1-pentene

H224 (100%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

H304 (51.1%): May be fatal if swallowed and enters airways [Danger Aspiration hazard]

H315 (17.9%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

H319 (17.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H412 (61.9%): Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P264+P265, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P321, P331, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 223 reports by companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

INHALATION: remove victim from exposure.

SKIN: wash with soap and water.

EYES: flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

· Keep victim under observation.

· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.

· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.

Specific First Aid:

· Wash skin with soap and water.

· In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin.

In Canada, an Emergency Response Assistance Plan (ERAP) may be required for this product. Please consult the shipping paper and/or the "ERAP" section.

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Stop flow of vapor. (USCG, 1999)

ALCOHOL FOAM, SPRAY, MIST, DRY CHEMICAL.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

Large Spill

· Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal.

· Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions.

· Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet).

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material.

LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2024)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

41 [ppm]

450 [ppm]

2700 [ppm]

CAUTION: The majority of these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient.

CAUTION: For mixtures containing alcohol or polar solvent, alcohol-resistant foam may be more effective.

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

Large Fire

· Water spray, fog or regular foam. If regular foam is ineffective or unavailable, use alcohol-resistant foam.

· Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· For petroleum crude oil, do not spray water directly into a breached tank car. This can lead to a dangerous boil over.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

· For massive fire, use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn.

Goggles or face shield (as for gasoline). (USCG, 1999)

1-pentene is a colorless liquid with an odor of gasoline. Flash point -20 °F (Aldrich). Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Hence floats on water. Flammable vapor is produced. Boiling point 86 °F. (USCG, 1999)

Colorless liquid with an odor of gasoline; [CAMEO] Colorless liquid; bp = 30-32 deg C; [MSDSonline]

Colorless liquid

HIGHLY DISAGREEABLE

85.8 °F at 760 mmHg (USCG, 1999)

29.9 °C @760 [mm Hg]

-265 °F (USCG, 1999)

-165.2 °C

-60 °F (USCG, 1999)

-18 °C OC /From table/

Sol in all proportions in alcohol, ether, and benzene

Miscible in ethanol and ethyl ether, soluble in benzene.

In water, 148 mg/l @ 25 °C

0.641 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.6405 @ 20 °C/4 °C

0.6405 @ 20°C

2.42 (AIR= 1)

635.0 [mmHg]

635 mm Hg @ 25 °C

635 [mm Hg] @25 °C

527 °F (USCG, 1999)

WHEN HEATED TO DECOMP, EMITS ACRID SMOKE AND IRRITATING FUMES.

0.202 cSt at 20 °C

Polymerizes on extended periods of storage.

Odor Threshold Low: 0.19 [ppm]

Odor threshold from HSDB

0.19 ppm.

Index of refraction: 1.3715 @ 20 °C/D

Hydroxyl radical rate constant= 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 °C

Schoenflies notation

Boiling point

Chemical bond

Chemical diffusion

Composition

Diamagnetic susceptibility

Dielectric constant

Diffusion

Diffusive flux

Excess enthalpy

Fusion temperature

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aliphatic Unsaturated

Highly Flammable

1-PENTENE may react vigorously with strong oxidizing agents. May react exothermically with reducing agents to release hydrogen gas. May undergo exothermic polymerization reactions in the presence of various catalysts (such as acids) or initiators.

1-Pentene

D: Other compounds that may form peroxides

5 samples had 1-10 ppm peroxide; age 1-10+ yrs

Petroleum distillates are central nervous system depressants and cause pulmonary damage. During metabolism. 1-pentene is oxidized at the double bond and excreted as the alcohol or its conjugate. (A600, T21)

1-Pentene is found in gasoline, which is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). (L135)

Petroleum distillates are aspiration hazards and may cause pulmonary damage, central nervous system depression, and cardiac effects such as cardiac arrhythmias. They may also affect the blood, immune system, liver, and kidney. (A600, L1297)

Oral (L400) ; inhalation (L400) ; dermal (L400)

Petroleum distillate poisoning may cause nausea, vomiting, cough, pulmonary irritation progressing to pulmonary edema, bloody sputum, and bronchial pneumonia. At high amounts, central nervous system depression may also occur, with symptoms such as weakness, dizziness, slow and shallow respiration, unconsciousness, and convulsions. Petroleum distillates are also irritating to the skin. (A594)

Neurotoxin - Acute solvent syndrome

Other Poison - Simple Asphyxiant

LC50 (rat) = 175,000 mg/m3/4H

Treatment is mainly symptomatic and supportive. Gastric lavage, emesis, and the administration of activated charcoal should be avoided, as vomiting increases the risk of aspiration. (A600)

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat as necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... Start an IV with D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

At CNS depression levels, it causes more severe primary excitement. It produces anesthesia at 6% in 15 to 20 min, but is more cardiotoxic than the lower homologues. ...

BINDING WAS INVESTIGATED OF DIFFERENT 1-ALKENES TO CYTOCHROME P450 IN MICROSOMES FROM F344 RATS.

In animals, pentene causes respiratory and cardiac depression and the primary excitation observed in humans.

1-Pentene's production and use in organic synthesis, pesticide formulations, and as a blending agent for high octane motor fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. In addition, 1-pentene has been identified in emissions due to gasoline combustion, gasoline evaporation, and polymer combustion. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-pentene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-pentene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 28 hours, respectively. If released to soil, 1-pentene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 81. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Pentene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. While biodegradation data in soil and water were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in both environments is expected to be an important fate process. If released into water, 1-pentene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 22 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 1-pentene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound particularly at workplaces where gasoline or fuels are produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-pentene via inhalation of air while pumping gasoline at self-serve stationse. Monitoring data of ambient air indicate ppb levels of hydrocarbons including 1-pentene are often present. (SRC)

AN AMBIENT AIR MONITORING PROGRAM TO CHARACTERIZE AIRBORNE EMISSION WAS CONDUCTED DURING SEPT 8-22, 1975. STUDY INCLUDED INDIVIDUAL C2-C6 HYDROCARBONS.

PLUMES FROM CONTROLLED FIRES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON WERE MONITORED. THE SLASH BURN PLUMES CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANT OF OZONE. HYDROCARBON ANALYSES REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF MANY PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVE OLEFINS IN THE PLUME.

Constituent of gasoline at 0.16-0.32 vol%; evaporation of gasoline fuel tank at 5.6 vol% of total evaporated HCs; evaporation from carburetor at 0.3-0.7 vol% of total evaporated HCs.

1-Pentene's production and use in organic synthesis, pesticide formulations, and as a blending agent for high octane motor fuels(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams (SRC). 1-Pentene has been identified in emissions from automobiles, diesels, turbines, gasoline evaporation, and polymer combustion(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-pentene should have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-pentene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) calculated from its water solubility(4) and vapor pressure(3). The potential for volatilization of 1-pentene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg(3). While biodegradation data were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in soil is expected to be an important fate process(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that 1-pentene should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) calculated from its water solubility(5) and vapor pressure(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 22(SRC) estimated from its estimated log Kow of 2.66(8) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. While biodegradation data were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in water is expected to be an important fate process(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 1-Pentene, which has a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is a volatile organic compound and should exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere(1). It is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules(SRC); the half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The reaction of 1-pentene with ozone is much slower than that with hydroxyl radicals and therefore would not markedly alter the atmospheric half-life of 1-pentene.

1-Pentene at 500 mg/l was inoculated with activated sludge and the oxidation of this compound measured; 0.5 to 0.8 percent of the theoretical oxygen demand was reached within a 24 hour period(1). While biodegradation data in soil and water environments were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in soil and water is expected to be an important fate process(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with ozone in the atmosphere is 1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 28 hours at an atmospheric concn of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with atomic oxygen is 2.85X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(4). 1-Pentene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(5).

Olefins are known to contribute to photochemical smog; their atmospheric reactions contribute to the formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants and free radicals. The carbonyl products of the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with 1-pentene were (product, yield): butanal, 0.73; formaldehyde, 0.88(1). The product yield data suggest that the intermediate beta-hydroxylalkoxy radicals undergo isomerization and/or reaction with O2 in competition with decomposition, and the decrease in the carbonyl and formaldehyde yields with increasing carbon number in the 1-alkene series from 1-butene to 1-octene indicate that isomerization of the intermediate beta-hydroxyalkoxy radical is unimportant for 1-butene and dominating for 1-octene(1,2). Products of the gas-phase reaction of ozone with 1-pentene, in the presence of an hydroxyl radical scavenger were (product, yield): butanal, 0.54; formaldehyde, 0.595(3). Another study reported that the gas phase reaction of ozone with 1-pentene, in the presence of cyclohexane, produced (product, yield): formaldehyde, 0.505; propanal, 0.117; butanal, 0.496; cyclohexanone, 0.049; 2-oxobutanal, 0.029(7). Ambient air collected from the atmosphere in downtown Los Angeles, CA during the morning traffic peak hours was irradiated with solar radiation; 90% conversion of 1-pentene was reported in 6 hours (4). A photochemical ozone creation potential from 68.5 to 103.7, relative to ethylene (=100), was calculated for 1-pentene over a 5-day period from the peak ozone concn reached in the afternoon for emissions in the United Kingdom (5). The average rate of nitric oxide photooxidation in the presence of 1-pentene is 2.1 ppb/minute; reactivity was shown, in general, to increase with substitution at the double bond and to decrease with increasing chain length once 6 carbons were reached (6). Irradiation of 1-pentene with nitrogen oxides and air resulted in an ozone formation rate of 1.7 ppb/minute(8). A second study reported an ozone formation rate of 1.6 ppb/minute following the reaction of 1-pentene with nitrogen oxides(9).

An estimated BCF of 22 was calculated for 1-pentene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.66(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1-pentene can be estimated to be 81(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-pentene is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-pentene calculated from its vapor pressure, 635 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 148 mg/l(2), is 0.40 atm-cu m/mole (SRC). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-pentene should volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.3 days(SRC). 1-Pentene's Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-pentene from dry soil surfaces exists based upon its vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg(1).

1-Pentene accounted for 0.32 % of the total United Kingdom volatile organic compound emissions (by mass distribution) in 1990(1). Airborne emissions from the Exxon petroleum refinery at Benicia, CA during September 1975 contained 1-pentene at concns below the detection limit (0.5 ug/cu m)(2).

Exhaust from turbojet engines operated at simulated high-altitude flight conditions 0.08-65.5 ppmC (ppm carbon) of 1-pentene(1). Emissions of 1-pentene from motor vehicles, measured inside the Van Nuys Tunnel, Los Angeles, CA in 1993 were determined to average 27 mg 1-pentene/l fuel consumed (2). Average concns of 1-pentene in light vehicle exhaust emissions as weight % of non-methane hydrocarbons are 0.29, 0.10, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.13 for exhaust in the Caldecott Tunnel (San Francisco), incremental cold start, stabilized emissions, hot start emissions, emissions from the current (1989) fleet, and emissions from an older fleet (1983 to 1985), respectively (3). 1-Pentene was measured in evaporative emissions from gasoline at average concns, as weight % of non-methane hydrocarbons, of 0.57, 0.31, and 0.43 for average diurnal, hot soak, and running loss emissions, respectively, from the older fleet vehicles (1983 to 1985) (3). Concns of 1-pentene in the Lincoln Tunnel during a 1982 study in 1982 and 1970 were 15.8 and 69.2 ppbC, respectively (7). Light-duty vehicle emissions measured at the Caldecott Tunnel, San Francisco, in August and October 1994 contained 1-pentene at 0.16 and 0.20 wt% total volatile organic compounds, respectively (9). 1-Pentene was detected in the Tingstad Tunnel, Goteborg, Sweden, at 0.15 to 0.22 % of the total non-methane volatile hydrocarbons over 5 different sampling days (8). 1-Pentene was measured in the exhaust of 67 vehicles representative of the Sydney, Australia fleet at an average concn of 0.2 %wt/wt non-methane hydrocarbons (4). 1-Pentene was emitted in the exhaust of 10 small lawnmower engines at 0.22 and 0.19 % of the total organic emissions, for two different gasolines (5). Exhaust from a new Honda moped (model PK 50 Wallaroo), run using a conventional reformate-based gasoline, contained 1-pentene at 0.23 % by weight of non-methane hydrocarbons(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: During a severe Los Angeles area photochemical smog episode in September 1993, 1-pentene was measured in the vapor phase at an average concn of 1.00 ug/cu m (range 0.00 to 2.80 ug/cu m)(1). Air samples collected from the 6th floor of a building in the Los Angeles central business district (from August through November 1960 in the early morning) contained 1-pentene at concns from 0.001 to 0.012 ppmv(2). The median concn of 1-pentene measured between 6 and 9 a.m. in the summers of 1984, 1985, 1986 in 39 U.S. cities (between 26 deg N and 43 deg N latitude) was 1.7 ppbC(3). Concns of 1-pentene ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 ppb in ambient air samples collected at the Riverside CA County Building of Health and Finance between August 1965 and March 1966 in the early morning (4). 1-Pentene was measured in air samples collected over Lake Michigan within a plume from Milwaukee at average concns of 0.8 and 0.1 ppbv for measurements on two consecutive days in August 1976 (5). Air samples collected from the industrial area of Houston, TX, contained 1-pentene at concns of 1.2 to 38.4, 5.9 to 28.9 and 0.5 to 6.0 ppbC on separate days in September 1973, January 1974, and April, 1974, respectively(6). An air sample collected from a downtown location in Miami, FL contained 1-pentene at 0.7 ppbC(7). Concns of 1-pentene ranged from below the detection limit (detection limit not reported) to 1.4 ppbv (mean=0.12 ppbv) at a location in Washington, DC; samples were collected every sixth day over a 1 year period (1990 to 1991)(8). Air samples taken from downtown Tulsa, OK contained 1-pentene at 0.8 to 2.2 ppbC; air samples collected 0.8 miles downwind from a Texaco refinery complex in Tulsa contained 1-pentene at 1.8 to 2.8 ppbC(9).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The average concn of 1-pentene in downtown Porto Alegre, Brazil over the period March 1996 to April 1997 is 2.4 mg/cu m (n=46)(1). 1-Pentene was measured in air samples collected over Tokyo, Japan in 1980 at an average concn of 0.2 ppb (n=66)(2). Air samples from Sydney, Australia collected from September 1979 to June 1980 contained 1-pentene at an average concn of 0.4 ppbv (n=140) (3). 1-Pentene was measured in a photochemical plume emanating from London at average concns of 52 and 16 parts per trillion volume on two separate flights (same day) in June 1988(4).

RURAL: An average 1-pentene concn of 0.2 mg/cu m was measured 30 km southeast of Porto Alegre, Brazil (upwind of the city during sample collection) in November 1996 (1). Concns of 1-pentene at 5 remote locations in northwestern North Carolina ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 ppbC (2). 1-Pentene was measured at 0.4 ppbC in ground level air samples collected in an orange grove near Dunedin, FL (3). Air samples were collected at 4 rural locations in Canada over 1990 to 1991; concns of 1-pentene at the Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia ranged from 0.00 to 0.04 ppbv (n=124), at Lac la Flamme, Quebec ranged from 0.00 to 0.02 ppbv (n=100), at Egbert, Ontario ranged from 0.00 to 0.02 ppbv (n=116), and at Saturna Island, British Columbia ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 ppbv (n=62) (4). The concn of 1-pentene in air samples collected above a mixed deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada in 1993 was 0.0075-0.0080 ppbv in both day and nighttime samples (5). Air samples collected at Liberty Mounds, OK contained 1-pentene at concns of 1.4 and 4.0 ppbC; Liberty Mounds was downwind of Tulsa during the sampling period(6). Air samples collected in the remote Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado contained 1-pentene at concns from 0 to 0.6 ppbC(6). The concn of 1-pentene in air samples collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ranged from 0 to 1.1 ppbC with higher concns reported in the morning over a 2-day period(6).

PERSONAL: An assessment of gasoline vapor exposure by consumers while pumping gasoline at 6 self-serve stations located in three major cities (2 each in Cincinnati, OH; Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA) was conducted during October and November 1990 by collecting air close to the customer's breathing zone; 1-pentene concns ranged from 0.006 to 0.97 ppm (1).

1-Pentene was identified as a volatile flavor compound from fried chicken at unreported concns(1).

Gasoline vapor exposures from the breathing zone were monitored for marine loading operators at two facilities (Amoco Oil, n=11; 1-pentene at 0.7 weight %)(1). Exposure to gasoline vapors was measured in the breathing zone of outside operators (refinery personnel working primarily outside of the control room) (n=56, mean concn 1-pentene=0.014 mg/cu m), transport drivers (n=49, mean concn 1-pentene=0.304 mg/cu m), and service attendants in gas stations (n=49, mean concn 1-pentene=0.964 mg/cu m) during the summer in 1984(2). Occupational exposure to 1-pentene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-pentene or fuels containing 1-pentene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-pentene via inhalation of gasoline or diesel fuel particularly during pumping of gasoline at self-serve stations and by ingestion of food containing 1-pentene(SRC).

1-Pentene was measured in the expired air of 2 of 10 male subjects at concns of 93.0 and 180.0 ug/hr(1).

1-Pentene's production and use in organic synthesis, pesticide formulations, and as a blending agent for high octane motor fuels may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. In addition, 1-pentene has been identified in emissions due to gasoline combustion, gasoline evaporation, and polymer combustion. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates 1-pentene will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1-pentene will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone; the half-lives for these reactions in air are estimated to be 12 and 28 hours, respectively. If released to soil, 1-pentene is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 81. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole. 1-Pentene may volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. While biodegradation data in soil and water were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in both environments is expected to be an important fate process. If released into water, 1-pentene is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.3 days, respectively. An estimated BCF of 22 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Occupational exposure to 1-pentene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound particularly at workplaces where gasoline or fuels are produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-pentene via inhalation of air while pumping gasoline at self-serve stationse. Monitoring data of ambient air indicate ppb levels of hydrocarbons including 1-pentene are often present. (SRC)

AN AMBIENT AIR MONITORING PROGRAM TO CHARACTERIZE AIRBORNE EMISSION WAS CONDUCTED DURING SEPT 8-22, 1975. STUDY INCLUDED INDIVIDUAL C2-C6 HYDROCARBONS.

PLUMES FROM CONTROLLED FIRES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON WERE MONITORED. THE SLASH BURN PLUMES CONTAIN SIGNIFICANT QUANT OF OZONE. HYDROCARBON ANALYSES REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF MANY PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTIVE OLEFINS IN THE PLUME.

Constituent of gasoline at 0.16-0.32 vol%; evaporation of gasoline fuel tank at 5.6 vol% of total evaporated HCs; evaporation from carburetor at 0.3-0.7 vol% of total evaporated HCs.

