2-methylpyridine

H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 2.7% (11 of 409) of reports.

H226 (97.3%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H302 (97.3%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H311 (53.5%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H312 (43.8%): Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314 (44.3%): Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (89.2%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (42.5%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H332 (54.8%): Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (95.6%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 409 reports by companies from 21 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 409 reports by companies.

There are 20 notifications provided by 398 of 409 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]

H371: May cause damage to organs [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P308+P316, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical or "alcohol" foam. (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

To fight fire, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flood quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Picolines/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U191, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid. /Picolines/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. ... Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Picolines/

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Flush with water (USCG, 1999)

Fireproof. Separated from oxidants.

5.0 [ppm]

29 [ppm]

170 [ppm]

Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL): 8-hr Time-weighted Average (TWA) 2 ppm, skin; Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) 5 ppm, 15 min, skin.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes and skin. The vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

Wear goggles, rubber gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus and protective overclothing. (USCG, 1999)

Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles. ... Wear positive pressire self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Picolines/

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 26 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

2-methylpyridine is a colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor. Floats on water. Poisonous vapor is produced. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid with a strong, unpleasant odor; [HSDB]

Colorless liquid with a strong unpleasant odor; [Hawley] Colorless or yellow tinted clear liquid; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid

Strong unpleasant odor

262 to 264 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

129.4 °C

128-129 °C

129 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-94 °F (NTP, 1992)

-66.65 °C

97 °F (NTP, 1992)

102 °F (39 °C)(Open cup)

26 °C c.c.

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

Miscible in water at 20 °C

Very sol in acetone

Miscible with alcohol, ether

Solubility in water: miscible

0.944 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.9443 at 20 °C/4 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.95

0.950 @ 15°C

3.21 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

3.2 (Air= 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 3.2

8 mmHg at 68 °F ; 40 mmHg at 124.2 °F; 100 mmHg at 160.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

11.2 [mmHg]

Vapor pressure = 11.4 hPa at 20.3 °C (8.55 mm Hg)

11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 20 °C: 1.2

11.2 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 1.11

Henry's Law constant = 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

2-Methylpyridine is highly stable in aqueous solns ... .

1000 °F (USCG, 1999)

1000 °F (538 °C)

When heated to decomp, emits toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides. /

/SRP/: Weak base

Highly flammable. Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Highly Flammable

2-METHYLPYRIDINE is hygroscopic. This compound reacts with hydrogen peroxide, iron(II) sulfate, sulfuric acid, oxidizing agents, acids, and metals. (NTP, 1992)

Mixtures with hydrogen peroxide + iron(II)sulfate + sulfuric acid may ignite & then explode.

Addition of 30% peroxide & sulfuric acid to 2-methylpyridine & iron(ii) sulfate caused sudden exotherm, followed by vapor phase explosion & ignition.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2-Methylpyridine is a colorless liquid with a strong unpleasant odor. It is used as organic intermediate for rubber and dye chemicals, solvent, laboratory reagent. 2-Methylpyridine is a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of: 2-amino-6-methylpyridine; betahistine; bis-acodyl; clopyralid; 2-methylpiperidine; perhexiline; picloram; picolinic acid; thioridazine; 2-vinylpyridine. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: 2-Methylpyridine causes local irritation on contact with the skin, mucous membranes and cornea. Clinical signs of intoxication caused by the methylpyridines include weight loss, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and unconsciousness as well as CNS depression, headache, giddiness and vomiting. Chronic exposure to methylpyridine results in anemia and ocular and facial paralysis in addition to the previously mentioned symptoms. It has been alleged that the workmen exposed to picoline vapors may develop diplopia as a result of disturbance of the eye muscles. ANIMAL STUDIES: Eye and skin irritant in rabbits. Chronic administration to rats decreased glycogen level and increased glucose and lactic acid levels in liver of rats throughout most of the study. In developmental study in rats structure and composition of the liver and the structure andgrowth pattern of the skin were disrupted in the offspring. 2-Methylpyridine affected electrophysiological parameters in rats. Ames test with and without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA97, TA102, 10-5000 ug/plate was negative.

