2-chloropyridine

H301 (67%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H302 (33%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H310 (96.9%): Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H315 (94.8%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318 (37.1%): Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H319 (58.8%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330 (42.3%): Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H331 (56.7%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335 (47.4%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H373 (33%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H400 (51.5%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (46.4%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 97 reports by companies from 23 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H227: Combustible liquid [Warning Flammable liquids]

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P210, P260, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P319, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P262, P264, P270, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P370+P378, P403, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H318: Causes serious eye damage [Danger Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

· Removal of solidified molten material from skin requires medical assistance.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-Chloropyridine (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures, and away from oxidizers. (NTP, 1992)

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

Eye/face protection: Tightly fitting safety goggles. Faceshield (8-inch minimum). Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

2-chloropyridine appears as a colorless oily liquid. Toxic by ingestion and/or skin absorption. Used to make other chemicals.

A colorless oily liquid; [CAMEO]

Oily liquid

68 °C (154 °F) - closed cup

In water, 2.00X10+4 mg/L t 25 °C

Slightly soluble in water

Soluble in alcohol, ether

1.205 g/cu cm at 15 °C

2.18 [mmHg]

2.18 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 1.22

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

Hazardous decomposition: products formed under fire conditions - Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen chloride gas.

When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /chloride, nitrogen oxides/, and phosgene.

Positive

Agilent XCT

Electrospray ionization

formic acid (5.3nM)

MeCN (80%)

DOI:10.1021/ac902856t

Index of refraction: 1.5320 at 20 °C

pKa = 0.49 (conjugate acid)

15N nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum

Coriolis coupling

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Centrifugal distortion

Chemical bond

Chemical shift

Dielectric constant

Equilibrium structure

Heat of sublimation

Internuclear distance

Molecular structure

Nuclear quadrupole coupling

Nuclear quadrupole moment

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

Optical coefficient

Point group

Quadrupole coupling

Slightly soluble in water and denser than water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

Aryl Halides

CSL00169

Hydrogen peroxide + 2-Chloropyridine

Explosion resulted from uncontrolled addition of hydrogen peroxide

Explosive

Not Available

User Reported

04/22/2022

04/21/2022

2-CHLOROPYRIDINE is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong acids. (NTP, 1992)

Amines are chemical bases. They neutralize acids to form salts plus water. These acid-base reactions are exothermic. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, peroxides.

Can react with oxidizing materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2-Chloropyridine (2-CPY) is used as an intermediate in synthetic organic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural chemical (fungicides, herbicides) manufacture. It is also used as a catalyst for phase transfer and is a key intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products. HUMAN STUDIES: Photo-treatment of 2-CPY produces genotoxic products discovered when tested in cultured human lymphocytes. ANIMAL STUDIES: Male albino rats were exposed to 2-CPY via inhalation at a concentration of approximately 6.05 mg/L for 6 hours. All animals died within 3 days after exposure. Male and female rabbits were exposed to the undiluted 2-CPY dermally at concentrations of 40, 48, 50, 58, 63, 68, 79, 82 or 100 mg/kg. 2-CPY caused only transient local congestion of the skin when applied to either intact or abraded skin. The primary gross lesion observed was hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver. In rats, liver damage was the primary alteration caused by the inhalation of 2-CPY. In rat developmental studies there were no effects of treatment on mating performance, fertility or length of gestation. There was a slight decrease in pup survival. A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 97, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 102, using concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/plate. The results were negative without metabolic activation, and positive with metabolic activation in all tester strains.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

LCLo (rat) = 100 ppm/4h

LD50 Rabbit ip 48 mg/kg

LD50 Rabbit dermal 64 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 130 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 110 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 342 mg/kg