1-Pentene's production and use in organic synthesis, pesticide formulations, and as a blending agent for high octane motor fuels(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams (SRC). 1-Pentene has been identified in emissions from automobiles, diesels, turbines, gasoline evaporation, and polymer combustion(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 1-pentene should have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1-pentene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) calculated from its water solubility(4) and vapor pressure(3). The potential for volatilization of 1-pentene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg(3). While biodegradation data were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in soil is expected to be an important fate process(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 81(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that 1-pentene should not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in water(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 0.40 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) calculated from its water solubility(5) and vapor pressure(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.4 hours and 3.3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF of 22(SRC) estimated from its estimated log Kow of 2.66(8) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. While biodegradation data were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in water is expected to be an important fate process(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: 1-Pentene, which has a vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is a volatile organic compound and should exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere(1). It is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals and ozone molecules(SRC); the half-life for the reaction with hydroxyl radicals in air is estimated to be 12 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The reaction of 1-pentene with ozone is much slower than that with hydroxyl radicals and therefore would not markedly alter the atmospheric half-life of 1-pentene.

1-Pentene at 500 mg/l was inoculated with activated sludge and the oxidation of this compound measured; 0.5 to 0.8 percent of the theoretical oxygen demand was reached within a 24 hour period(1). While biodegradation data in soil and water environments were not located, 1-pentene's linear, relatively low molecular weight, hydrocarbon structure suggests that biodegradation in soil and water is expected to be an important fate process(2).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 3.14X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 12 hours at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with ozone in the atmosphere is 1X10-17 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 28 hours at an atmospheric concn of 7X10+11 ozone molecules per cu cm(2). The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1-pentene with atomic oxygen is 2.85X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(4). 1-Pentene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(5) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(5).

Olefins are known to contribute to photochemical smog; their atmospheric reactions contribute to the formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants and free radicals. The carbonyl products of the gas-phase reaction of OH radicals with 1-pentene were (product, yield): butanal, 0.73; formaldehyde, 0.88(1). The product yield data suggest that the intermediate beta-hydroxylalkoxy radicals undergo isomerization and/or reaction with O2 in competition with decomposition, and the decrease in the carbonyl and formaldehyde yields with increasing carbon number in the 1-alkene series from 1-butene to 1-octene indicate that isomerization of the intermediate beta-hydroxyalkoxy radical is unimportant for 1-butene and dominating for 1-octene(1,2). Products of the gas-phase reaction of ozone with 1-pentene, in the presence of an hydroxyl radical scavenger were (product, yield): butanal, 0.54; formaldehyde, 0.595(3). Another study reported that the gas phase reaction of ozone with 1-pentene, in the presence of cyclohexane, produced (product, yield): formaldehyde, 0.505; propanal, 0.117; butanal, 0.496; cyclohexanone, 0.049; 2-oxobutanal, 0.029(7). Ambient air collected from the atmosphere in downtown Los Angeles, CA during the morning traffic peak hours was irradiated with solar radiation; 90% conversion of 1-pentene was reported in 6 hours (4). A photochemical ozone creation potential from 68.5 to 103.7, relative to ethylene (=100), was calculated for 1-pentene over a 5-day period from the peak ozone concn reached in the afternoon for emissions in the United Kingdom (5). The average rate of nitric oxide photooxidation in the presence of 1-pentene is 2.1 ppb/minute; reactivity was shown, in general, to increase with substitution at the double bond and to decrease with increasing chain length once 6 carbons were reached (6). Irradiation of 1-pentene with nitrogen oxides and air resulted in an ozone formation rate of 1.7 ppb/minute(8). A second study reported an ozone formation rate of 1.6 ppb/minute following the reaction of 1-pentene with nitrogen oxides(9).

An estimated BCF of 22 was calculated for 1-pentene(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 2.66(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for 1-pentene can be estimated to be 81(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-pentene is expected to have high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1-pentene calculated from its vapor pressure, 635 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 148 mg/l(2), is 0.40 atm-cu m/mole (SRC). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1-pentene should volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2.4 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.3 days(SRC). 1-Pentene's Henry's Law constant(1,2) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of 1-pentene from dry soil surfaces exists based upon its vapor pressure of 635 mm Hg(1).