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness. Burning sensation. Pain. Blisters. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Dermatotoxin - Skin burns.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

LCLo (rat) = 4,000 ppm/4h

LD50 Rat oral 790 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 200 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 674 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit skin 410 mg/kg

LD50 Guinea pig oral 900 mg/kg

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orortracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonistic such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ 2-Methylpyridine causes local irritation on contact with the skin, mucous membranes & cornea. Clinical signs of intoxication caused by the methylpyridines include weight loss, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and unconsciousness as well as /CNS depression/, headache, nausea, giddines and vomiting. Chronic exposure to methylpyridine results in anemia and ocular and facial paralysis in addition to the previously mentioned symptoms.

/CASE REPORTS/ ... It has been alleged that the workmen exposed to picoline vapors may develop diplopia as a result of disturbance of the eye muscles. /Picolines/

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Reilly Industries Belgium In-House data: Workplace typical concentrations: 0.01 - 1.85 ppm (personal sampling workers 8hrs values). Fenceline typical concentrations: 0.4 - 4 ppb (fenceline monitoring data).

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Tested by drop application on rabbit eyes, it has caused moderate injury, graded 8 on a scale of 1 to 10 after 24 hr ... /the most severe injuries have been rated 10/.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The eye and skin irritational properties of various picolines: 2-picoline, 3-picoline and 4-picoline, were evaluated and compared to those for pyridine ... /in/ male New Zealand albino rabbits ... . Following either 7 or 14 days the rabbits were killed and histological examinations were conducted on the eyes. Eye irritation, caused by these exposures, was characterized by ocular irritation indice (OII). Eye irritation assessments showed that irritation was maximal either 1 hr or 1 day after exposure. Based upon ocular irritation indice values, 2-picoline, 3-picoline and pyridine were classified as "irritating", while 4-picoline was classified a "severely irritating". ... Over longer periods of time, which included recovery, all four of these compounds were determined to be "severely irritating". Histological examination of the eyes showed similar effects for all four compounds considered. These effects included keratitis lesions in corneal epithelial tissue, fibrillary edematous lamallae dissociation, and cellular inflammatory infiltration. Skin irritation was characterized by the cutaneous primary irritation index (PII). 2-Picoline, 3-picoline, and pyridine had primary irritation index values of 5.8, 6.8, and 4.8 respectively, while 4-picoline showed such high percutaneous toxicity that a PII value could not be determined. Overall results on skin irritation suggested that 2-picoline and 3-picoline should be classified as "severely irritating" with pyridine being classified as "irritating". Histological exam of the skin provided evidence for necrosis, ulceration, and regeneration. ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Daily oral admin of 50 mg/kg for 4 MO decreased glycogen level & incr glucose & lactic acid levels in liver of rats throughout most of the study.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Developmental or Reproductive Toxicity/ /Rat oral administration daily throughout pregnancy 157 mg/kg/day/ Structure and composition of the liver and the structure andgrowth pattern of the skin were disrupted in the offspring.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-METHYLPYRIDINE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Acute toxicity was evaluated in groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 groups of 10 animals each) ingesting a single dose of A-picoline via gavage at doses of 950, 790, 550 and 0 mg/kg. In the group given 950 mg/kg there was significantly increased mortality, (4 of 10 rats died), the remaining 6 rats showed decreased body weight gain, and 2 of the 6 also showed signs of encephalomalacia. Doses of 0 to 750 mg/kg had no significant toxic effects on test animals.

Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of male and female Sprague- Dawley rats (10/sex/concn level) exposed to A-picoline via inhalation in glass exposure chambers at nominal concentrations of 0, 5, 35 or 100 ppm, 5 days/week for 6 months, beginning at age 8 weeks. In male rats given 5 and 100 ppm there was significantly increased relative heart and liver weights. A statistically significant decrease in the red blood cell count was observed in both male and female rats exposed to the higher concentration of A-picoline (but this effect was not reproducible). Other parameters of clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and organ weights and histopathology were not consistently affected by the treatment.