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/GENOTOXICITY/ 2-Chloropyridine (2-CPY) has been identified as a trace organic chemical in process streams, wastewater and even drinking water. Furthermore, it appears to be formed as a secondary pollutant during the decomposition of specific insecticides. As reported in our previous work, 2-CPY was readily removed and slowly mineralized when subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation at 254 nm. Moreover, 2-CPY was found to be genotoxic at 100 ug/mL but it was not genotoxic at or below 50 ug/mL. In this work 2-CPY aqueous solutions were treated by means of UV irradiation at 254 nm. 2-CPY mineralization history under different conditions is shown. 2-CPY was found to mineralize completely upon prolonged irradiation. Identified products of 2-CPY photolytic decomposition are presented. Solution genotoxicity was tested as a function of treatment time. Aqueous solution samples, taken at different photo-treatment times were tested in cultured human lymphocytes applying the cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. It was found that the solution was genotoxic even when 2-CPY had been practically removed. This shows that photo-treatment of 2-CPY produces genotoxic products. Upon prolonged irradiation solution genotoxicity values approached the control value.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Ten male albino rats, weighing 235 to 270 g, were exposed to the test substance via inhalation at a concentration of approximately 6.05 mg/L for 6 hours. The exposure was conducted in a 354 L stainless steel chamber. The total airflow through the system was 49-1 liters/minute. Food and water were available ad libitum, except during the period of exposure. During exposure, rats were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality continuously for 1 hour and at 1/2 hour intervals thereafter until the end of the exposure period. After the exposure period, the rats were observed daily for 14 days. A necropsy was performed on all rats. All animals died within 3 days after exposure. Observations during exposure included hypoactivity, sedation and ataxia. At the end of 4 hours of exposure, all rats were prostrate. Three rats exhibited dyspnea. Three rats died between 4 and 6 hours of the exposure period. At the end of 6 hours the surviving rats were prostrate, comatose and dyspneic. Within 24 hours, 2 additional rats died. The remaining 5 rats were still prostrate and comatose. Clear ocular discharge was noted. Within the following 24-hour period after exposure, 4 more rats died. The tenth rat died at 3 days post exposure. Necropsy findings in all rats included congestion of the lungs and liver, slight congestion of the small intestines, blood in the abdominal cavity and/or severe hemorrhages of the stomach, small intestines and urinary bladder.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of male and female rabbits, weighing 1.3 to 2.3 kg, were exposed to the undiluted test substance dermally at concentrations of 40, 48, 50, 58, 63, 68, 79, 82 or 100 mg/kg /(4-5 animals per dose)/. LD50 - 64 mg/kg (confidence limits - 55.5 to 73.5 mg/kg). The test substance caused only transient local congestion of the skin when applied to either intact or abraded skin. The primary gross lesion observed was hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of female rats, approximately 10 weeks old and weighing 132 to 190 g, were exposed to the test substance via inhalation at concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm for 0.1 to 7.0 hours /(10-20 animals/dose)/. The concentration of 2-chloropyridine was monitored continuously during the exposure by infrared spectrophotometry. The degree and character of organic damage resulting from exposure to the test substance were the presence of gross pathologic or histopathologic lesions, hematologic alterations, organ weight changes and changes in the blood chemistry. Liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lungs and brain were examined for weight changes and together with pancreas and adrenals for the presence of histologic lesions. Hematologic studies consisted of erythrocyte, leukocyte and differential counts and hematocrit and hemoglobin determinations. Parameters used to detect changes in blood chemistry were blood urea nitrogen, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase. Rats were observed for 2 weeks post-exposure. LC50 >/= 100 ppm but < 250 ppm. The concentration of 2-chloropyridine vapor was within 7% of the desired concentration throughout the exposure period. Liver damage was the primary alteration caused by the inhalation of the test article. Histopathologic examinations revealed that the test substance caused central lobular necrosis, hemorrhage and fatty degeneration as well as cellular infiltration. The extent and type of damage varied with the exposure. Maximum single-dose exposures not causing these changes were 100 ppm for 3 minutes, 50 ppm for 6 minutes, 25 ppm for 12 minutes and 10 ppm for 30 minutes. Maximum single-dose exposures that did not cause death 1000 ppm for 6 minutes, 500 ppm for 12 minutes, 250 ppm for 30 minutes, 100 ppm for 2 hours and 50 ppm for 4 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Groups of 6 male rats were administered a single dose of the test substance suspended in a 0.5% aqueous dispersion of methylcellulose via oral gavage at concentrations of 100, 215, 464, 681, 1000, 1470 and 2150 mg/kg. Each dose level was prepared in a concentration that enabled the delivery of a constant volume of 1.0 mL/100 g of body weight. ... Food was withheld from all rats for 16 hours prior to dosing. Food and water were available ad libitum at all other times. Rats were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality continuously for 4 hours post-dose, at 24 hours post dose and once daily thereafter for 13 days. At the termination of the 14-day observation period, surviving rats were sacrificed. Necropsies were performed on all rats. LD50 - 342 mg/kg (confidence limits - 211-558 mg/kg). At 16 hours post-dose, 4 rats in the 100 mg/kg dose group exhibited nasal porphyrin. At 24 hours post-dose, 4 rats appeared hypoactive. All animals appeared normal thereafter until study termination. Two rats in the 215 mg/kg dose group exhibited nasal porphyrin discharge at 4 hours post-dose. At 24 hours post-dose 4 rats were ataxic, sedate, hypoactive and displayed nasal porphyrin discharge. At 2 days all rats were hypoactive and continued to demonstrate nasal discharge. One animal was found dead on day 3. The remaining rats appeared normal throughout the remainder of the observation period. Within 6 hours 5 rats from the 464 mg/kg dose group exhibited ataxia and hypoactivity. One rat became prostrate. At 24 hours all rats were ataxic and exhibited nasal porphyrin. One rat was prostrate and dyspneic. At 2 days 1 rat died and 2 were ataxic and the remaining 3 appeared hypoactive. At 3 days all 5 rats were hypoactive and appeared depressed. At 4 days one died and the remaining 4 continued to be hypoactive and became hypersensitive to touch. Two more rats died on days 5 and 6. The remaining 2 rats were hypoactive and hypersensitive to touch. A fifth rat died. The remaining rat recovered and appeared normal from days 9 through 14. Rats in the 681, 1000, 1470 and 2150 mg/kg dose groups displayed hypotonia, ataxia, sedation, hypnosis, loss of righting reflex, pinna and placing reflexes, bradypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, ptosis, salivation and reduced pain responses within 2 to 18 hours post-dose. Rats in all dose groups except the 681 mg/kg dose group died within 2 to 4 hours post-dose. Rats in the 681 mg/kg dose group died within 3 days. At necropsy, 1 rat in the 100 mg/kg dose group had hydronephrosis. The rat that died in the 215 mg/kg dose group exhibited a pale liver with friable accentuated lobules and the lungs were congested. Necropsy findings in the rats that died in the 464 mg/kg dose group included congested lungs, congested liver, hemorrhages of the stomach, small intestines and urinary bladder and icterus. All rats in the 100, 215 and 464 mg/kg dose groups that survived to the 14-day post-exposure period had essentially normal necropsy findings. Necropsy findings in the 681, 1000, 1470 and 2150 mg/kg dose groups included scrotal erythema, hemorrhages of the stomach, intestines and urinary bladder and congested lungs and liver. Hydronephrosis (unilateral and bilateral) was scattered in all groups.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2-Chloropyridine (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Status of Agents Search page, which tabulates the results and current status of tests such as "Short-Term Toxicity Studies", "Long-term Carcinogenicity Studies", "Developmental Studies", "Genetic Toxicology Studies", etc., performed with this chemical. Testing status for 2-chloropyridine is available.[Available from, as of February 1, 2019: https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?e=True&ContentType=Testing+Status]

