Butyl bromide

H225 (69.7%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H226 (26.4%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]

H315 (96.7%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (78.3%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335 (90.8%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H351 (48.4%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H360FD (45.7%): May damage fertility; May damage the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]

H373 (44.5%): May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H411 (62.9%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P318, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 337 reports by companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H350: May cause cancer [Danger Carcinogenicity]

P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H332: Harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]

H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

H373: May causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]

P203, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P318, P319, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P317, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

INHALATION: Move victim to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.

EYES OR SKIN: Flush with water for at least 15 minutes.

INGESTION: If conscious, have victim drink water and induce vomiting. If unconscious, do nothing except keep victim warm. Call a physician. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

To fight fire use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, mist or spray.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 130 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible / Noxious)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decomp into toxic components... should be stored in a cool well ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated...

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

0.16 [ppm]

51 [ppm]

310 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Approved respirator, chemical safety goggles, rubber gloves. (USCG, 1999)

Personnel Protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles.

1-bromobutane appears as a clear colorless liquid. Flash point 65 °F. Denser than water and insoluble in water. Vapors heavier than air.

Colorless to pale straw-colored liquid; [HSDB] Colorless liquid; [MSDSonline]

Colorless to pale straw-colored liquid

214 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

101.3 °C at 760 mm Hg

101.3 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-170 °F (USCG, 1999)

Heat fusion at melting point = 6.6944X10+6 J/kmol

-112.3 °C

65 °F (USCG, 1999)

65 °F (18 °C) (Open cup)

Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; soluble in chloroform; miscible with ethanol, ether, acetone

In water, 8.69X10+2 mg/L at 25 °C

1.276 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.2686 at 25 °C/4 °C

1.2586 @25 °C

4.72 (Air= 1)

77.55 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

42.0 [mmHg]

41.97 mm Hg at 25 °C

41.97 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 2.75

509 °F (USCG, 1999)

509 °F (265 °C)

0.606 mPa-sec at 25 °C

36.64 kJ/mol at 25 °C

25.90 mN/m at 25 °C

Index of refraction = 1.4398 at 20 °C/D

Liquid molar volume = 0.108 cu meter/kmol

IG heat of formation = -1.0732X10+8 J/kmol

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.50X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Chemical diffusion

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Diffusion

Diffusive flux

Electron conductivity

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Highly Flammable

1-BROMOBUTANE is incompatible with strong bases and oxidizers (USCG, 1999).

It can react with oxidizing materials.

Violent reaction with bromobenzene and sodium above 30 °C.

... Smooth interaction of 1-bromobutane and sodium in ether to give butylbenzene is critical. Below 15 °C reaction is delayed but later becomes vigorous, and above 30 °C the reaction becomes violent.

1-bromobutane reacts quickly with hepatic glutathione (GSH) leading to its rapid depletion. This can cause liver damage and has been shown to increase serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Hepatic contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances can also be significantly increased. Splenic GSH levels can also be significantly reduced by single treatment with 1-bromobutane. S-Butyl GSH conjugates were detected in spleen from 6 hr after treatment. Oral 1-bromobutane significantly suppressed the antibody response to a T-dependent antigen and the production of splenic intracellular interlukin-2.

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Hepatoxic, immunotoxic when ingested orally. Can cause lung damage and mucous membranes over extended periods/chronic exposures. Can cause skin and eye irritation. Not a carcinogen nor a mutagen nor a teratogen.

Oral (L626) ; inhalation (L626) ; dermal (L626)

Skin irritation if contacts skin, redness and itching of skin and eyes. Acute exposure may lead to coughing, shortness of breath, headache, nausea, vomiting

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

LC50 (rat) = 47,000 mg/m3/2h

LD50: 2761 mg/kg (Oral Rat) (A549)

LC50: 237 g/m3 over 30 minutes (Inhalation, Rat) (T14)

LD50 Mouse ip 6.68 g/kg

LD50 Rat ip 4.45 g/kg

LC50 Mouse inhalation 237 g/cu m/30 min

LD50 Rat (Sprague Dawley, male) oral 2761 mg/kg

LD50 Rat (Sprague Dawley, female) oral 3161 mg/kg

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water.

INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice.

SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention.

INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /Topical application of n-butyl bromide to the dorsal surface of the ear of CBA/Ca mice did not result in skin sensitization, as determined by the local lymph node assay./

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ /n-Butyl bromide was absorbed through the skin and found to be a skin irritant in mice and an eye irritant in rabbits./

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ /Histopathological investigation of Sprague-Dawley rats, treated with n-butyl bromide by gavage (50, 200, or 500 mg/kg bw) for 28 days, showed vacuolar liver cell degeneration./

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The production of lung adenomas in strain A mice following multiple injections of 17 alkyl halides and of 3 base analogs was investigated. /Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were injected ip 3 times/wk for 24 weeks for a total dose of 1.2, 0.6, and 0.24 mmol/kg bw of n-butyl bromide./... n-Butyl bromide ...appeared to have no significant effect on the lung tumor frequency, but /this compound was/ too toxic to be tested at the high dosages used with the other alkyl halides.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1-BROMOBUTANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1-Bromobutane (CAS # 109-65-9) was evaluated for acute oral toxicity. The test substance was administered once orally by gavage to fasted male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Dosage and mortality data are as follows: 1000 mg/kg (0/5 M, 0/5 F); 1967.9 mg/kg (0/5 M, 0/5 F); 3872.6 mg/kg (5/5 M, 4/5 F); 7620.8 mg/kg (5/5 M, 5/5 F); and 15,000 mg/kg (5/5 M, 5/5 F). The LD50 of male rats was determined to be 2761 mg/kg body weight, and the LD50 of females was 3161 mg/kg body weight. Clinical signs at all dose levels, included slight depression, rough coat, tremors, and red stain on eyes and/or nose. At 1967.9 mg/kg and above, soft feces, ataxia, labored respiration, and urine stains were noted. At 3872.6 mg/kg and 7620.8 mg/kg, salvation, lacrimation, prostration, and hunching were noted. Gross pathology at 3872.6 mg/kg and above, revealed bright red discoloration of the lungs, fluid in the thoracic cavity, dark-black urinary bladder, and material in the stomach and intestine (dark red, greenish, oily black, compound-like).

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 36.7 mg/L/4 day /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

1-Bromobutane's production and use as an alkylating agent and in synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-butyl bromide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.4 days. 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-butyl bromide is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 80. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Bromobutane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1-bromobutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Only limited pure culture data on the biodegradation of 1-bromobutane were found; it was found to degrade in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions and bacterial degradation has been observed under aerobic conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 26 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Bromobutane is expected to hydrolyze quickly based on neutral hydrolysis half-lives of similar compounds such as n-propyl bromide (26 days). Occupational exposure to 1-bromobutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromobutane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-bromobutane via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

1-Bromobutane's production and use as an alkylating agent and in synthesis(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromobutane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-bromobutane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(4). 1-Bromobutane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg(3). Limited data on the biodegradation of 1-bromobutane showed bacterial degradation has been observed(5,6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromobutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 26(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.75(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1-Bromobutane was found to degrade in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-bromobutane, which has a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromobutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The bacteria Arthrobacter sp. HA-1 was found to have a growth yield of 4.1 g protein/(mol C) on 1-bromobutane(1). Substrate utilization was measured by halide release and in this case a 96% bromine release was measured(1). Arthrobacter sp. HA-1 has been shown to grow on 1-bromobutane at a rate of 0.11 per hour(2).

ANAEROBIC: 1-Bromobutane was found to have a reductive dehalogenated rate constant, k, of 0.165 (log k = -0.783) in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-bromobutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The neutral hydrolysis rate constant for 1-bromobutane has been experimentally determined to be 2.99X10-7 per sec at 25 °C(3). The neutral hydrolysis half-life for a brominated compound in the C1 to C6 n-alkyl range, such as 1-bromobutane, has been postulated to be 20-40 days(4). 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 26 was calculated for 1-bromobutane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.75(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-bromobutane can be estimated to be 80(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-bromobutane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-bromobutane is estimated as 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-bromobutane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.7 days(SRC). 1-Bromobutane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromobutane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 1-Bromobutane was qualitatively identified in treated groundwater in the United Kingdom on October 17, 1978, using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography(1).