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 897 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit not reliable)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 772 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 704-846 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium

2-Methylpyridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, rubber chemicals and vinyl pyridine, and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2-Methylpyridine occurs in cigarette smoke. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-methylpyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. 2-Methylpyridine does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 4 to 215. The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. In the soil tests, lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic conditions. 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 2 weeks in one aerobic surface soil while in anaerobic surface soil only 10% biodegradation was reported in 3 months. If released into water, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 30 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. 2-Methylpyridine has been shown to biodegrade rapidly in aerobic groundwater with complete biodegradation observed after 4 days. In anaerobic estuarine sediment, 2-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over a 100-day period. Occupational exposure to 2-methylpyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methylpyridine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methylpyridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. Since 2-methylpyridine has been identified as a component of cigarette smoke, people who smoke or inhale second-hand smoke may be exposed to higher levels of 2-methylpyridine than the general population. (SRC)

2-Methylpyridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, rubber chemicals and vinyl pyridine, and as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). In addition, 2-methylpyridine is found in cigarette smoke(2,3).

Underground coal gasification sites are a source of 2-methylpyridine.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). In the Eurosoil tests, lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form(2). Volatilization of the neutral species of 2-methylpyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(7). In one aerobic soil study, 97.3% biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine occurred when incubated in a silt loam soil for 16 days(8). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 2 weeks in an aerobic surface soil while in anaerobic surface soil only 10% biodegradation was reported in 3 months(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 30 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.11(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for BCF tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(8). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(9). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 4 days in aerobic groundwater(10). In sulfidogenic estuarine sediments, 2-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over a 100-day period(11). 2-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(12); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylpyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.79X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(4); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Methylpyridine was reported as readily biodegradable in the MITI test(1). In an aerobic screening test using an enrichment culture obtained from soil as an inoculum, 100% degradation was obtained in 14 to 32 days(2). When this test was repeated under anaerobic conditions, degradation was much slower, requiring >97 days for complete biodegradation(2). Only 2.7% of the added 2-methylpyridine (initial concentration of 2 umoles/g) remained after 16 days following incubation in a silt loam soil(3). Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine, initially added at 4 mg/L, was reported in aerobic groundwater incubated at 15 °C for 4 days(4). In an aerobic column study where subsurface sediment was leached with contaminated groundwater, 65% of the initially applied 2-methylpyridine was removed after 5 weeks of operation(5). Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine was observed in 24 days following incubation in a defined medium inoculated with soil(6). Contaminated groundwater, from the American Creosote Works Superfund site in Pensacola, FL, was incubated with 2-methylpyridine; 33, 33, 33, 66, and 100% degradation was reported after incubation for 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14 days, respectively(7). 2-Methylpyridine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0.1% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8).

ANAEROBIC: Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine occurred within the first two weeks of exposure to unpolluted surface soil (with no pyridine derivatives) under aerobic conditions, but was unsuccessful under anaerobic conditions (both denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions) with only 10% biodegradation reported in 3 months(1). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded within 2 weeks of exposure to contaminated (with pyridine derivatives) surface and subsurface soils under aerobic conditions(1). Under anaerobic conditions(both denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions) in polluted soils, only 30% of the initially present 2-methylpyridine was degraded in 3 months. In sulfidogenic aquifer slurries, 97, 46, and <8% of the initially added 2-methylpyridine remained after 1, 3, and 8 months, respectively(2). In methanogenic aquifer slurries, 105, 107, and 97% 2-methylpyridine remained after 1, 3, and 8 months, respectively(2). 2-Methylpyridine was incubated in sulfidogenic estuarine sediments at concentrations from 70 to 80 uM; no biodegradation was reported over 200 days(3). In an anaerobic biodegradation study using sludge from a wastewater treatment plant digester as inoculum, 2-methylpyridine was found to have poor biodegradability(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylpyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.79X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows a UV maximum at 263 nm, but no absorption >290 nm(3); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-methylpyridine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.11(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(4); however, actual BCF values were not available(SRC).

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 897 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit not reliable)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 772 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 704-846 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium

2-Methylpyridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, rubber chemicals and vinyl pyridine, and as a solvent may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 2-Methylpyridine occurs in cigarette smoke. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-methylpyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days. 2-Methylpyridine does not absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility based upon Koc values ranging from 4 to 215. The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96, indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. In the soil tests, lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form. Volatilization of the neutral species from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic conditions. 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 2 weeks in one aerobic surface soil while in anaerobic surface soil only 10% biodegradation was reported in 3 months. If released into water, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the Koc values. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 30 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. 2-Methylpyridine has been shown to biodegrade rapidly in aerobic groundwater with complete biodegradation observed after 4 days. In anaerobic estuarine sediment, 2-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over a 100-day period. Occupational exposure to 2-methylpyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methylpyridine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methylpyridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and drinking water. Since 2-methylpyridine has been identified as a component of cigarette smoke, people who smoke or inhale second-hand smoke may be exposed to higher levels of 2-methylpyridine than the general population. (SRC)

2-Methylpyridine's production and use as a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, rubber chemicals and vinyl pyridine, and as a solvent(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). In addition, 2-methylpyridine is found in cigarette smoke(2,3).

Underground coal gasification sites are a source of 2-methylpyridine.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). In the Eurosoil tests, lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form(2). Volatilization of the neutral species of 2-methylpyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(7). In one aerobic soil study, 97.3% biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine occurred when incubated in a silt loam soil for 16 days(8). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 2 weeks in an aerobic surface soil while in anaerobic surface soil only 10% biodegradation was reported in 3 months(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 30 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.11(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for BCF tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(8). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(9). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 4 days in aerobic groundwater(10). In sulfidogenic estuarine sediments, 2-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over a 100-day period(11). 2-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(12); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylpyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.79X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(4); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Methylpyridine was reported as readily biodegradable in the MITI test(1). In an aerobic screening test using an enrichment culture obtained from soil as an inoculum, 100% degradation was obtained in 14 to 32 days(2). When this test was repeated under anaerobic conditions, degradation was much slower, requiring >97 days for complete biodegradation(2). Only 2.7% of the added 2-methylpyridine (initial concentration of 2 umoles/g) remained after 16 days following incubation in a silt loam soil(3). Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine, initially added at 4 mg/L, was reported in aerobic groundwater incubated at 15 °C for 4 days(4). In an aerobic column study where subsurface sediment was leached with contaminated groundwater, 65% of the initially applied 2-methylpyridine was removed after 5 weeks of operation(5). Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine was observed in 24 days following incubation in a defined medium inoculated with soil(6). Contaminated groundwater, from the American Creosote Works Superfund site in Pensacola, FL, was incubated with 2-methylpyridine; 33, 33, 33, 66, and 100% degradation was reported after incubation for 1, 3, 5, 8, and 14 days, respectively(7). 2-Methylpyridine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0.1% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(8).

ANAEROBIC: Complete biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine occurred within the first two weeks of exposure to unpolluted surface soil (with no pyridine derivatives) under aerobic conditions, but was unsuccessful under anaerobic conditions (both denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions) with only 10% biodegradation reported in 3 months(1). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded within 2 weeks of exposure to contaminated (with pyridine derivatives) surface and subsurface soils under aerobic conditions(1). Under anaerobic conditions(both denitrifying and sulfidogenic conditions) in polluted soils, only 30% of the initially present 2-methylpyridine was degraded in 3 months. In sulfidogenic aquifer slurries, 97, 46, and <8% of the initially added 2-methylpyridine remained after 1, 3, and 8 months, respectively(2). In methanogenic aquifer slurries, 105, 107, and 97% 2-methylpyridine remained after 1, 3, and 8 months, respectively(2). 2-Methylpyridine was incubated in sulfidogenic estuarine sediments at concentrations from 70 to 80 uM; no biodegradation was reported over 200 days(3). In an anaerobic biodegradation study using sludge from a wastewater treatment plant digester as inoculum, 2-methylpyridine was found to have poor biodegradability(4).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylpyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 2.79X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows a UV maximum at 263 nm, but no absorption >290 nm(3); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 2-methylpyridine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.11(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(4); however, actual BCF values were not available(SRC).