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of February 4, 2019: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

o-Chloropyridine is used as an intermediate in synthetic organic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural chemical (fungicides, herbicides) manufacture. It is also used as a catalyst for phase transfer and is a key intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products. o-Chloropyridine is available in purified (99%), technical (95%), or crude (80%) grades. o-Chloropyridine was nominated for testing by the NTP based on increasing production and use as a site-limited pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediate, the potential for occupational and environmental exposures during its manufacture, its persistence in the environment (lasting longer than 6 months), evidence of mutagenicity based on results of several short-term test systems, and suspicion of carcinogenicity based on effects associated with structurally related chemicals. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice received o-chloropyridine (99% pure) dermally for 2 weeks or in drinking water for 3 months. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. In the 2-week dermal studies, groups of five male and five female rats and mice were administered o-chloropyridine in ethanol 5 days per week over a 16-day period (12 dose days) at doses of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg o-chloropyridine/kg body weight. Vehicle control animals were administered ethanol alone. A constant concentration of test chemical per dose concentration was administered to each animal at volumes of 0.5 mL/kg body weight for rats and 2 mL/kg for mice. All dosed rats and mice survived to the end of the studies. The mean body weights of all dosed groups of rats and mice were similar to those of the vehicle control groups. Liver weights of 50 and 100 mg/kg male rats were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. No gross or microscopic lesions were considered related to o-chloropyridine administration.