1-Pentene accounted for 0.32 % of the total United Kingdom volatile organic compound emissions (by mass distribution) in 1990(1). Airborne emissions from the Exxon petroleum refinery at Benicia, CA during September 1975 contained 1-pentene at concns below the detection limit (0.5 ug/cu m)(2).

Exhaust from turbojet engines operated at simulated high-altitude flight conditions 0.08-65.5 ppmC (ppm carbon) of 1-pentene(1). Emissions of 1-pentene from motor vehicles, measured inside the Van Nuys Tunnel, Los Angeles, CA in 1993 were determined to average 27 mg 1-pentene/l fuel consumed (2). Average concns of 1-pentene in light vehicle exhaust emissions as weight % of non-methane hydrocarbons are 0.29, 0.10, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.13 for exhaust in the Caldecott Tunnel (San Francisco), incremental cold start, stabilized emissions, hot start emissions, emissions from the current (1989) fleet, and emissions from an older fleet (1983 to 1985), respectively (3). 1-Pentene was measured in evaporative emissions from gasoline at average concns, as weight % of non-methane hydrocarbons, of 0.57, 0.31, and 0.43 for average diurnal, hot soak, and running loss emissions, respectively, from the older fleet vehicles (1983 to 1985) (3). Concns of 1-pentene in the Lincoln Tunnel during a 1982 study in 1982 and 1970 were 15.8 and 69.2 ppbC, respectively (7). Light-duty vehicle emissions measured at the Caldecott Tunnel, San Francisco, in August and October 1994 contained 1-pentene at 0.16 and 0.20 wt% total volatile organic compounds, respectively (9). 1-Pentene was detected in the Tingstad Tunnel, Goteborg, Sweden, at 0.15 to 0.22 % of the total non-methane volatile hydrocarbons over 5 different sampling days (8). 1-Pentene was measured in the exhaust of 67 vehicles representative of the Sydney, Australia fleet at an average concn of 0.2 %wt/wt non-methane hydrocarbons (4). 1-Pentene was emitted in the exhaust of 10 small lawnmower engines at 0.22 and 0.19 % of the total organic emissions, for two different gasolines (5). Exhaust from a new Honda moped (model PK 50 Wallaroo), run using a conventional reformate-based gasoline, contained 1-pentene at 0.23 % by weight of non-methane hydrocarbons(6).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: During a severe Los Angeles area photochemical smog episode in September 1993, 1-pentene was measured in the vapor phase at an average concn of 1.00 ug/cu m (range 0.00 to 2.80 ug/cu m)(1). Air samples collected from the 6th floor of a building in the Los Angeles central business district (from August through November 1960 in the early morning) contained 1-pentene at concns from 0.001 to 0.012 ppmv(2). The median concn of 1-pentene measured between 6 and 9 a.m. in the summers of 1984, 1985, 1986 in 39 U.S. cities (between 26 deg N and 43 deg N latitude) was 1.7 ppbC(3). Concns of 1-pentene ranged from 1.0 to 5.0 ppb in ambient air samples collected at the Riverside CA County Building of Health and Finance between August 1965 and March 1966 in the early morning (4). 1-Pentene was measured in air samples collected over Lake Michigan within a plume from Milwaukee at average concns of 0.8 and 0.1 ppbv for measurements on two consecutive days in August 1976 (5). Air samples collected from the industrial area of Houston, TX, contained 1-pentene at concns of 1.2 to 38.4, 5.9 to 28.9 and 0.5 to 6.0 ppbC on separate days in September 1973, January 1974, and April, 1974, respectively(6). An air sample collected from a downtown location in Miami, FL contained 1-pentene at 0.7 ppbC(7). Concns of 1-pentene ranged from below the detection limit (detection limit not reported) to 1.4 ppbv (mean=0.12 ppbv) at a location in Washington, DC; samples were collected every sixth day over a 1 year period (1990 to 1991)(8). Air samples taken from downtown Tulsa, OK contained 1-pentene at 0.8 to 2.2 ppbC; air samples collected 0.8 miles downwind from a Texaco refinery complex in Tulsa contained 1-pentene at 1.8 to 2.8 ppbC(9).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: The average concn of 1-pentene in downtown Porto Alegre, Brazil over the period March 1996 to April 1997 is 2.4 mg/cu m (n=46)(1). 1-Pentene was measured in air samples collected over Tokyo, Japan in 1980 at an average concn of 0.2 ppb (n=66)(2). Air samples from Sydney, Australia collected from September 1979 to June 1980 contained 1-pentene at an average concn of 0.4 ppbv (n=140) (3). 1-Pentene was measured in a photochemical plume emanating from London at average concns of 52 and 16 parts per trillion volume on two separate flights (same day) in June 1988(4).

