal Evidence

Clear Evidence

Under the conditions of these 2-year drinking water studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity (see summary of the peer review panel comments and the public discussion on this Technical Report in Appendix M) of beta-picoline in male F344/N rats exposed to 156.25, 312.5, or 625 mg/L. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of β-picoline in female F344/N rats based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of β-picoline in male B6C3F1/N mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma and alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined). There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of β-picoline in female B6C3F1/N mice based on the increased incidences of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in the lung and of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma in the liver.

Exposure to β-picoline caused increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the lung in female mice and the nose in male and female mice.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness. Burning sensation. Pain. Blisters. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Further see Inhalation.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

IARC Carcinogen - Class 3: Chemicals are not classifiable by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.

LCLo (rat) = 11,820 mg/m3/5h

LD50 Mouse iv >596 mg/kg

LD50 Rat i.p. 150 mg/kg

The three IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f) quinoline) compounds IQ, MeIQx (2-amino-3,4-dimethyl (4,5-f) quinoxaline) and MeIQ (2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline) have been found in boiled pork juice. To determine which Maillard reaction products are important in the formation of IQ-type mutagens in boiled pork juice, six Maillard reaction products were separately added to the porkjuice before reflux boiling and then the mutagenicity of each sample was examined with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 mix. The addition of four Maillard reaction products enhanced the mutagenicity of pork juice 1.2-2.9-fold after reflux boiling. The highest level of enhancement was observed with tetrahydrothiophene, followed by 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 3-methylpyridine and 2-methylpyridine. However, the addition of 2-acetylpyrrole and imidazole greatly inhibited the mutagenicity of pork juice.

3-Methylpyridine partially relieved the ataxia induced by tri-o-cresyl phosphate in hens.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orortracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonistic such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/CASE REPORTS/ Poisoning in 32 yr old male industrially exposed to vapors was characterized by autonomic disturbances against asthenic background (angiodystonia, tendency toward hypotonia & bradycardia, incr of pilomotor reflex, & disturbances of thermoregulation) & by polyneuritic phenomena.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 58 yr old man occupationally exposed to beta-picoline for 11 yr showed an incr in liver glutamic pyruvic transaminase & glutamic oxalacetic transaminase.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ 3-Methylpyridine caused eye irritation, gastro-intestinal disturbances and central nervous system (CNS) effects in one worker and may have produced liver abnormalities and facial skin eruptions in another.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The eye and skin irritational properties of various picolines: 2-picoline, 3-picoline and 4-picoline, were evaluated and compared to those for pyridine ... /in/ male New Zealand albino rabbits ... . Following either 7 or 14 days the rabbits were killed and histological examinations were conducted on the eyes. Eye irritation, caused by these exposures, was characterized by ocular irritation indice (OII). Eye irritation assessments showed that irritation was maximal either 1 hr or 1 day after exposure. Based upon ocular irritation indice values, 2-picoline, 3-picoline and pyridine were classified as "irritating", while 4-picoline was classified a "severely irritating". ... Over longer periods of time, which included recovery, all four of these compounds were determined to be "severely irritating". Histological examination of the eyes showed similar effects for all four compounds considered. These effects included keratitis lesions in corneal epithelial tissue, fibrillary edematous lamallae dissociation, and cellular inflammatory infiltration. Skin irritation was characterized by the cutaneous primary irritation index (PII). 2-Picoline, 3-picoline, and pyridine had primary irritation index values of 5.8, 6.8, and 4.8 respectively, while 4-picoline showed such high percutaneous toxicity that a primary irritation index value could not be determined. Overall results on skin irritation suggested that 2-picoline and 3-picoline should be classified as "severely irritating" with pyridine being classified as "irritating". Histological exam of the skin provided evidence for necrosis, ulceration, and regeneration. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ A series of neurophysiological tests was performed on Long-Evans hooded rats treated with either 2-, 3-, or 4-methylpyridine at dosages of 100 mg/kg, approximately one-half the ip LD50. The tests contained measures of sensory function (paired pulse flash evoked potentials, pattern reversal evoked potentials, and brainstem auditory evoked rsponses) and cerebral excitability (pentylenetetrazol seizures and hippocampal after discharges). In general, rats treated with 2- and 3-methylpyridine were more affected than those treated with 4-methylpyridine. The changes observed were in many ways similar to those seen following administration of depressent compounds: increased latency of evoked potentials and increased latency to pentylenetetrazol seizures. ... Controls were treated with saline. The LD50s were 200 mg/kg for 2-methylpyridine, 150 mg/kg for 3-methylpyridine, and 162 mg/kg for 4-methylpyridine. Death occurred within 24 to 48 hours after treatment. All of the methylpyridines produced a mild hypothermia. 3-Methylpyridine and 2-methylpyridine affected electrophysiological parameters more than did 4-methylpyridine. /Results suggest/ that all three compounds produce dysfunctions that only vary in magnitude.