DRINKING WATER: 1-Bromobutane has been qualitatively identified in drinking waters in the U.S. as of November 25, 1974 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of Cincinnati, OH(1). It may be formed from the chlorination of finished water, not during prior purification steps (1). Another study conducted in 1975 also qualitatively identified 1-bromobutane in drinking water in the US(2). 1-Bromobutane has also been qualitatively identified in District of Columbia drinking water(3).

1-Bromobutane may be formed by the chlorination of sewage effluents, but not during the biological phase of sewage treatment, biological degradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges and slurries(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,821 workers are potentially exposed to n-bromobutane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-bromobutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-bromobutane is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-bromobutane via ingestion of drinking water(SRC).

LC50 Pimephales promelas (Fathead minnow) 36.7 mg/L/4 day /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

1-Bromobutane's production and use as an alkylating agent and in synthesis may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-butyl bromide will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butyl bromide will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.4 days. 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-butyl bromide is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 80. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Bromobutane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. If released into water, 1-bromobutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Only limited pure culture data on the biodegradation of 1-bromobutane were found; it was found to degrade in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions and bacterial degradation has been observed under aerobic conditions. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 26 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. 1-Bromobutane is expected to hydrolyze quickly based on neutral hydrolysis half-lives of similar compounds such as n-propyl bromide (26 days). Occupational exposure to 1-bromobutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-bromobutane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1-bromobutane via ingestion of drinking water. (SRC)

1-Bromobutane's production and use as an alkylating agent and in synthesis(1,2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromobutane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-bromobutane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(4). 1-Bromobutane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg(3). Limited data on the biodegradation of 1-bromobutane showed bacterial degradation has been observed(5,6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 80(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-bromobutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 26(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.75(7) and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). 1-Bromobutane was found to degrade in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1-bromobutane, which has a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-bromobutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6.4 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: The bacteria Arthrobacter sp. HA-1 was found to have a growth yield of 4.1 g protein/(mol C) on 1-bromobutane(1). Substrate utilization was measured by halide release and in this case a 96% bromine release was measured(1). Arthrobacter sp. HA-1 has been shown to grow on 1-bromobutane at a rate of 0.11 per hour(2).

ANAEROBIC: 1-Bromobutane was found to have a reductive dehalogenated rate constant, k, of 0.165 (log k = -0.783) in sediment slurry under anaerobic conditions(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-bromobutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 2.50X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6.4 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The neutral hydrolysis rate constant for 1-bromobutane has been experimentally determined to be 2.99X10-7 per sec at 25 °C(3). The neutral hydrolysis half-life for a brominated compound in the C1 to C6 n-alkyl range, such as 1-bromobutane, has been postulated to be 20-40 days(4). 1-Bromobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 26 was calculated for 1-bromobutane(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.75(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 1-bromobutane can be estimated to be 80(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-bromobutane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-bromobutane is estimated as 8.7X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 42.0 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 8.69X10+2 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-bromobutane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.7 days(SRC). 1-Bromobutane's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-bromobutane from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 42.0 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 1-Bromobutane was qualitatively identified in treated groundwater in the United Kingdom on October 17, 1978, using mass spectrometry and gas chromatography(1).

DRINKING WATER: 1-Bromobutane has been qualitatively identified in drinking waters in the U.S. as of November 25, 1974 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency of Cincinnati, OH(1). It may be formed from the chlorination of finished water, not during prior purification steps (1). Another study conducted in 1975 also qualitatively identified 1-bromobutane in drinking water in the US(2). 1-Bromobutane has also been qualitatively identified in District of Columbia drinking water(3).

1-Bromobutane may be formed by the chlorination of sewage effluents, but not during the biological phase of sewage treatment, biological degradation of solid wastes, or incineration of municipal refuse or industrial sludges and slurries(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,821 workers are potentially exposed to n-bromobutane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-bromobutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-bromobutane is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-bromobutane via ingestion of drinking water(SRC).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 130: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Non-Polar/Water-Immiscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-BROMOBUTANE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1126; 1-Bromobutane

IMO 3.2; 1-Bromobutane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid