Pentane

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304: May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H336: May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P319, P331, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.8% (11 of 1378) of reports.

H224 (16.4%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H225 (82.8%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (99.2%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H336 (99.1%): May cause drowsiness or dizziness [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Narcotic effects]

H411 (99.2%): Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

Aggregated GHS information provided per 1378 reports by companies from 43 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Reported as not meeting GHS hazard criteria per 11 of 1378 reports by companies.

There are 42 notifications provided by 1367 of 1378 reports by companies with hazard statement code(s).

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H335: May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

H401: Toxic to aquatic life [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P301+P316, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P331, P337+P317, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment.

INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing.

INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

(General first aid procedures)

Eye: Irrigate immediately - If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash (irrigate) the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately.

Skin: Water wash promptly - If this chemical contacts the skin, promptly wash the contaminated skin with water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, promptly remove the clothing and wash the skin with water. If irritation persists after washing, get medical attention.

Breathing: Respiratory support

Swallow: Medical attention immediately - If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. (ERG, 2024)

Use powder, carbon dioxide, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Use water spry, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Containers may explode.

Shock can shatter metal containers and release contents.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours of low boiling point adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Remove all ignition sources. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT wash away into sewer.

Evacuate danger area! consult an expert! Personal protection: self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignitino sources. Do NOT wash away into sewer. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in dry sand or inert absorbent...

1) Remove all ignition sources. 2) Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3) For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fume hood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for pentane: Biological treatment.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Clothing wet with liquid pentane should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for the removal of pentane from the clothing. If the clothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the pentane, the person performing the operation should be informed of pentane's hazardous properties.

Where there is any possibility that employees' eyes may be exposed to pentane, an eye-wash fountain should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use.

In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for n-Pentane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool. Well closed. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Storage temp: ambient. Venting: open (flame arrester) or pressure-vacuum.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

1000.0 [ppm]

630 [ppm]

2500 [ppm]

15000 [ppm]

120 ppm (350 mg/m³)

610 ppm (1800 mg/m³) [15 min]

TWA 120 ppm (350 mg/m3) C 610 ppm (1800 mg/m3) [15-minute]

1000 ppm (2950 mg/m³)

TWA 1000 ppm (2950 mg/m3) See Appendix G

1500 ppm ; Based on 10% of the lower explosive limit. (NIOSH, 2024)

1500.0 [ppm]

Excerpts from Documentation for IDLHs: Other animal data: It has been reported that narcosis occurs after 5 to 60 minutes of exposure to 90,000 to 120,000 ppm [Patty 1963]. \\ Human data: Mucous membrane irritation or other symptoms were not noted after a 10­minute exposure of 5,000 ppm [Patty and Yant 1929].

1500 ppm (IDLH based on 10% of the lower explosion limit for safety considerations even though the relevant toxicological data indicated that irreversible health efects or impairment of escape existed only at higher concentrations.)

1500 ppm

1500 ppm [10%LEL]

See: 109660

8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm. /Pentane, all isomers/

Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Pentane, all isomers/

2013 Notice of Intended Changes (NIC): These substances, with their corresponding values and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC. These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification. If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: Pentane, all isomers (78-78-4; 109-66-0; 463-82-1); Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 1000 ppm; Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL): None; Notations: None; Molecular Weight: 72.15; TLV Basis: Narcosis; Respiratory tract irritation. /Pentane, all isomers/

1000 ppm as TWA.

1000 ppm [2013]

3000 mg/m

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

N-pentane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point -57 °F. Boiling point 97 °F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air.

Gas Vapor; Large Crystals; Liquid; Gas Vapor; Liquid

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor; Note: A gas above 97 degrees F. May be utilized as a fuel; [NIOSH] Clear colorless liquid; [Sigma-Aldrich MSDS]

COLOURLESS LIQUID WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor.

Colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. [Note: A gas above 97 °F. May be utilized as a fuel.]

Colorless liquid [Note: A gas above 97 degrees F. May be utilized as a fuel].

Pleasant

Gasoline-like odor

97 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

36.06 °C

36.00 to 37.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg

36.1 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-202 °F (NTP, 1992)

-129.67 °C

-129.8 °C

-57 °F (NTP, 1992)

<-40 °F (-40 °C) (Closed cup)

-49 °C c.c.

less than 1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 38 mg/L at 25 °C

Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform; soluble in carbon tetrachloride

0.038 mg/mL at 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 0.004 (very poor)

0.626 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.6262 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 0.63

0.62 @ 20°C

2.48 (NTP, 1992) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

2.48 (Air = 1)

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.5

400 mmHg at 65.3 °F ; 426 mmHg at 68 °F (NTP, 1992)

514.0 [mmHg]

514 mm Hg at 25 °C

Vapor pressure, kPa at 18.5 °C: 53.3

420 mmHg

514 [mm Hg] @25 °C

log Kow = 3.39

Henry's Law constant = 1.25 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C

500 °F (USCG, 1999)

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Saturated

Highly Flammable

N-PENTANE is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It is also incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, and oxygen. Mixtures with chlorine gas have produced explosions. It will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. (NTP, 1992).

Strong oxidizers.

Contact with strong oxidizing agents may cause fires and explosions.

Strong oxidizers

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant. It affects the peripheral nervous system through demyelinization and axonal degeneration. (T29)

n-Pentane

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)

Smith, C.D. and Nowell, L.H., 2024. Health-Based Screening Levels for evaluating water-quality data (3rd ed.). DOI:10.5066/F71C1TWP

Pentane is found in gasoline, which is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause loss of consciousness and coma at high doses. Ingestion may cause pulmonary toxicity due to pentane aspiration, including chemical pneumonitis, acute lung injury, and hemorrhage. Cardiovascular effects may include ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death. (T29, A600)

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (T29) ; inhalation (T29) ; dermal (T29)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin.

Nausea. Vomiting. Aspiration hazard!

irritation eyes, skin, nose; dermatitis; chemical pneumonitis (aspiration liquid); drowsiness; In Animals: narcosis

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause anorexia, euphoria, dizziness, headache, depression, confusion, inability to concentrate, anoxia, narcosis, and loss of consciousness and coma at high concentrations. Contact with the skin results in cause drying, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hyperemia, dermatitis, burning pain, and blisters. (T14, T29, A600)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

1 mg/m^3

1 x 10^1 mg/m^3

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 364,000mg/m3/4hr

LD50: 446 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LC50: 364 g/m3 over 4 hours (Inhalation, Rat) (T14)

LC50 Rat inhalation 364 g/cu m/4H

LD50 Mouse intravenous 446 mg/kg.

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. (A600)

Pentane is a weak cardiac sensitizer of the dog heart to epinephrine.

Call for medical aid. Vapor, if inhaled, will cause dizziness or difficult breathing. Move to fresh air. If breathing has stopped, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Liquid is harmful if swallowed. ... Do not induce vomiting.

Inhalation: remove from exposure; support respiration if needed. Ingestion: do not induce vomiting; call physician.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously.Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Consider the points of attack /skin, eyes, respiratory system, lung/ in preplacement and periodic physical examinations.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Pentane is a CNS depressant, but is not as effective as the C1-C4 gases. The intensity of CNS depression appears generally to decr with increasing molecular weight, but increases for the highly symmetrical cmpds. Only a small increment in dose separates CNS depression and lethality. The aspiration hazard of pentane is considerably less than that of kerosene, octane, nonane, or decane.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Dermal effects of pentane vapors applied to the skin of 5 volunteers were studied. Erythema, hyperemia, swelling, and pigmentation were observed after dermal exposure. The volunteers complained of a constant burning sensation accompanied by itching, and blisters after 5 hr of exposure. There was no evidence of anesthetic effects on the skin. When pentane was removed after 5 hr, pain continued for 15 min.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Volunteers exposed to 5,000 ppm pentane for 10 min showed no mucous membrane irritation or other symptoms.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Volunteers suffered from painful burning sensations, accompanied by itching, after topical application of pentane; after 5 hours, blisters formed on the treated areas.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for n-Pentane (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Pretreatment of guinea pigs with n-pentane has been shown to enhance glucuronidation and stimulate oxidative drug metabolizing enzymes ... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Doses of 40% resulted in death of mice, which showed collapsed lungs on autopsy. Generally, death is preceded by loss of reflexes and prostration. Concns of 200-300 mg/l caused incoordination and inhibition of the righting reflex of mice. Air concns of 10.4, 50.9, and 94.7 mg/cu m showed histological changes in the developing cerebral cortex of the rat. ... Pentane had a slow inhibitory action on the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerve tissue in the rat. A nerve impulse blockage has been demonstrated in the squid axon and in the frog sciatic nerve... .