The sorption behavior of 2-methylpyridine was studied in soil column tests using 5 Eurosoil reference soils having organic carbon content ranging from 0.33-1.85% and pH ranging from 5.2-8.6(1); measured Kd values ranging from 0.08 to 6.52(1) correspond to calculated Koc values of 4, 38, 70, 100 and 215(SRC); the lowest Koc value of 4 corresponds to Eurosoil 2 which had the highest pH value(8.6). The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96(2), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). In the Eurosoil column tests(1), lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form(1). Sorption of 2-methylpyridine to soil is primarily controlled by cation exchange and surface complex formation(1,4). According to a classification scheme(5), the Koc values suggest that 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil.

Spectral studies of 2-methylpyridine adsorbed to hydrated and dehydrated silica indicate that hydrogen bonding occurs with silica surface silanols via the nitrogen atom on the pyridine ring and that this interaction is stronger than that between this compound and water(1). 2-Methylpyridine emerged under 2 soil column void volumes; soil columns were packed with soil cores from Rock Springs, WY to the original 1016 mm depth and shale-oil process water was used as the mobile phase(2); the pH and clay content of the soil were not specified(2); this indicates that soil is an effective adsorbent when less than this void volume of retort water is applied (as in small spills)(2); rainfall leaching after a spill will also probably enhance solute migration(2). When 2-methylpyridine was incubated at 28 °C in a soil inoculum, 4.8% was sorbed by soil(3).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-methylpyridine is 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 4 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 30 days(SRC). 2-Methylpyridine's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). 2-Methylpyridine is a weak base with a pKa of 5.96(4), which indicates this compound will partially exist in the protonated form in acidic conditions, and no volatilization from water or moist soil will occur for the cation(SRC). In mineral salts-soil suspensions incubated at 28 °C, 15% was volatilized in 24 days(5). Volatilization from soil alone was only 2-3% after 60 days(6).

GROUNDWATER: Contaminated groundwater from St. Louis Park, MN - site of a coal tar distillation and wood-preserving facility that operated from 1918-1972 - contained 41 ppb of 2-methylpyridine(1). Two aquifers under the Hoe Creek (WY) coal gasification site contained 0.88-61 ppb of 2-methylpyridine 15 months after gasification was complete(2). 2-Methylpyridine was not detected in wells at Hanna and Gilette, WY prior to coal gasification(3). Concentrations of 0.91, and 0.34, 0.26, and 0.00 mg/L 2-methylpyridine at depths of 6.1, and 3.3, 5.8, and 11.0 meters, respectively, were reported in contaminated groundwater from two wood-preserving sites in Pensacola, FL(4). At Gas Works Park in Seattle, WA, 2-methylpyridine was found in only one of 10 wells at a concentration of 2.1 mg/L(5). 2-Methylpyridine was reported in groundwater sampled from 3 creosote-contaminated sites in Denmark at concentrations from not detected (detection limit of 0.05 ug/L) to 57 ug/L(6).

DRINKING WATER: 2-Methylpyridine was reported in drinking water in Cincinnati, OH(1).

SURFACE WATER: 2-Methylpyridine has been detected in Rhine River water at concentrations of 0, 0.012, 0.034, 0, 0, 0.012, 0.011, and 0 ug/L at 8 different locations(1). In 1979, 2-methylpyridine was detected in the River Rhine water at a concentration of 0.3 ug/L(2)

2-Methylpyridine has been identified in effluents from the following industries: timber products, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and public owned treatment works(3). 2-Methylpyridine is contained in shale oil wastewater (5 ppm) and would be released to the atmosphere if the wastewater were heated as it would be when used to cool hot, retorted oil shale(1,5). It was also found in the effluents from an advanced publically-owned water treatment facility in Pomona, CA(2). Wastewater from coal gasification contained an estimated 3.71 ppm of 2-methylpyridine(4). 2-Methylpyridine has been detected at a mean concentration of 5.0 mg/L from 10 samples of low temperature carbonization wastewater from waste ammonia liquor(6).