o-Chloropyridine is used as an intermediate in synthetic organic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural chemical (fungicides, herbicides) manufacture. It is also used as a catalyst for phase transfer and is a key intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products. o-Chloropyridine is available in purified (99%), technical (95%), or crude (80%) grades. o-Chloropyridine was nominated for testing by the NTP based on increasing production and use as a site-limited pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediate, the potential for occupational and environmental exposures during its manufacture, its persistence in the environment (lasting longer than 6 months), evidence of mutagenicity based on results of several short-term test systems, and suspicion of carcinogenicity based on effects associated with structurally related chemicals. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice received o-chloropyridine (99% pure) dermally for 2 weeks or in drinking water for 3 months. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. ... In the 3-month toxicity studies, groups of 10 male and 10 female F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to o-chloropyridine in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 100, 300, or 1,000 ppm (equal to average daily doses of approximately 1, 3, 9, 25, and 65 mg o-chloropyridine/kg body weight to male rats, 1, 3, 9, 27, and 70 mg/kg to female rats, 1.5, 4.5, 15, 41, and 110 mg/kg to male mice, and 1.3, 4, 12, 38, and 92 mg/kg to female mice) for 3 months. Additional groups of 10 male and 10 female rats designated for clinical pathology testing were exposed to the same concentrations for 22 days. All rats survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of male and female rats exposed to 1,000 ppm were significantly less than those of the controls. Water consumption by the 1,000 ppm rats was less than that by the control groups during the first week of the study. In the 1,000 ppm groups, thinness was noted in seven of 10 male rats and all female rats on day 8, likely due to dehydration, and also in five of 10 male rats on day 64. The absolute and relative (except 100 ppm) right kidney weights of all exposed groups of male rats and of groups of female rats (>/= 30 ppm) were greater than controls. Absolute and relative liver weights of male rats (>/= 100 ppm) and female rats (>/= 30 ppm) were significantly greater than those of the control groups. Epididymal sperm counts were significantly lower in male rats exposed to 1,000 ppm, indicating that o-chloropyridine exhibits the potential to be a reproductive toxicant. In the liver of male rats, the incidence of clear cell focus (1,000 ppm) and the incidences and severities of hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolization (>/= 300 ppm) were significantly higher. The incidence of hepatocyte cytoplasmic vacuolization was significantly greater in female rats also (1,000 ppm). There were also several low-magnitude histologic and hematologic responses in male and female rats suggesting an erythron effect characterized by a decreased erythron (>/= 300 ppm males and females) with a compensatory erythropoietic response: increased reticulocyte counts (>/= 300 ppm males, 1,000 ppm females) and hematopoietic cell proliferation in the spleen (>/= 300 ppm males, 1,000 ppm females). Splenic congestion (1,000 ppm males, 10 ppm and >/= 100 ppm females) was also observed and may have been related to the erythron effect. There were no treatment-related deaths in either sex of mice. The final mean body weight and mean body weight gain of 1,000 ppm male mice were significantly less than those of the control group; the mean body weight gain of 300 ppm female mice was significantly greater than that of the controls. Water consumption by the 1,000 ppm groups was less than that of the control groups during the first week of the study. The liver weights of all exposed groups of male mice and of 300 and 1,000 ppm female mice and the kidney weights of 1,000 ppm males (relative) and females (absolute and relative) were significantly greater than those of the controls. The incidences of hepatocyte centrilobular hypertrophy were significantly increased in the 300 and 1,000 ppm groups of male and female mice, with exposure concentration-related increases in severity. An erythron effect, similar to that observed in rats, was observed in 1,000 ppm female mice only and was characterized by a small decrease in hematocrit value, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count; no accompanying erythropoietic response was observed in mice.

o-Chloropyridine is used as an intermediate in synthetic organic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural chemical (fungicides, herbicides) manufacture. It is also used as a catalyst for phase transfer and is a key intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products. o-Chloropyridine is available in purified (99%), technical (95%), or crude (80%) grades. o-Chloropyridine was nominated for testing by the NTP based on increasing production and use as a site-limited pharmaceutical and agrochemical intermediate, the potential for occupational and environmental exposures during its manufacture, its persistence in the environment (lasting longer than 6 months), evidence of mutagenicity based on results of several short-term test systems, and suspicion of carcinogenicity based on effects associated with structurally related chemicals. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice received o-chloropyridine (99% pure) dermally for 2 weeks or in drinking water for 3 months. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. ... o-Chloropyridine was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 when tested with exogenous metabolic activation enzymes from rat or hamster liver; no mutagenic activity was observed in the absence of metabolic activation. In vivo, no increases in the frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in peripheral blood of male or female mice exposed to o-chloropyridine for 3 months in drinking water.