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... Exposure to pentane at 130,000 ppm for 30 minutes was fatal to mice. A 5-minute exposure to n-pentane at 128,000 ppm produced deep anesthesia in mice; respiratory arrest occurred in one of the four animals during exposure.

LC50; Species: Artemia salina (Brine Shrimp) nauplii; Conditions: saltwater, static, 20 °C; Concentration: 165 mmol/cu m for 24 hr /> or =97% purity/

EC50; Species: Daphnia magna (Water Flea) age 4-6 days, length 1.5 mm; Conditions: freshwater, static, 23 °C, pH 6-7, dissolved oxygen 5-9 mg/L; Concentration: 135 mmol/cu m for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 111-164 mmol/cu m); Effect: intoxication, immobilization /> or =97% purity/

8.10e+02

3.40e+03

1.00e+03

4.40e+03

2.10e+03

1.00e+00

1.00e+01

Volatile

3.88e+02

2.40e+03

1.00e+04

3.10e+03

1.30e+04

6.30e+03

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The substance may cause long-term effects in the aquatic environment. It is strongly advised not to let the chemical enter into the environment.

n-Pentane's production and use as a general laboratory solvent, a solvent for polymerization reactions, and as a raw material in the synthesis of olefins and other industrial chemicals may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. n-Pentane is also a component of natural gas and crude oil. The vast majority of n-pentane is released to the environment through the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum industry and the combustion of gasoline. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 514 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates n-pentane will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 days. n-Pentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, n-pentane is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 72. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole. n-Pentane may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Screening studies suggest that n-pentane will undergo biodegradation in soil and water surfaces, but volatilization is expected to be the predominant fate process in the environment. If released into water, n-pentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hrs and 3.4 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 80 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to n-pentane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-pentane is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-pentane via inhalation of ambient air, particularly at urban areas with heavy vehicular traffic or gasoline filling stations. (SRC)

n-Pentane is a constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas(1).

n-Pentane's production and use as a general laboratory solvent, a solvent for polymerization reactions, and as a raw material in the synthesis of olefins and other industrial chemicals(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The vast majority of n-pentane is released to the environment through the manufacture, use, and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum industry and the combustion of gasoline(1,2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 72(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-pentane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(3). n-Pentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 514 mm Hg at 25 °C(4). Screening studies have shown that n-pentane is biodegradable under aerobic conditions(5,6), and these studies suggest that this compound will biodegrade in soil; however, volatilization from soil is expected to be the dominant environmental fate process of n-pentane(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 72(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that n-pentane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hrs and 3.4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 80(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.39(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Screening studies have shown that n-pentane is biodegradable under aerobic conditions(8,9), and these studies suggest that this compound will biodegrade in water; however, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be the dominant environmental fate process of n-pentane(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-pentane, which has a vapor pressure of 514 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-pentane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 3 days(3), calculated from its rate constant of 3.94X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(4). n-Pentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(5) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

AEROBIC: n-Pentane reached 0.3, 3.2 and 10.1% of its theoretical BOD after 6, 24, and 72 hours, respectively, using a benzene-acclimated activated sludge(1). n-Pentane reached 0.7, 0.5 and 0.7% of its theoretical BOD at intervals of 6, 12, and 24 hours, respectively, using aeration units of sewage treatment facilities(2). Within 24 hours, pentane was oxidized to its corresponding methyl ketone, 2-pentanone(3,5), and the corresponding alcohol, 2-pentanol(4,5), by cell suspensions of over 20 methyltrophic organisms isolated from lake water and soil samples(3-5). n-Pentane, and 12 other components of gasoline were completely degraded using an activated sludge inoculum in less than 30 days(6). n-Pentane, present at 100 mg/L, reached 96% of its theoretical BOD in 4 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L in the Japanese MITI test(7). n-Pentane, present at 18.7 ug as a component in gasoline, was incubated in a New Jersey rainwater retention pond. The median half-life of total detectable gasoline hydrocarbons was 5.0 days(8).