RURAL: An average 1-pentene concn of 0.2 mg/cu m was measured 30 km southeast of Porto Alegre, Brazil (upwind of the city during sample collection) in November 1996 (1). Concns of 1-pentene at 5 remote locations in northwestern North Carolina ranged from 0.1 to 1.4 ppbC (2). 1-Pentene was measured at 0.4 ppbC in ground level air samples collected in an orange grove near Dunedin, FL (3). Air samples were collected at 4 rural locations in Canada over 1990 to 1991; concns of 1-pentene at the Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia ranged from 0.00 to 0.04 ppbv (n=124), at Lac la Flamme, Quebec ranged from 0.00 to 0.02 ppbv (n=100), at Egbert, Ontario ranged from 0.00 to 0.02 ppbv (n=116), and at Saturna Island, British Columbia ranged from 0.00 to 0.01 ppbv (n=62) (4). The concn of 1-pentene in air samples collected above a mixed deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada in 1993 was 0.0075-0.0080 ppbv in both day and nighttime samples (5). Air samples collected at Liberty Mounds, OK contained 1-pentene at concns of 1.4 and 4.0 ppbC; Liberty Mounds was downwind of Tulsa during the sampling period(6). Air samples collected in the remote Piceance Creek Basin, Colorado contained 1-pentene at concns from 0 to 0.6 ppbC(6). The concn of 1-pentene in air samples collected in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ranged from 0 to 1.1 ppbC with higher concns reported in the morning over a 2-day period(6).

PERSONAL: An assessment of gasoline vapor exposure by consumers while pumping gasoline at 6 self-serve stations located in three major cities (2 each in Cincinnati, OH; Phoenix, AZ; Los Angeles, CA) was conducted during October and November 1990 by collecting air close to the customer's breathing zone; 1-pentene concns ranged from 0.006 to 0.97 ppm (1).

1-Pentene was identified as a volatile flavor compound from fried chicken at unreported concns(1).

Gasoline vapor exposures from the breathing zone were monitored for marine loading operators at two facilities (Amoco Oil, n=11; 1-pentene at 0.7 weight %)(1). Exposure to gasoline vapors was measured in the breathing zone of outside operators (refinery personnel working primarily outside of the control room) (n=56, mean concn 1-pentene=0.014 mg/cu m), transport drivers (n=49, mean concn 1-pentene=0.304 mg/cu m), and service attendants in gas stations (n=49, mean concn 1-pentene=0.964 mg/cu m) during the summer in 1984(2). Occupational exposure to 1-pentene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1-pentene or fuels containing 1-pentene is produced or used. The general population may be exposed to 1-pentene via inhalation of gasoline or diesel fuel particularly during pumping of gasoline at self-serve stations and by ingestion of food containing 1-pentene(SRC).

1-Pentene was measured in the expired air of 2 of 10 male subjects at concns of 93.0 and 180.0 ug/hr(1).

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1-PENTENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Flammable Liquid