/GENOTOXICITY/ 3-Methylpyridine is not mutagenic with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Moderate acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity was demonstrated in laboratory animals, the principal site of toxic attack being the CNS. Repeated inhalation exposure resulted in increased liver weight in rats.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 3-METHYLPYRIDINE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA has released the first beta version (version 0.5) of the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The beta version of the iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays; See the data in Chemical Explorer/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of June 27, 2014: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from, as of October 22, 2014: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=108-99-6]

LD50; Species: Wild bird oral 1 g/kg

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) age 29 days, length 18.1 mm, weight 0.077 g; Conditions: freshwater, flow through, 24.1 °C, pH 7.8, hardness 43.5 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 44.0 mg/L CaCO3, dissolved oxygen 7.2 mg/L; Concentration: 144000 ug/L for 96 hr (95% confidence interval: 131000-160000 ug/L) /99% purity/

3-Methylpyridine's production and use as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, pesticides, waterproofing agents and other compounds and as a solvent for resins and dyes may result in its release to the environment from various waste streams. 3-Methylpyridine occurs in cigarette smoke. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 6.05 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 3-methylpyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-methylpyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days. 3-Methylpyridine does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 3-methylpyridine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 110. The pKa of 3-methylpyridine is 5.63, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Koc can vary with pH with lowest adsorption occurring in the non-ionized form. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.73X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 3-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 3-Methylpyridine may biodegrade fairly rapidly under aerobic conditions in both soil and water. 3-Methylpyridine is expected to be resistant to biodegradation under some anaerobic conditions. If released into water, 3-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc value. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 37 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. In water, 3-methylpyridine was rapidly biodegraded in acclimated aerobic natural waters with complete removal within 2 to 4 days. In sulfidogenic estuarine sediments, however, 3-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over 200 days. Occupational exposure to 3-methylpyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-methylpyridine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 3-methylpyridine via inhalation of ambient air, inhalation of cigarette smoke, and ingestion of food and drinking water. (SRC)