2-Methylpyridine was detected but not quantified in non-agricultural loamy soil from the Moscow region(1). Less than 0.22 ppm of the chemical was found in Eagle Harbor sediment, an area of Puget Sound that is contaminated with creosote(2).

INDOOR: A mean concentration of 0.07 ug/cu m 2-methylpyridine was reported in samples of air taken from non-smoking homes in Columbus, OH over one week in February 1991 (n=24; range=0.00 to 0.67 ug/cu m); in smoking homes, a mean concentration of 0.45 ug/cu 2-methylpyridine was reported (n=25; range=0.00 to 1.55 ug/cu m)(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Indoor and outdoor air in and near the shale oil wastewater treatment facility of Occidental Oil Shale Inc at the Logan Wash site, CO contained 7 and 28 ug/cu m of 2-methylpyridine, respectively(1). Rural air in an undeveloped area of the oil shale region as well as urban air (Boulder, CO) contained no 2-methylpyridine(1). The average daily ambient concentration for 2-methylpyridine based on 3 data points is 0.613 ppbv(2).

2-Methylpyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor compound in fried bacon(1), boiled beef(2), fried chicken(3) and frankfurters(4). 2-Methylpyridine has also been detected in coffee aroma(5) and identified as an aroma compound in the earth almond(6). Concentrations of 2-methylpyridine in 3 commercial fermented soybean curds from Hong Kong were 25.8, 17.2, and 99.7 ug/kg(7).

Mean concentrations of 2-methylpyridine in Korean salt-fermented fish pastes were 146, 203, and 292 ng/g for anchovy, big-eyed herring and shrimp pastes, respectively(1). 2-Methylpyridine was reported as a volatile in the leg meat, body meat, and carapace meat of Charybdis feriatus, a popularly consumed edible crab in Asia at concentrations of 5.5, 2.6, and 4.5 ug/kg, respectively(2). 2-Methylpyridine was reported as a volatile compound in fish sauce from Southeast Asia(3).

2-Methylpyridine has been identified in cigarette smoke(1,2). It was detected, not quantified in marijuana smoke(3).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of 2-methylpyridine is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 11,240 workers (1,234 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 2-methylpyridine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-methylpyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methylpyridine is produced or used(SRC). 2-Methylpyridine is formed in the thermal decomposition of amine-cured epoxy powder paint and this could lead to occupational exposures if the epoxy resin is deposited on a surface hot enough to degrade the polymer (350 °C)(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 2-methylpyridine via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and contaminated drinking water, and inhalation of cigarette smoke(SRC).

PICOLINES CAN BE ABSORBED BY INHALATION, INGESTION, AND SKIN CONTACT. /PICOLINES/

Workers in plants where 2-methylpyridine is produced from acetaldehyde and ammonia, and those at plants extracting the compound from coke oven by-products have a high exposure potential. ... Worker exposure may also occur in related industries such as tar and pitch plants where the compound has also been found in air samples, ... and also in energy industries such as coal gasification and liquefaction and oil shale extraction where pyridines have been found in waste waters. Workers in industries using 2-methylpyridine as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of polymer adhesives, acrylic fibers, vinyl resins, pesticides and pharmaceuticals might also be exposed, but no monitoring data were found to determine the extent of such exposures.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U191, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Picolines/

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Picolines/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-METHYLPYRIDINE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2313; Picolines

IMO 3; Picolines

49 131 74; Picoline (combustible liquid)

49 091 79; Picoline (flammable liquid)

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. /Picolines/

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. /Picolines/

Flammable Liquid

Marine pollutant.

Symbol: Xn; R: 10-20/21/22-36/37; S: (2)-26-36

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: III