Malononitrile

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311: Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H331: Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P316, P321, P330, P361+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

H300 (68.5%): Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H301 (31.5%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

H311+H331 (52%): Toxic in contact with skin or if inhaled. [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

H311 (100%): Toxic in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]

H317 (68.5%): May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]

H319 (68.9%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H331 (100%): Toxic if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]

H410 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]

P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P321, P330, P333+P317, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 254 reports by companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Information may vary between notifications depending on impurities, additives, and other factors. The percentage value in parenthesis indicates the notified classification ratio from companies that provide hazard codes. Only hazard codes with percentage values above 10% are shown. For more detailed information, please visit ECHA C&L website.

H319: Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

H370: Causes damage to organs [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure]

P260, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P316, P316, P320, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention. Half-upright position.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

Warning: Malononitrile may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin or mucous membranes. Caution is advised.

Signs and Symptoms of Malononitrile Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to malononitrile may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cherry-red or bloody mucous membranes may be noted. Cardiac arrhythmias and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to the skin and mucous membranes) may be observed. Other symptoms include anxiety, confusion, tightness in the chest, and involuntary urination and defecation. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, and giddiness may be followed by combative behavior, convulsions, paralysis, protruding eyeballs, dilated and unreactive pupils, unconsciousness and coma. Tachypnea (rapid, shallow respirations) or hyperpnea (rapid, deep respirations) may be followed by respiratory depression or arrest. Lung hemorrhage and pulmonary edema may also occur. Malononitrile is irritating to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Salivation, nausea, and vomiting may also occur.

Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to malononitrile exposure may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.

Inhalation Exposure:

1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to malononitrile.

2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with malononitrile-contaminated persons or their gastric contents can result in self-poisoning.

3. RUSH to a health care facility!

4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Dermal/Eye Exposure:

1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to malononitrile.

4. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.

5. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.

6. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water.

7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

Ingestion Exposure:

1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with malononitrile-contaminated persons or their gastric contents can result in self-poisoning.

2. RUSH to a health care facility!

3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.

4. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize!

5. Activated charcoal may be administered if victims are conscious and alert. Use 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) for children, 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3-1/2 oz) for adults, with 125 to 250 mL (1/2 to 1 cup) of water.

6. Promote excretion by administering a saline cathartic or sorbitol to conscious and alert victims. Children require 15 to 30 g (1/2 to 1 oz) of cathartic; 50 to 100 g (1-3/4 to 3- 1/2 oz) is recommended for adults. (EPA, 1998)

General First Aid:

· Call 911 or emergency medical service.

· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.

· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.

· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.

· If victim is not breathing:

-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.

-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).

-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.

· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.

· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.

· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.

· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.

· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.

· Keep victim calm and warm.

Move container from fire area if you can do it without risk. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, fog, or foam. (EPA, 1998)

Use water spray, dry powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

To fight fire, use water, fog, spray, foam.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep unauthorized personnel away.

· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.

· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.

· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.

· Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers.

· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

IMMEDIATE PRECAUTIONARY MEASURE: Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

SPILL: Increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

FIRE: If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2024)

Immediate precautionary measure

· Isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids.

· For highlighted materials: see Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances.

· For non-highlighted materials: increase the immediate precautionary measure distance, in the downwind direction, as necessary.

· If tank, rail tank car or highway tank is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Vacuum spilled material with specialist equipment. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U149 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquidsand gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for propanedinitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.

Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

SKIN CONTACT & INHALATION OF DUST OR VAPOR SHOULD BE PREVENTED.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for MALONONITRILE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]:

ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2024)

Cool. Separated from strong bases and food and feedstuffs. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.

· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

AEGL 1: Notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic non-sensory effects. However, the effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible upon cessation of exposure (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 2: Irreversible or other serious, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape (Unit: ppm)

AEGL 3: Life-threatening health effects or death (Unit: ppm)

NR = Not recommended due to insufficient data

AEGLs Status: Final

0.070 [ppm]

0.77 [ppm]

2.3 [ppm]

TWA 3 ppm (8 mg/m3)

See: IDLH INDEX

Small Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray.

Large Fire

· Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray.

· If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire.

· Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.

Fire Involving Tanks, Rail Tank Cars or Highway Tanks

· Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles.

· Do not get water inside containers.

· Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out.

· Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

· ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the cellular respiration (inhibition). This may result in convulsions, cardiac disorders and respiratory failure. Exposure at high levels could cause death. Medical observation is indicated. The effects may be delayed.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Malononitrile:

Skin: PREVENT SKIN CONTACT - Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Eyes: PREVENT EYE CONTACT - Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Wash skin: WHEN CONTAMINATED - The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.

Remove: WHEN WET OR CONTAMINATED - Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.

Change: DAILY - Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Provide:

• EYEWASH - Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substances; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

• QUICK DRENCH - Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2024)

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.

Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection.

Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.]

Malononitrile appears as a white-colored crystalline solid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Toxic by ingestion and may severely irritate skin and eyes. May polymerize violently if exposed to temperatures above 266 °F. Used to make other chemicals.

Other Solid

White powder or colorless crystals; Note: Melts above 90 degrees F. Forms cyanide in the body; [NIOSH]

COLOURLESS CRYSTALS OR WHITE POWDER.

White powder or colorless crystals. [Note: Melts above 90 °F. Forms cyanide in the body.]

Colorless solid

White powder or colorless crystals

424 to 426 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

218-219 °C @ 760 mm Hg

218-220 °C

220 °C @760 [mm Hg]

90 °F (EPA, 1998)

30-34 °C

266 °F (EPA, 1998)

266 °F (OPEN CUP)

112 °C o.c.

(oc) 266 °F

greater than or equal to 100 mg/mL at 72.5 °F (NTP, 1992)

SOL IN ACETIC ACID, CHLOROFORM

Soluble in acetone and benzene

In water, 1.33X10+5 mg/l @ 25 °C

In ethanol, 0.40 g/ml @ 25 °C; in ether, 0.20 g/ml @ 25 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 13.3 (moderate)

1.191 at 68 °F (EPA, 1998) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1910 @ 20 °C/4 °C

1.19 g/cm³

1.049 @ 34°C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.3

0.2 [mmHg]

0.200 mm Hg @ 25 °C

Vapor pressure, Pa at 25 °C: 27

11 [mm Hg] @99 °C

log Kow = -0.60

The stability of the molten nitrile decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing purity, but no violent decomposition at below 100 °C has been recorded.

When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx and CN- /nitrogen oxides and cyanides/.

12.88 eV

... Malononitrile may polymerise violently on heating at 130 °C, or in contact with strong bases at lower temperatures.

Index of refraction: 1.4146 @ 34 °C/D

pKa = 11.40

103.8 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT; Buffer gas: N2; Ionization: ESI-; Dataset: TOXCAST; Source Identifier: DTXSID6021907]

Soluble in water.

Nitriles

Polymerizable Compounds

Polymerizable

MALONONITRILE is a white, low-melting powder (m. p. 30.5 °C), toxic, combustible. Violent polymerization on contact with strong bases (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) or when heated above 130 °C. When stored at 70-80 °C for 2 months, spontaneous explosion (decomposition) occurred [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 394].

Strong bases [Note: May polymerize violently on prolonged heating at 265 degrees F, or in contact with strong bases at lower temperatures].

Strong bases [Note: May polymerize violently on prolonged heating at 265 °F, or in contact with strong bases at lower temperatures.]

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L96) ; inhalation (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Dizziness. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Vomiting. Weakness. Confusion. Convulsions. Unconsciousness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Abdominal pain. Further see Inhalation.

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), confusion, convulsions; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Other Poison - Chemical Asphyxiant

Malononitrile

1 x 10^-4 mg/kg-day

1 x 10^-3 mg/kg-day

PDF Document

Inadequate information to assess carcinogenic potential

PPRTV Current

LC50 (rat) = 200-300 mg/m3/2H

LD50: 12.9 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal, Mouse) (T55)

LD50: 19 mg/kg (Oral, Mouse) (T21)

LD50: 350 mg/kg (Dermal, Rat) (T14)

LD50: 32 mg/kg (Intravenous, Mouse) (T14)

LD50 RAT /ORAL/ 14 MG/KG

LD50 RAT INTRAPERITONEAL 20.55 MG/KG

LD50 RAT SUBCUTANEOUS 31.5 MG/KG

LD50 MOUSE IP 12.9 MG/KG

For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for MALONONITRILE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

SODIUM THIOSULFATE, SODIUM NITRITE, OR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE PROTECTED MICE AGAINST LETHAL EFFECTS OF MALONONITRILE. HIGH TISSUE CYANIDE CONCN FOUND AFTER MALONONITRILE ADMIN WERE REDUCED IN MICE PRETREATED WITH SODIUM THIOSULFATE OR CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.

The toxic mechanism of nitriles and the effect of metabolic modifiers in mice were studied in relation to their physicochemical properties. All the test nitriles liberated cyanide both in vivo and in vitro, with the exception of benzonitrile, although the extent of liberation and the effect of carbon tetrachloride pretreatment on the mortality of animals differed among nitriles. From these results, test compounds were tentatively divided into 3 groups. In group 1, acute toxicity was greatly reduced by carbon tetrachloride pretreatment, in group 2, toxicity was not significantly changed or was somewhat enhanced, and in group 3, benzonitrile only, toxicity was clearly enhanced. The amount of cyanide was higher at death in the brains of mice given group 1 compounds, the level being comparable to that found in mice killed by dosing with potassium cyanide. The relation between log (1/LD50) and log p for the compounds in group 1 fitted a parabolic plot, while that for compounds in group 2 was linear. For most nitriles, the in vitro metabolism was inhibited when the incubation mixture contained either SKF-525A, carbon monoxide, or microsomes from mice treated with carbon tetrachloride. When mice were dosed with ethyl alcohol, metabolic enhancement of nitriles was seen compared with the control. However, ethyl alcohol, when added to the incubation mixture, inhibited the in vitro metabolism of nitriles. /Nitriles/

Rapid support of respiration and circulation is essential to successful treatment of cyanide intoxication. Massive cyanide overdoses have survived with only good supportive care. Immediate attention should be directed toward assisted ventilation, administration of 100% oxygen, insertion of intravenous lines, and institution of cardiac monitoring. Obtain an arterial blood gas immediately and correct any severe metabolic acidosis (pH below 7.15). Oxygen (100%) should be used routinely in moderate or severely symptomatic patients even in the presence of a normal pO2, since 100% O2 increases O2 delivery, may reactivate cyanide-inhibited mitochondrial enzymes, and potentiates the effect of thiosulfate. Avoid mouth to mouth resuscitation during CPR in order to prevent self poisoning. /Cyanides/

Amyl nitrite perles are designed to produce 3% to 5% methemoglobinemia while an iv line is established for iv sodium nitrite. As a temporizing measure, the patient inhales the vapors until the sodium nitrite is ready. Because of the variability in methemoglobin production and the potential for cardiovascular collapse, this step may be omitted if sodium nitrite is readily available and the patient is not in extremis. Adequate ventilation and oxygenation are more important than administration of amyl nitrite. ... Administer sodium nitrite doses to children on the basis of body weight, since fatal methemoglobinemia has occurred in children. /Cyanides/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias if necessary ... . Consider vasopressors to treat hypotension without signs of hypovolemia ... . Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/

In the late 1940's malononitrile was used experimentally in the treatment of schizophrenia and depression. ... Patients were given an intravenous infusion of 5% malononitrile for 10-69 min. The total dose during each treatment ranged from 1 to 6 mg/kg. Treatments were given 2-3 times/wk, with at least 1 day intervals. Ten to 20 min after the beginning of the infusion, all patients experienced tachycardia. In addition, redness, nausea, vomiting, headache, shivering, muscle spasms, & numbness were reported with varying frequency.

... 14 mg/kg /malononitrile admin/ sc in rats produced severe symptoms of dyspnea, cyanosis, & convulsions & was a nearly fatal dose.

Studies of tissue homogenates exposed to malononitrile showed that cyanide & thiocyanate are produced, along with an inhibition of respiration, & an increase of aerobic glycolysis resembling action of cyanide.

MALONONITRILE POSSESSES LITTLE IF ANY ACUTE TOXICITY IN ABSENCE OF NORMAL HEPATIC FUNCTION IN MICE. IT IS PROBABLY ACTIVATED BY HEPATIC MECHANISMS TO RELEASE CYANIDE WHICH CAN ACCOUNT FOR MAJOR ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS.

INFLAMMATORY REACTION WAS OBSERVED IN SKIN OF RAT, GUINEA PIG, & RABBIT 24 HR AFTER SC ADMIN OF 0.5% MALONONITRILE. SUBACUTE ADMIN OF MALONONITRILE CAUSED ENLARGEMENT OF LIVER, KIDNEY & SUPRARENAL GLAND & SPLEEN WT INCR IN RABBIT. ANIMALS HAD DAMAGES OF LIVER PARENCHYMAL CELLS & KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS.