AEROBIC: Incubation /of n-pentane/ with natural flora in the groundwater in presence of the other components of high-octane gasoline (100 uL/L): biodegradation: 70% after 192 hrs at 13 °C (initial concentration 0.55 uL/L). ... Waste water treatment /of n-pentane/: activated sludge after 6 hr: 0.7% of theoretical oxygen demand; after 12 hr: 0.5% of theoretical oxygen demand; after 24 hr: 0.7% of theoretical oxygen demand.

The degradation of n-alkanes by microorganisms is similar to the degradation of fatty acids. The terminal methyl group is enzymatically oxidized by incorporation of molecular oxygen by a monooxygenase producing a primary alcohol with further oxidation to an acid group, although involvement of a dioxygenase is also postulated. Once the fatty acid is produced, it is degraded into 2-carbon units via the beta-oxidation pathway. ... Another pathway for n-alkane degradation that is encountered less often is the oxidation of both terminal carbons to form a dioic acid with subsequent beta-oxidation. Subterminal oxidation of the 2-carbon atom is seen mainly in C3-C6 alkanes. ... A dehydrogenation of the n-alkane may also occur yielding an alkene which is then converted to an alcohol, although there is little evidence for this theory. Some microorganisms have been shown to have both terminal and subterminal oxidation, each having very different rates of activity. /In a study comparing/ ... growth on long and short chain alkanes by some bacteria ... the initial oxygenase had a broad specificity and would oxidize C1-C8 alkanes ... /but/ cells grown on C4-C8 alkanes did not oxidize the shorter chain alkanes to a significant extent. ... /n-Alkanes/

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-pentane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 3.94X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 3 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). n-Pentane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). n-Pentane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Photooxidation of n-pentane by ultraviolet light in aqueous medium at 50 °C: 31% degradation to carbon dioxide after 24 hr

An estimated BCF of 80 was calculated for n-pentane(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.39(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of n-pentane can be estimated to be 72(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-pentane is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-pentane is 1.25 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-pentane is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 2.5 hours(3). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 3.4 days(3). n-Pentane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). n-Pentane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 514 mm Hg(4).

GROUNDWATER: n-Pentane was detected in 1 of 11 groundwater monitoring wells near the Granby Landfill, CT at a concentration of 20 ppb(1).

DRINKING WATER: n-Pentane was listed as one of the many organic chemicals identified in drinking water in the US as of 1974(1-3).

SURFACE WATER: n-Pentane was identified, not quantified, in Delaware River water at Philadelphia, PA(1). n-Pentane was listed as a contaminant present in the waters of Lake Ontario(2). The Inner Harbor Navigation Canal of Lake Pontchartrain at New Orleans, LA was found to contain n-pentane at an average concentration for 8 samples of 2.4 ppb on May 6, 1980(3). All 8 near surface sea water samples from the intertropical Indian Ocean contained unspecified amounts of n-pentane(4).

n-Pentane was identified, not quantified, in a stack emission from waste incinerators(1). Three of five hazardous waste sites listed on the National Priorities List emitted gaseous n-pentane with a 25 to 75% frequency of occurrence(2). n-Pentane was also identified as a vapor emitted from landfills with an average and maximum concentration of 0.4 and 5.0 ppm, respectively(3). Land fill gas was found to contain n-pentane at a concentration of 0.4 ppm(4). A refinery located in Tulsa OK was attributed with emissions to the surrounding atmosphere where the n-pentane concentration was measured to be 46.4 and 81.7 ppb(5). The n-pentane content of the air downwind of a Mobil natural gas facility in Rio Blanco CO was 68.2 ppb(5). One of 11 groundwater monitoring wells near the Granby Landfill, CT contained n-pentane at a concentration of 20 ppb(6). Flue gases from a waste incinerator at Babylon, Long Island, NY was found to contain n-pentane at concentrations of 0.7 ppm or less(7).