EC50; Species: Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ciliate); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 657770 ug/L for 60 hr (95% confidence interval: 264630-1040740 ug/L); Effect: decreased population growth rate /formulated product/

2-Chloropyridine's production and use in the production of antihistamines, germicides, pesticides and agricultural chemicals, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.18 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-chloropyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloropyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 62 days. 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Chloropyridine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0.5% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, 2-chloropyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 and 22 days, respectively. BCFs of <20 measured in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2-chloropyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloropyridine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 2-chloropyridine. (SRC)

2-Chloropyridine's production and use in the production of antihistamines, germicides, pesticides and agricultural chemicals(1), and as an intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-chloropyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(4). 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days(5). 2-Chloropyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). A 0.5% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(4) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloropyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 and 22 days, respectively(SRC). 2-Chloropyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of <20 measured in fish(5), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 2-Chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloropyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 2.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloropyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 62 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Chloropyridine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0.5% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). 2-Chloropyridine did not biodegrade in a 64-day aerobic soil biodegradation study(2).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(1).

PURE CULTURE: Using enrichment cultures isolated from garden soil, 2-chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chloropyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 62 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Chloropyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 1.8X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 450 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4).

BCFs of <20 and <1.2 were reported in carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 ppm of 2-chloropyridine, respectively, over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2-chloropyridine can be estimated to be 120(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloropyridine is estimated as 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-chloropyridine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 22 days(SRC). 2-Chloropyridine's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 2-chloropyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days(4).

SURFACE WATER: 2-Chloropyridine was detected at 0.023 ug/L at one location tested Mar-Sep 1989 along the Rhine River, Netherlands(1).

2-Chloropyridine was tentatively detected in one of five shampoo samples tested; it was not detected in 95 other products(1).

Occupational exposure to 2-chloropyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloropyridine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 2-chloropyridine. (SRC)

EC50; Species: Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ciliate); Conditions: freshwater, static; Concentration: 657770 ug/L for 60 hr (95% confidence interval: 264630-1040740 ug/L); Effect: decreased population growth rate /formulated product/

2-Chloropyridine's production and use in the production of antihistamines, germicides, pesticides and agricultural chemicals, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 2.18 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 2-chloropyridine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloropyridine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 62 days. 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 120. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole. 2-Chloropyridine may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days. Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0.5% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 2 weeks indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil or water. If released into water, 2-chloropyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 and 22 days, respectively. BCFs of <20 measured in fish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to 2-chloropyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloropyridine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 2-chloropyridine. (SRC)

2-Chloropyridine's production and use in the production of antihistamines, germicides, pesticides and agricultural chemicals(1), and as an intermediate in the manufacture of pyrithione-based biocides for use in cosmetics and various pharmaceutical products(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-chloropyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(4). 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days(5). 2-Chloropyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). A 0.5% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(4) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 120(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2-chloropyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.6X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 and 22 days, respectively(SRC). 2-Chloropyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), BCFs of <20 measured in fish(5), suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 2-Chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-chloropyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 2.18 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-chloropyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 62 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: 2-Chloropyridine, present at 100 mg/L, reached 0.5% of its Theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(1). 2-Chloropyridine did not biodegrade in a 64-day aerobic soil biodegradation study(2).

ANAEROBIC: 2-Chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(1).

PURE CULTURE: Using enrichment cultures isolated from garden soil, 2-chloropyridine, incubated for one year anaerobically in an aquifer slurry, was not biodegraded(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-chloropyridine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.6X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 62 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Chloropyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). 2-Chloropyridine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). The rate constant for the reaction of hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solutions at pH 9 is 1.8X10+9 L/mol-sec(3); this corresponds to an aquatic half-life of 450 days at an aquatic concentration of 1X10-17 hydroxyl radicals per liter(4).

BCFs of <20 and <1.2 were reported in carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 ppm of 2-chloropyridine, respectively, over a 6-week period(1). According to a classification scheme(2), these BCFs suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2-chloropyridine can be estimated to be 120(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-chloropyridine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-chloropyridine is estimated as 1.63X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 2.18 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 20,000 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-chloropyridine is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.5 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 22 days(SRC). 2-Chloropyridine's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 2-chloropyridine from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). 2-Chloropyridine volatilized 37% from soil incubated at 28 °C for 64 days(4).

SURFACE WATER: 2-Chloropyridine was detected at 0.023 ug/L at one location tested Mar-Sep 1989 along the Rhine River, Netherlands(1).

2-Chloropyridine was tentatively detected in one of five shampoo samples tested; it was not detected in 95 other products(1).

Occupational exposure to 2-chloropyridine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-chloropyridine is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population is not likely to be exposed to 2-chloropyridine. (SRC)

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-Chloropyridine (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2822; 2-Chloropyridine

IMO 6.1; 2-Chloropyridine

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. 2-Chloropyridine is included on the dangerous goods list.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. 2-Chloropyridine is included on the dangerous goods list.