LC50 Rainbow trout 1.6 mg/l/96 hr /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.56 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 0.51 - 0.61 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/l, hardness 45.6 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.5 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.53.

EC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 0.52 mg/l/96 hr (confidence limit 0.47 - 0.57 mg/l), flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 24.1 °C, dissolved oxygen 6.3 mg/l, hardness 45.6 mg/l calcium carbonate, alkalinity 42.5 mg/l calcium carbonate, and pH 7.53. Effect: loss of equilibrium.

6.30e+00

8.20e+01

2.00e+00

1.00e+01

4.10e-04

1.00e-04

Volatile

1.90e+01

2.50e+02

6.00e+00

The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.

Malononitrile's use in the life science industry and in the production of herbicides, the diuretic triamterene, antineoplastic methotrexate, adenine, dyes, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates malononitrile will exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase malononitrile will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 476 days. The UV absorption spectra of malononitrile in aqueous solution shows that malononitrile does absorb UV light in the environmentally relevant spectra >290 nm; therefore, direct photolysis in the environment may be important. If released to soil, malononitrile is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 11. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.27X10-8 atm-cu m/mole. If released into water, malononitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Nitriles as a class are biodegraded by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis. Thus malononitrile is expected to biodegrade in the environment. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. The neutral hydrolysis rate constant for malononitrile in water at 25 °C was 0.00135/hr which corresponds to a half-life of about 20 days. Occupational exposure to malononitrile may occur by dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where malononitrile is produced or used. (SRC)

Malononitrile's use in the life science industry and in the production of herbicides, the diuretic triamterene, antineoplastic methotrexate, adenine, dyes, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Malononitrile is also the hydrolysis product of 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile or CS-tear gas used for self-defense(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.60(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that malononitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of malononitrile from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.27X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Malononitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.20 mm Hg(5). Nitriles are biodegraded by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to ultimately form carboxylic acids and ammonia(6,7). Thus, malononitrile may biodegrade in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 11(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -0.60(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that malononitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.27X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The neutral and base hydrolysis rate constants for malononitrile in water at 25 °C were experimentally determined to be 0.00135/hr and 806/M-hr, respectively, which corresponds to a half-life of 20.2 days at a pH of 7(7); at pHs of 5, 6, 8 and 9, the hydrolysis half-lives would be 21.4, 21.3. 13.4 and 3.1 days, respectively(SRC). Nitriles are biodegraded by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to ultimately form carboxylic acids and ammonia(8,9). Thus, malononitrile may biodegrade in water(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), malononitrile, which has a vapor pressure of 0.200 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase malononitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 476 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.37X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) determined using a structure estimation method(3).

AEROBIC: Nitriles are biodegraded by enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis to ultimately form carboxylic acids and ammonia(1,2). Thus, malononitrile may biodegrade in the environment(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of malononitrile with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.37X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 476 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The neutral and base hydrolysis rate constants for malononitrile in water at 25 °C were experimentally determined to be 0.00135/hr and 806/M-hr, respectively, which corresponds to a half-life of 20.2 days at a pH of 7(2); at pHs of 5, 6, 8 and 9, the hydrolysis half-lives would be 21.4, 21.3. 13.4 and 3.1 days respectively(SRC). The UV absorption spectra of malononitrile in aqueous solution shows that malononitrile does absorb UV light in the environmentally relevant spectra >290 nm(3); therefore, direct photolysis in the environment may be important(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for malononitrile(SRC), using a log Kow of -0.60(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of malononitrile is estimated as 11(SRC), using a measured log Kow of -0.60(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that malononitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for malononitrile is estimated as 1.27X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that malononitrile is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from moist soil and water surfaces(2). Malononitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.200 mm Hg(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,233 workers are potentially exposed to malononitrile in the US(1). Occupational exposure to malononitrile may occur by dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where malononitrile is produced or used(SRC).

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U149 must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquidsand gases, and longer for solids.

The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for propanedinitrile: Concentration process: Biological treatment.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for MALONONITRILE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 2647; Malononitrile

IMO 6.1; Malononitrile

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./

The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.

The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Do not transport with food and feedstuffs.

Symbol: T, N; R: 23/24/25-50/53; S: (1/2)-23-27-45-60-61

UN Hazard Class: 6.1; UN Pack Group: II