3-Methylpyridine's production and use as an intermediate for pharmaceuticals, pesticides, waterproofing agents and other compounds and as a solvent for resins and dyes(1,2) may result in its release to the environment from various waste streams(SRC). 3-Methylpyridine is also released to the environment via effluents from the manufacture and use of coal-derived liquid fuels and the disposal of coal liquefication and gasification waste byproducts(3-6). In addition, 3-methylpyridine is found in cigarette smoke(6,7).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 115(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-methylpyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3-methylpyridine is 5.63(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Soil studies with 2-methylpyridine(5), a compound expected to have similar sorption properties as 3-methylpryidine(SRC), demonstrated that Koc can vary with pH with lowest adsorption occurring in the non-ionized form(5). Volatilization of 3-methylpyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.73X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(6). 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.05 mm Hg at 25 °C(7). 3-Methylpyridine is expected to biodegrade fairly rapidly in aerobic soil; however, under anaerobic conditions, this compound may be persistent(8,9). 3-Methylpyridine was added to aerobic Fincastle silt loam for a period of 32 days; 69.3% of the available nitrogen was released after this time(8). However, in an aerobic surface soil experiment, only 35% biodegradation was reported in 3 months while in anaerobic surface soil, under denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions, 50 and 10 to 20% of the initially added 3-methylpyridine was biodegraded, respectively, in 3 months(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 115(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 3-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.73X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 5 and 37 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.20(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for BCF tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(7). Rapid biodegradation under aerobic conditions is likely although 3-methylpyridine seems resistant to biodegradation under anaerobic conditions(8,9). 3-Methylpyridine was rapidly biodegraded in acclimated aerobic natural waters with complete removal within 2 to 4 days(8). However, in sulfidogenic estuarine sediments, 3-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over 200 days(9). 3-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 3-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(10); therefore, 3-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylpyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 6.05 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3-methylpyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.30X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 3-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(4); therefore, 3-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: An aerobic biological screening study, which utilized a 10 mg/L yeast extract and an Aeric Ochraqualf soil for inocula, indicates that 3-methylpyridine is not readily biodegradable(1). At 24 °C and a pH of 7, less than 1% of an initial 12.7 ppm of 3-methylpyridine was mineralized within 30 days as evidenced via the release of inorganic nitrogen(1). However, an aerobic soil grab sample study demonstrated rapid biodegradation of 3-methylpyridine(2). 3-Methylpyridine was added to Fincastle silt loam (Aeric Ochraqualf) with a pH of 6.7 and incubated at 25 °C(2); within 32 days, 69.3% of the available nitrogen was released to inorganic forms(2); sterilized controls lost 11.7% of the starting material to volatilization; but, did not release inorganic nitrogen(2).

AEROBIC: An aerobic river die-away test showed that 3-methylpyridine biodegraded rapidly after acclimation in highly polluted natural waters maintained at 20 °C(1). After 14 and 18 day acclimation periods, 100% of the original concentration of 1 ppm of 3-methylpyridine were removed within 2 and 4 days from the Ohio and Little Miami River waters, respectively(1). For ground water that was taken from an aquifer contaminated by underground coal gasification, and to which soil was added as inocula, 3-methylpyridine degradation was also rapid(2). Over 99% of 3-methylpyridine at an initial average concentration of 32.4 ppm was lost within 10 days when samples were incubated aerobically at 20 °C(2). On the average, less than a 25% loss occurred within 31 days for sterilized, but otherwise, identical controls(2). For anoxic groundwater samples with oxygen levels less than 0.1 to 0.4 ppm and without soil added, 3-methylpyridine degradation was shown to be much slower(2). About 30% of the original average concentration of 24.8 ppm remained after 33 days(2). 3-Methylpyridine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 3% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(3).

3-Methylpyridine was only partially degraded (35% removal) following a 3-month incubation in an aerobic unpolluted surface soil (from the Savannah River plant site in South Carolina)(1). Nearly 50% of the initially added 3-methylpyridine was biodegraded in an unpolluted surface soil under denitrifying conditions(1). Under denitrifying conditions, the unpolluted surface soil transformed nearly 50% of the 3-methylpyridine(1). Under sulfate-reducing conditions, however, only 10 to 20% of the 3-methylpyridine was transformed in unpolluted surface soils(1). In polluted soil (soil contaminated with pyridine derivatives obtained from a chemical plant in Indianapolis, IN) both surface and subsurface soils transformed 3-methylpyridine with complete biodegradation within 2 weeks under aerobic conditions(1). Under sulfate-reducing conditions, 3-methylpyridine in the subsurface soil was completely biodegraded in 3 months whereas only 40% biodegradation in 3 months was observed for the surface soil under the same conditions(1). 3-Methylpyridine was not biodegraded under denitrifying conditions in the subsurface soil but was removed at a level of 60-65% over 3 months in the surface soil(1). 3-Methylpyridine was incubated in sulfidogenic estuarine sediments at concentrations from 70 to 80 uM; no biodegradation was reported over 200 days(2). In an anaerobic biodegradation study using sludge from a wastewater treatment plant digester as inoculum, 3-methylpyridine was found to have poor biodegradability(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3-methylpyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.30X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). The UV absorption spectrum of 3-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows a UV maximum at 262.5 nm, but no absorption >290 nm(3); therefore, 3-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 3-methylpyridine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.20(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(4), however actual BCF values were not available(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 3-methylpyridine can be estimated to be 115(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3-methylpyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil. The pKa of 3-methylpyridine is 5.63(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Soil studies with 2-methylpyridine(5), a compound expected to have similar sorption properties as 3-methylpryidine(SRC), demonstrated that Koc can vary with pH with lowest adsorption occurring in the non-ionized form(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 3-methylpyridine is 7.73X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3-methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 37 days(SRC). 3-Methylpyridine's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 3-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 6.05 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). 3-Methylpyridine is a weak base with a pKa of 5.63(4), which indicates this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic conditions, and no volatilization from water or moist soil will occur for the cation(SRC).