n-Pentane was detected in 1 of 63 industrial wastewater effluents at a concentration between 10 and 100 ug/L(1). Underwater hydrocarbon vent discharges from offshore oil production platforms were found to contain n-pentane in the vapor phase at 260 umol/L of gas(2).

Data from Sept 2, 1979 identified pentane as a gaseous emission of the vehicle traffic through the Allegheny Mountain Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Turnpike(1). The average exhaust from 67 gasoline fueled vehicles was found to contain n-pentane at a concentration 3.3% by weight(2). n-Pentane from car exhaust ranged in concentration from 0.03 to 0.07 ppm with an average for 8 samples of 0.04 ppm(3). The average concentration of n-pentane for the exhaust of 46 automobiles was 1.7 weight % of total hydrocarbon content according to both the Federal test procedure and the New York City cycle(4). The emission of n-pentane from automobiles inside and outside a roadway tunnel in Los Angeles, CA was measured as 230 mg/L(5). The emission rate of n-pentane from the tailpipes of diesel powered trucks was measured as 1,860 mg/km(6). n-Pentane concentrations in gasoline and gasoline powered tailpipe emissions were 27,600 ug/g gasoline, 4,290 ug/km in a catalyst-equipped engine, 536,000 ug/km in a noncatalyst-equipped engine(7).

n-Pentane was detected in 3 of 4 sediment samples from Walvis Bay of the Namibian shelf of SW Africa at concentrations of 0.12, 0.19 and 0.78 ng/g(1).

Expected ground level n-pentane concentration in USA urban air: 0.05-0.35 ppm

URBAN/SUBRUBAN: The average n-pentane concentration in the air at the 6th floor of the Cooper Union Building in New York City, NY was 31, 34 and 25 ppb for 19, 12 and 10 samples taken in July 1978(1). In a 1979 study of 5 sites in NJ, n-pentane was identified, not quantified, in the air over cities of Newark and Elizabeth(1). The n-pentane concentration was 2.0, 1.0 and 1.0 ug/cu mm at 10, 15 and 40 miles, downwind of Janesville, WI on Aug 14, 1978(2). At Point Barrow, AK on Sept 2 and 3, 1967 n-pentane was detected in ambient air in 10 of 25 samples at concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.2 ppm(3). The average n-pentane concentration in the air on the 82nd floor of the Empire State Building in New York City, NY was 12, 18 and 11 ppb for 18, 21 and 17 samples taken in July 1978(4). At street level at the Empire State and World Trade Buildings in Manhattan, NY the average n-pentane concentration of 4 samples was 63 ppb in July 1978(4). In 1975 the average n-pentane concentration of 14 air samples taken between 5:30-8:30 AM and 12:30-3:30 PM at the World Trade Center in New York City, NY were 43 and 38 ppb, respectively(4). In 1975 the average n-pentane concentration of 11 and 8 air samples taken between 5:30-8:30 AM and 12:30-3:30 PM at the Interstate Sanitation Commission in New York City, NY were 87 and 101 ppb, respectively(4). n-Pentane was detected at an average concentration of 27.7 ug/cu m for 5 samples collected at the 82nd floor of the World Trade Center in New York City between 5:00-5:30 PM, Aug 23, 1977(5).

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for pentane: Biological treatment.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Pentanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Pentanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Pentanes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Pentanes/

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-Pentane (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1265; Pentanes

IMO 3.1; Pentanes

IMO 3.2; Pentanes

49 082 55; Pentane

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid

Symbol: F+, Xn, N; R: 12-65-66-67-51/53; S: (2)-9-16-29-33-61-62; Note: C

UN Hazard Class: 3; UN Pack Group: I