DRINKING WATER: 3-Methylpyridine was listed as a contaminant found in drinking water for a survey of US cities including Pomona, Escondido, Lake Tahoe and Orange Co, CA; and Dallas, TX; Washington, DC; Cincinnati, OH; Philadelphia, PA; Miami, FL; New Orleans, LA; Ottumwa, IA; and Seattle, WA(1).

GROUNDWATER: 3-Methylpyridine was detected in groundwater samples near a coal gasification site near Hoe Creek in northeastern WY(1). 3-Methylpyridine was found at concentrations of 1.23, and 0.30, 0.20, and 0.01 mg/L at depths of 6.1, and 3.3, 5.8, and 11.0 meters, respectively, at two different sites of wood preserving chemical contaminated groundwater in Pensacola, FL(2). 3-Methylpyridine was identified in groundwater contaminated by wood preserving chemicals at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L(3).

SURFACE WATER: 3-Methylpyridine was identified in streamwater contaminated by wood preserving chemicals at a concentration of 0.0007 mg/L(1).

Oil shale condensate retort water contained 3-methylpyridine at 6.5 mg/L(1).

URBAN: 3-Methylpyridine was not detected in the air of downtown Boulder, CO in Nov 1982(1).

INDOOR: A mean concentration of 0.14 ug/cu m 3-methylpyridine was reported in samples of air taken from non-smoking homes in Columbus, OH over one week in February 1991 (n=24; range=0.00 to 0.51 ug/cu m); in smoking homes, a mean concentration of 0.68 ug/cu m 3-methylpyridine was reported (n=25; range=0.00 to 2.40 ug/cu m)(1).

REMOTE: 3-Methylpyridine was not detected in the air from a undeveloped location in CO in Nov. 1982(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: In Nov. 1982, 3-methylpyridine was detected in the air outside an oil shale wastewater facility of Occidental Oil Shale Inc. at Logan Wash, CO(1).

Concentrations of 3-methylpyridine in 3 commercial fermented soybean curds from Hong Kong were 17.9, 21.0, and 54.6 ug/kg(1). 3-Methylpyridine was identified as a volatile component of boiled beef(2) and mutton(3).

3-Methylpyridine was reported as a volatile in the leg meat, body meat, and carapace meat of Charybdis feriatus, a popularly consumed edible crab in Asia at concentrations of 11.6, 7.5, and 14.6 ug/kg, respectively(1).

3-Methylpyridine was detected in cigarette smoke at concentrations ranging from 12 to 36 ug/cigarette(1). In a home personal exposure survey of nonsmoking married women, 3-methylpyridine was elevated in those homes where the husband was a smoker(2).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 3-methylpyridine is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,202 workers (390 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 3-methylpyridine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 3-methylpyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 3-methylpyridine is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 3-methylpyridine via inhalation of ambient air, and ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC). Cigarette smokers or those exposed to second-hand smoke are likely to inhale 3-methylpyridine(2). Workplace exposures have also been documented; a 1982 study showed 3-methylpyridine was emitted to the air from wastewaters at a shale oil facility exposing inside workers(3).

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Waste treatment methods. Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Picolines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3-METHYLPYRIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2313; Picolines

IMO 3; Picolines

49 131 74; PICOLINE (COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID)

49 091 79; PICOLINE (FLAMMABLE LIQUID)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Picolines/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Picolines/

Flammable Liquid

Marine pollutant.

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III